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i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering (JELE)

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Volume 7 Issue 3 March - May 2017

Article

Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications - A Brief Review

M. Kavitha* , A.M. Kalpana**

* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Bargur, India.

** Associate Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, India.

Kavitha, M., and Kalpana, A.M. (2017). Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications - A Brief Review. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13558

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes are unique tubular structures of large length/diameter ratio and nanometer diameter. CNTs possess extraordinary electric properties and they have capacity to carry an electric current 1000 times better than copper wires. Pressing or stretching nanotubes can change their electrical properties by changing the quantum states of the electrons in the carbon bonds. These single crystal structures can exhibit either semiconducting or metallic behaviour depending only on the diameter and angle of lattice. This paper is intended to summarize some of the major properties and applications of carbon nanotubes.

References

[1]. De Volder, M. F., Tawfick, S. H., Baughman, R. H., & Hart, A. J. (2013). Carbon nanotubes: Present and future commercial applications. Science, 339(6119), 535-539.

[2]. Deng, J. (2007). Device Modeling and Circuit Performance Evaluation for Nanoscale Devices: Silicon Technology beyond 45 nm Node and Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University).

[3]. Deng, J., & Wong, H. S. P. (2007a). A compact SPICE model for carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors including nonidealities and its application—Part I: Model of the intrinsic channel region. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 54(12), 3186-3194.

[4]. Deng, J., & Wong, H. S. P. (2007b). A compact SPICE model for carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors including nonidealities and its application—Part II: Full device model and circuit performance benchmarking. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 54(12), 3195-3205.

[5]. Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., & Eklund, P. C. (1996). Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes: their Properties and Applications. Academic Press.

[6]. Hirlekar, R., Yamagar, M., Garse, H., Vij, M., & Kadam, V. (2009). Carbon nanotubes and its applications: A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2(4), 17-27.

[7]. Jorio, A., Pimenta, M. A., Souza Filho, A. G., Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., & Dresselhaus, M. S. (2003). Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering. New Journal of Physics, 5(1), 139.

[8]. Kaushik, B. K., & Majumder, M. K. (2015). Carbon Nanotube: Properties and Applications. In Carbon Nanotube Based VLSI Interconnects (pp. 17-37). Springer India.

[9]. Popov, V. N. (2004). Carbon nanotubes: Properties and application. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 43(3), 61-102.

[10]. Shah, R., Zhang, X., & Talapatra, S. (2009). Electrochemical double layer capacitor electrodes using aligned carbon nanotubes grown directly on metals. Nanotechnology, 20(39), 395202.

[11]. Varshney, K. (2014). Carbon nanotubes: A review on synthesis, properties and applications. International Journal of Engineering Research, 2(4), 660-677.

[12]. Zhou, X. (2008). Carbon Nanotube Transistors, Sensors, and Beyond (Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University).

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Research Paper

A Simulation Study of Basic Digital Circuits using Molecular Diodes

Roberto Marani* , 0**

* Researcher, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Studi sui Sistemi Intelligenti per l'Automazione (ISSIA), Bari, Italy.

** Professor and Head of Electronic Devices Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy.

Marani, R., and Perri, A.G. (2017). A Simulation Study of Basic Digital Circuits using Molecular Diodes. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13559

Abstract

In this paper, the authors have illustrated a new kind of devices (molecular devices), able to work better at nanometer scale, with particular attention to molecular diodes. In particular, the I-V characteristics of a gated molecular diode were simulated, showing how an increase of the gate voltage involves an increase of the drain current. Then they proposed a simulation study which is obtained by SPICE simulator, in order to analyze and design some basic digital circuits (AND & OR) employing molecular diodes. In the light of obtained results, the molecular diodes are demonstrated as logic ports cannot be used because, although they follow input pulses, the logic levels in output and the noise margin obtained are not appropriate for electronic applications.

References

[1]. Björk, M. T., Ohlsson, B. J., Thelander, C., Persson, A. I., Deppert, K., Wallenberg, L. R., & Samuelson, L. (2002). Nanowire resonant tunneling diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 81(23), 4458-4460

[2]. Ellenbogen, J. C., & Love, J. C. (2000). Architectures for molecular electronic computers. I. Logic structures and an adder designed from molecular electronic diodes. Proceedings of the IEEE, 88(3), 386-426.

[3]. Gelao, G., Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016). A Comparison of Temperature Dependence of I-V Characteristics in CNTFETs Models. Current Nanomaterials, 1(1), 61-68.

[4]. Gelao, G., Marani, R., Diana, R., & Perri, A. G. (2011). A semiempirical SPICE model for n-type conventional CNTFETs. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 10(3), 506-512.

[5]. Gelao, G., Marani, R., Pizzulli, L., & Gina Perri, A. (2015a). A Model to Improve Analysis of CNTFET Logic Gates in Verilog-A-Part I: Static Analysis. Current Nanoscience, 11(4), 515-526.

[6]. Gelao, G., Marani, R., Pizzulli, L., & Perri, A. G. (2015b). A Model to Improve Analysis of CNTFET Logic Gates in Verilog-A-Part II: Dynamic Analysis. Current Nanoscience, 11(6), 770-783.

[7]. Kumar, M. J. (2007). Molecular diodes and applications. Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, 1(1), 51-57.

[8]. Mahmoud, A., & Lugli, P. (2013). First-principles study of a novel molecular rectifier. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 12(5), 719-724.

[9]. Marani, R., & Gina Perri, A. (2014). Modelling of CNTFETs for computer aided design of A/D electronic circuits. Current Nanoscience, 10(3), 326-333.

[10]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2011). A compact, semiempirical model of Carbon Nanotube field effect transistors oriented to simulation software. Current Nanoscience, 7(2), 245-253.

[11]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2012). A DC model of carbon nanotube field effect transistor for CAD applications. International Journal of Electronics, 99(3), 437-444.

[12]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016a). A Comparison of CNTFET Models through the Design of a SRAM Cell. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 5(10), M118-M126.

[13]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016b). A DC Thermal Model of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors for CAD Applications. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 5(8), M3001-M3004.

[14]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016c). A De-Embedding Procedure to Determine the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of RF CNTFETs. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 5(5), M31-M34.

[15]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016d). A Simulation Study of Analogue and Logic Circuits with CNTFETs. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 5(6), M38-M43.

[16]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2016e). Analysis of CNTFETs Operating in Sub-threshold Region for Low Power Digital Applications. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 5(2), M1-M4.

[17]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2017a). An approach to model the temperature effects on IV characteristics of CNTFETs. Advances in Nano Research, 5(1), 61-67.

[18]. Marani, R., & Perri, A. G. (2017b). Effects of Temperature Dependence of Energy Bandgap on I–V Characteristics in CNTFETs Models. International Journal of Nanoscience, 1750009.

[19]. Marani, R., Gelao, G., & Gina Perri, A. (2012). Comparison of ABM SPICE library with Verilog-A for Compact CNTFET model implementation. Current Nanoscience, 8(4), 556-565.

[20]. Marani, R., Gelao, G., & Perri, A. G. (2013). Modelling of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors oriented to SPICE software for A/D circuit design. Microelectronics Journal, 44(1), 33-38.

[21]. Marani, R., Gelao, G., & Perri, A. G. (2017). A Compact Noise Model for C-CNTFETs. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 6(4), M44-M49.

[22]. Marani, R., Gelao, G., Soldano, P., & Gina Perri, A. (2015). An Active CNTFET Model for RF Characterization Deduced from S Parameters Measurements. Current Nanoscience, 11(1), 36-40.

[23]. Sun, J. P., Haddad, G. I., Mazumder, P., & Schulman, J. N. (1998). Resonant tunneling diodes: Models and properties. Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(4), 641-660.

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Research Paper

Design of Reversible Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Ajay Kumar Sahu* , chandrashekhar kamargaonkar**

* UG Scholar, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, SSTC- Shri Shankaracharya Group of Institutions (FET), Bhilai (C.G), India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, SSTC- Shri Shankaracharya Group of Institutions (FET), Bhilai (C.G), India.

Sahu, A.K., and Kamargaonkar, C. (2017). Design of Reversible Arithmetic and Logic Unit. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13560

Abstract

Reversible logic has received a great deal of attention from many researchers over recent years for its enormous potential for application in quantum computing and nanotechnology due to its ability to reduce power consumption, which is the main requirement in low power VLSI design. This article presents the new design of reversible arithmetic circuit and Logic unit. The designs in this article showcases reversible Adder/Subtractor based on Carry Look Ahead Logic and reversible logic unit that can perform four different operations. The arithmetic operations, include addition, subtraction and the logical operations, include AND, OR, NOT, and XOR. All modules have been designed using the basic and new reversible gates. The efficiency of the proposed design has been mentioned in terms of number of gates required, garbage outputs produced, number of constant inputs required, and quantum cost needed. The design of both the circuit is then further combined for reversible ALU.

References

[1]. Bennett, C. H. (1973). Logical reversibility of computation. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 17(6), 525-532.

[2]. Biswas, A. K., Hasan, M. M., Chowdhury, A. R., & Babu, H. M. H. (2008). Efficient approaches for designing reversible binary coded decimal adders. Microelectronics Journal, 39(12), 1693-1703.

[3]. Blanton, R. D., & Hayes, J. P. (1996, April). Design of a fast, easily testable ALU. In VLSI Test Symposium, 1996., th Proceedings of 14 (pp. 9-16). IEEE.

[4]. Feynman, R. P. (1985). Quantum mechanical computers. Optics news, 11(2), 11-20.

[5]. Fredkin, E., & Toffoli, T. (1982). Conservative logic. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 21(3), 219- 253.

[6]. Krishnaveni, D., & Priya, G. M. (2011). A novel design of reversible serial and parallel adder/subtractor. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3(3).

[7]. Landauer, R. (1961). Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 5(3), 183-191.

[8]. Pan, W. D., & Nalasani, M. (2005). Reversible logic. IEEE Potentials, 24(1), 38-41.

[9]. Peres, A. (1985). Reversible logic and quantum computers. Physical Review A, 32(6), 3266.

[10]. Thapliyal, H., Kotiyal, S., & Srinivas, M. B. (2006, January). Novel BCD adders and their reversible logic implementation for IEEE 754r format. In VLSI Design, 2006. th Held jointly with 5 International Conference on th Embedded Systems and Design., 19 International Conference on (pp. 6-pp). IEEE.

[11]. Toffoli, T. (1980). Reversible computing. Automata, Languages and Programming, 632-644.

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Research Paper

Prediction of Periodicity of FSS Structure using Particle Swarm Optimization

Mahuya Panda* , Partha Pratim Sarkar**

* Research Scholar, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.

** Professor, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.

Panda, M., and Sarkar, P.P. (2017). Prediction of Periodicity of FSS Structure using Particle Swarm Optimization. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13561

Abstract

The cosmic relevance of soft computing techniques vested unbounded merits in prediction topology. Particle Swarm Optimization, a stochastic approach pioneered from simple numeric to electromagnetic optimization within a very short spam. The combined and synergic usage of trained data of Particle Swarm Optimization articulates sophisticated solution involving larger parameters. Thus Particle Swarm Optimization manifested revolutionary attributes in designing of Frequency Selective Surface structures since its very inception. The criticality of modern optimization technique is the time consumption. However, research reports revealed that Frequency Selective Surface structures using FEKO or ANSOFT tool consumes larger time and thus it is a challenging aspect to lessen the time consumption. In such, emphasis is given on adopting population based algorithm in Frequency Selective Surface domain for the prediction of different designing parameters. This work offers an alternative solution in predicting the periodicity to synthesize Frequency Selective Surface. Represented here is the circular slot loaded square patch elements and the same are printed on FR4 dielectric substrate in order to testify the effectiveness of the model by numerical analysis. Lastly, the results obtained from the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is validated through ANSOFT simulation and they sustain a good agreement.

References

[1]. Araújo, W. C., Lins, H. W., D'Assunção, A. G., & Medeiros, J. L. (2014). A bioinspired hybrid optimization algorithm for designing broadband frequency selective surfaces. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56(2), 329-333.

[2]. Baena, J. D., Jelinek, L., Marques, R., Mock, J. J., Gollub, J., & Smith, D. R. (2007). Isotropic frequency selective surfaces made of cubic resonators. Applied Physics Letters, 91(19), 191105.

[3]. Brito, D. B., d'Assuncao, A. G., Maniçoba, R. H., & Begaud, X. (2013). Metamaterial inspired Fabry–Pérot antenna with cascaded frequency selective surfaces. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 55(5), 981- 985.

[4]. Chen, C. C. (1970). Transmission through a conducting screen perforated periodically with apertures. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 18(9), 627-632.

[5]. Chen, C. C. (1973). Transmission of microwave through perforated flat plates of finite thickness. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 21(1), 1-6.

[6]. Cruz, R. M., Silva, P. H. D. F., & D'Assuncao, A. G. (2009, June). Synthesis of crossed dipole frequency selective surfaces using genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks. In Neural Networks, 2009. IJCNN 2009.

International Joint Conference on (pp. 627-633). IEEE.

[7]. Cwik, T. H. O. M. A. S. A., & Mittra, R. (1987). Scattering from a periodic array of free-standing arbitrarily shaped per fectly conducting or resistive patches. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 35(11), 1226- 1234

[8]. Da Silva, M. R., Nóbrega, C. D. L., Silva, P. D. F., & D'Assunção, A. G. (2013). Dual-polarized band-stop FSS spatial filters using vicsek fractal geometry. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 55(1), 31-34.

[9]. Deb, K. (2001). Multi-objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms (Vol. 16). John Wiley & Sons.

[10]. Dickie, R., Cahill, R., Gamble, H. S., Fusco, V. F., Grant, N., & Rea, S. P. (2006, November). Dual polarised sub-mm wave frequency selective beamsplitter. In Antennas and Propagation, 2006. EuCAP 2006. First European Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

[11]. Grounds, P. W., & Webb, K. J. (1991). Numerical analysis of finite frequency selective surfaces with rectangular patches of various aspect ratios. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 39(5), 569- 575.

[12]. Huang, J., Wu, T. K., & Lee, S. W. (1994). Tri-band frequency selective surface with circular ring elements. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 42(2), 166-175.

[13]. Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth: IEEE, 19951.

[14]. Kiani, G. I., & Aldhaheri, R. W. (2014, July). Wide band FSS for increased thermal and communication efficiency in smart buildings. In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 2014 IEEE (pp. 2064-2065). IEEE.

[15]. Mittra, R., Chan, C. H., & Cwik, T. (1988). Techniques for analyzing frequency selective surfaces-a review. Proceedings of the IEEE, 76(12), 1593-1615.

[16]. Mittra, R., Hall, R., & Tsao, C. H. (1984). Spectraldomain analysis of circular patch frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 32(5), 533-536.

[17]. Munk, B. A. (2000). Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design (Vol. 29). New York: John Wiley.

[18]. Narayan, S., & Jha, R. M. (2015). Electromagnetic Techniques and Design Strategies for FSS Structure Applications [Antenna Applications Corner]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 57(5), 135-158.

[19]. Narayan, S., Prasad, K., Nair, R. U., & Jha, R. M. (2012). A novel EM analysis of double-layered thick FSS based on MM-GSM technique for radome applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, 28, 53-62.

[20]. Panda, M., Nandi, S., & Sarkar, P. P. (2015). A comparative study of performance of different backpropagation neural network methods for prediction of resonant frequency of a slot-loaded double-layer frequency-selective surface. Indian Journal of Physics, 89(12), 1283-1286.

[21]. Robinson, J., & Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2004). Particle Swarm Optimization in electromagnetics. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 52(2), 397- 407.

[22]. Sarkar, P. P., Sarkar, D., Das, S., Sarkar, S., & Chowdhury, S. K. (2001). Experimental investigation of the frequency-selective property of an array of dual-tuned printed dipoles. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 31(3), 189-190.

[23]. Sarkar, P. P., Bhattacharjee, R., Das, S., Sarkar, S., Chowdhury, S. K. (2001). Experimental Investigation on the Frequency Selective Property of an array of printed dipoles. Proceedings of National Conference on Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation held at Jaipur (pp.115-116).

[24]. Schimert, T. R., Brouns, A. J., Chan, C. H., & Mittra, R. (1991). Investigation of millimeter-wave scattering from frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 39(2), 315-322.

[25]. Sedighizadeh, D., & Masehian, E. (2009). Particle s w a rm o p t imi z a t i o n me t h o d s, t a x o n omy a n d applications. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 1(5), 486.

[26]. Silva, P. H. D. F., dos Santos, A. F., Cruz, R., & D'Assunção, A. G. (2012). Dual-band bandstop frequency selective surfaces with gosper prefractal elements. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 54(3), 771-775.

[27]. Tsao, C. H., & Mittra, R. (1982). A spectral-iteration approach for analyzing scattering from frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 30(2), 303-308.

[28]. Wang, D., Che, W., Chang, Y., Chin, K. S., & Chow, Y.L. (2013). A low-profile frequency selective surface with controllable triband characteristics. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 468-471.

[29]. Wu, T. K., Woo, K., & Lee, S. W. (1992, June). Multi-ring element FSS for multi-band applications. In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1992. APS. 1992 Digest. Held in Conjuction with: URSI Radio Science Meeting and Nuclear EMP Meeting., IEEE (pp. 1775-1778). IEEE.

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Research Paper

Effective Size Reduction of Dual-Band Band Stop Filter Using Fractal Line Technique

Ankit Srivastava* , Sudhanshu Verma**

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Srivastava, A., and Verma, S. (2017). Effective Size Reduction of Dual-Band Band Stop Filter Using Fractal Line Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13562

Abstract

A well designed band stop filter is a compulsion of today's communication systems in order to suppress spurious bands for error free transmission and reception. While, with the advancement in modern wireless technologies, dual band equipped systems are getting more prominent for enhancing the system performance. A compact dual-band band stop filters are desired for better suppression and high selectivity of these systems, and hence enhances user experience. In this paper, a compact Dual-Band Band Stop Filter (DBBSF) has been presented. The studied structure incorporates the two S-shaped parallel connected quarter wavelength stubs. These two stubs are acting as a source for actualizing the two stop bands and the fractal line technique has been utilized for optimizing the filter size. The filter characteristics has been analysed theoretically and validation has been performed by using full wave electromagnetic simulation. In recent times, designing a dual band filter with high performance, compact size, and low cost are prerequisite for enriching the system performance. Therefore, in this paper, size reduction phenomenon by using fractal structure is implemented. The filter occupies small area of 16.2 mm * 16 mm on a substrate material with dielectric permittivity of 2.55. The proposed design of the Dual-band bandstop filter achieved attenuation of 37 and 49 dB at 1.9 and 5.5 GHz, respectively.

References

[1]. Chen, F. C., Qiu, J. M., & Chu, Q. X. (2013). Dual-band bandstop filter using stub-loaded resonators with sharp rejection characteristic. Electronics Letters, 49(5), 351- 353.

[2]. Chin, K. S., Yeh, J. H., & Chao, S. H. (2007). Compact dual-band bandstop filters using stepped-impedance resonators. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 17(12), 849-851.

[3]. Chin, K.S., and Chih, K.L. (2009). Miniaturized microstrip dual-band bandstop filters using tri-section stepped- impedance resonators. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 10, 37-48.

[4]. Kumar, D., & De, A. (2013). Effective Size Reduction Technique for Microstrip Filters. Journal o f Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 5(04), 166.

[5]. La, D., Lu, Y., Sun, S., Liu, N., & Zhang, J. (2011a). A novel compact bandstop filter using defected microstrip structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 53(2), 433-435.

[6]. La, D.S., Lu, Y.H., & Zhang, J.L. (2011b). Compact lowpass filters using novel U-shaped defected ground structure. Microwave Optical Technology Letter 53(2011),1456-1459.

[7]. Lung C.K., Chin K.S., and Fu J.S. (2009, September). Tri-section stepped-impedence resonators for design of dual-band bandstop filter. Proc. European Microwave Conf., (pp.771-774), IEEE.

[8]. Ma, Z., Kikuchi, K., Kobayashi, Y., Anada, T., & Hagiwara, G. (2006, December). Novel microstrip dualband bandstop filter with controllable dual-stopband response. In Microwave Conference, 2006. APMC 2006. Asia-Pacific (pp. 1174-1177). IEEE.

[9]. Tseng, C. H., & Itoh, T. (2006, June). Dual-band bandpass and bandstop filters using composite right/lefthanded metamaterial transmission lines. In Microwave Symposium Digest, 2006. IEEE MTT-S International (pp. 931-934). IEEE.

[10]. Uchida, H., Kamino, H., Totani, K., Yoneda, N., Miyazaki, M., Konishi, Y., Makino, S., et al. (2004). Dualband- rejection filter for distortion reduction in RF transmitters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 52(11), 2550-2556.

[11]. Zhang, X. Y., Huang, X., Zhang, H. L., & Hu, B. J. (2012). Novel dual-band bandstop filter with controllable stopband frequencies. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 54(5), 1203-1206.

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Research Paper

Simulation of Heterogeneous Few Mode Multi-Core Fiber for Capacity Enhancement

Anshu* , Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Vikas Sahu*

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India.

-* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India.

Anshu, Shrivastava, S.M., Sahu, V. (2017). Simulation of Heterogeneous Few Mode Multi-Core Fiber for Capacity Enhancement. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13563

Abstract

This paper aims to make understand the fundamentals and recent advancement in Multi-core Fiber Technology using Space Division Multiplexing. Few mode multi-core fiber (FM-MCF) that enable Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) have greater potential to improve the transmission capacity compared to (SSMF) Single Spatial Mode Fiber. The concept of Hetero geneous Few Mode Multi-core Fibers has paved its way in optical communication system replacing Homogeneous Few Mode Multi-core Fibers which were previously opted. In this paper, the authors have modeled MCF of different geometries with different specific parameters. The uncoupled multi-core fibers (MCFs) which can utilize multiple cores are arranged in a fiber as spatial transmission channels and then are used for the SDM transmission. Design of different structures with different number of cores are also demonstrated. Here, in this paper, the authors use COMSOL Multiphysics (5.2) for carrying out required simulations and MATLAB is used for generation of various proper graphs and field plots.

References

[1]. Igarashi, K., Souma, D., Wakayama, Y., Takeshima, K., Kawaguchi, Y., Tsuritani, T., Morita, I., et al. (2015, March). 114 space-division-multiplexed transmission over 9.8-km Weakly-Coupled-6-Mode Uncoupled-19-Core Fibers. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference (pp. Th5C-4). Optical Society of America.

[2]. Matsuo, S., Takenaga, K., Arakawa, Y., Sasaki, Y., Taniagwa, S., Saitoh, K., & Koshiba, M. (2011). Largeeffective- area ten-core fiber with cladding diameter of about 200 µm. Optics Letters, 36(23), 4626-4628.

[3]. Mizuno, T., Takara, H., Sano, A., & Miyamoto, Y. (2015, October). High capacity dense SDM transmission using multi-core few-mode fiber. In Photonics Conference (IPC), 2015 (pp. 259-260). IEEE.

[4]. Puttnam, B. J., Luís, R. S., Klaus, W., Sakaguchi, J., Mendinueta, J. M. D., Awaji, Y., ... & Marciante, J. (2015, September). 2.15 Pb/s transmission using a 22 core homogeneous single-mode multi-core fiber and wideband optical comb. In Optical Communication (ECOC), 2015 European Conference on (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

[5]. Ryf, R., Chen, H., Fontaine, N. K., Velazquez-Benitez, A. M., Antonio-Lopez, J., Jin, C., Huang, B., et al. (2015, September). 10-mode mode-multiplexed transmission over 125-km single-span multimode fiber. In Optical Communication (ECOC), 2015 European Conference on (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

[6]. Ryf, R., Fontaine, N. K., Guan, B., Essiambre, R. J., Randel, S., Gnauck, A. H., Chandrasekhar, S., et al. (2014, September). 1705-km transmission over coupledcore fibre supporting 6 spatial modes. In Optical Communication (ECOC), 2014 European Conference on (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

[7]. Ryf, R., Fontaine, N. K., Montoliu, M., Randel, S., Chang, S. H., Chen, H., Chandrasekhar, S., et al., (2014, March). Space-division multiplexed transmission over 3× 3 coupled-core multicore fiber. In Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2014 (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

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i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering (JELE)

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Volume 7 Issue 3 March - May 2017

Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications - A Brief Review

M. Kavitha* , A.M. Kalpana**

* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Bargur, India. ** Associate Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, India.

Kavitha, M., and Kalpana, A.M. (2017). Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications - A Brief Review. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13558

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A Simulation Study of Basic Digital Circuits using Molecular Diodes

Roberto Marani* , 0**

* Researcher, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Studi sui Sistemi Intelligenti per l'Automazione (ISSIA), Bari, Italy. ** Professor and Head of Electronic Devices Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy.

Marani, R., and Perri, A.G. (2017). A Simulation Study of Basic Digital Circuits using Molecular Diodes. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13559

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Design of Reversible Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Ajay Kumar Sahu* , chandrashekhar kamargaonkar**

Sahu, A.K., and Kamargaonkar, C. (2017). Design of Reversible Arithmetic and Logic Unit. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13560

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Prediction of Periodicity of FSS Structure using Particle Swarm Optimization

Mahuya Panda* , Partha Pratim Sarkar**

* Research Scholar, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India. ** Professor, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.

Panda, M., and Sarkar, P.P. (2017). Prediction of Periodicity of FSS Structure using Particle Swarm Optimization. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13561

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Effective Size Reduction of Dual-Band Band Stop Filter Using Fractal Line Technique

Ankit Srivastava* , Sudhanshu Verma**

Srivastava, A., and Verma, S. (2017). Effective Size Reduction of Dual-Band Band Stop Filter Using Fractal Line Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13562

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Simulation of Heterogeneous Few Mode Multi-Core Fiber for Capacity Enhancement

Anshu* , Sharad Mohan Shrivastava**, Vikas Sahu***

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India. **-*** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India.

Anshu, Shrivastava, S.M., Sahu, V. (2017). Simulation of Heterogeneous Few Mode Multi-Core Fiber for Capacity Enhancement. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 7(3), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.7.3.13563

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* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Bargur, India.

** Associate Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, India.

* Researcher, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Studi sui Sistemi Intelligenti per l'Automazione (ISSIA), Bari, Italy.

** Professor and Head of Electronic Devices Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy.

* Research Scholar, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.

** Professor, Department of Engineering and Technological Studies, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India.

Anshu* , Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Vikas Sahu*

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India.

-* Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai, India.