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i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering (JELE)

Current Issue Vol. 15 Issue 1

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Volume 12 Issue 3 March - May 2022

Research Paper

Power Optimization in TSPC D Flip-Flop Based 4-Bit Counter

Varun* , Bal Krishan, Rohit Tripathi*

*-*** Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India.

Varun, Krishan, B., and Tripathi, R. (2022). Power Optimization in TSPC D Flip-Flop Based 4-Bit Counter. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18977

Abstract

In the present communication, the basic D flip flop has been considered with TSPC (True Single Phase Clock) logic for designing a novel 4-bit counter on 45 and 32nm technology. Here, it was with average power of 309 μWatts and 166.8 μWatts, which is very high on the respective technologies. The challenge is to reduce the average power and off state leakage power. To consider the challenge, two different techniques have been considered for power saving as, sleeping transistors and technique, modified TSPC D flip-flop (modified version In comparative study of simulations, it is observed that employing modified version of TSPC D flip-flop shows the most optimum results in terms of propagation delays and average power. Average power has been obtained as 260.3 μWatts which is 15.76% less than base counter on 45nm technology, and 133.2 μWatts which is 20.14 % less on 32nm technology. Moreover, Transistor sizing has also been used for separate analysis in which case the average power consumption has been found most minimum in 6/4 aspect ratio as 196.6 μWatts and 70.31 μWatts in both technologies respectively, among 6/4, 5/3 and 4/2 ratios.

References

[1]. Asthana, A., & Akashe, S. (2013). Power efficient d flip flop circuit using mtcmos technique in deep submicron technology. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2(11), 1785-1791.

[2]. Babu, A. (2014). Power optimization techniques at circuit and device level in digital cmos vlsi–A review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 3(11), 375-379.

[3]. Kavali, K., Rajendar, S., & Naresh, R. (2015). Design of low power adaptive pulse triggeredflip-flop using modified clock gating schemeat 90 nm technology. Procedia Materials Science, 10, 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2015.06.063

[4]. Krishnan, A. R., & Tony, D. (2015). TSPC based state look ahead counter. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(11), 1553–1557.

[5]. Mano, M. M. (1979). Digital Logic and Computer Design. Pearson College Div.

[6]. Matey, C. V., Mendhe, S. K., & Zade, S. A. (2015). A Novel Design of Counter Using TSPC D FLIP-FLOP for High performance and low power VLSI design applications using 45NM CMOS technology. International Journal of Science Technology & Management, 4(1), 63-66.

[7]. Naik, P., & Pandey, P. (2018). Design and implementation of low power ring and Johnson counter using transistor resizing technology by VHDL. Journal of Electrical and Power System Engineering, 4(3), 26-33.

[8]. Naik, S., & Chandel, R. (2010, March). Design of a low power flip-flop using CMOS deep sub micron technology. International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems, 253-256, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1109/ITC.2010.100

[9]. Pokhrel, H., Kumar, D., & Sharma, A. (2017). Design and analysis of 4-bit Binary synchronous counter by leakage reduction techniques. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, 50(2), 101-106.

[10]. Rajani, H. P., & Kulkarni, S. (2012). Novel sleep transistor techniques for low leakage power peripheral circuits. International Journal of VLSI Design & Communication Systems, 3(4), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.5121/vlsic.2012.3408

[11]. Razavi, B. (2016). TSPC logic [a circuit for all seasons]. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 8(4), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2016.2603228

[12]. Roy, K., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Mahmoodi- Meimand, H. (2003). Leakage current mechanisms and leakage reduction techniques in deep-submicrometer CMOS circuits. Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(2), 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2002.808156

[13]. Saravanan, D. S., Sivakumar, S. A., Sasipriya, D. S., & Sowmya, R. (2016). Design of low power flip flop and implementation in a 4-bit counter. International Journal of Printing, Packaging & Allied Sciences, 4(3), 2110-2121.

[14]. Shaikh, J., & Rahaman, H. (2018, March). High speed and low power preset-able modified TSPC D flipflop design and performance comparison with TSPC D flip-flop. In 2018, International Symposium on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ISDCS), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDCS.2018.8379677

[15]. Sinha, P., & Srivastava, S. (2012). Design of a low power four-bit binary counter using enhancement type MOSFET. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 1(8), 1-6.

[16]. Vijeyakumar, K. N., Sumathy, V., Pramod, P., & Saravanakumar, S. (2014). Design of high speed low power counter using pipelining. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 73(2):117-123

[17]. West, N. H. E., & Eshraghian, K. (1993). Principles of CMOS VLSI Design A Systems Perspective. Pearson Education.

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Research Paper

Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Application

Mrityunjay Kumar* , Chandan, Parimal Tiwari*, Umesh Singh****

*-**** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Kumar, M., Chandan, Tiwari, P., and Singh, U. (2022). Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Application. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18963

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) primarily based application requires integration with the wireless communication technology to make the application data with ease available. In this paper, a modified 12 mm x 16 mm x 1.6 mm micro strip patch antenna has been proposed for IoT applications at 2.4 Giga Hertz (GHz) in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. This wideband antenna is designed using Flame Retardant4 (FR4) material as the substrate. The multiband operating characteristics have been achieved by radiating strips to the 50 feed line. Proposed wideband antenna covers frequencies ranging from 1.8 GHz to 3 GHz and 5.3 GHz to 6.9 GHz for -10 dB return loss. The results are analyzed and discuss in term of return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), efficiency and gain. The proposed design has a maximum losses of -31.59 dB at 2.4 GHz and -16.94 dB at 6 GHz. The developed antenna can be useful for several wireless communication applications, such as 2.4 GHz Bluetooth, Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) (2.4/5.8 GHz), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) (5.5 GHz), ISM band and IoT applications.

References

[1]. Al-Janabi, M. A., & Kayhan, S. K. (2021). Reconfigurable broadband printed monopole antenna for portable smart IoT applications. International Journal of Communication Systems, 34(5), 4721. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4721

[2]. De, A., Roy, B., & Bhattacharjee, A. K. (2021). Miniaturized dual band consumer transceiver antenna for 5G enabled IoT based home applications. International Journal of Communication Systems, 34(11), 4840. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4840

[3]. Gharode, D., Nella, A., & Rajagopal, M. (2021). State of art design aspects of wearable, mobile, and flexible antennas for modern communication wireless systems. International Journal of Communication Systems, 34(15), 4934. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4934

[4]. Islam, M. S., Islam, M. T., Ullah, M. A., Beng, G. K., Amin, N., & Misran, N. (2019). A modified meander line microstrip patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth for 2.4 GHz ISM-band Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IEEE Access, 7, 127850-127861. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940049

[5]. Katoch, S., Jotwani, H., Pani, S., & Rajawat, A. (2015). A compact dual band antenna for IOT applications. In 2015, International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), 1594-1597. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGCIoT.2015.7380721

[6]. Labade, R. P., Tambe, A. R., & Poddar, A. K. (2017). Semicircular multiband ACS feed antenna for IoT. In 2017, IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 779-782. https://doi.org/10.1109/APMC.2017.8251564

[7]. Ramesh, G. P., & Kumar, N. M. (2020). Design of RZF antenna for ECG monitoring using IoT. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 79(5), 4011-4026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7581-9

[8]. Roges, R., & Malik, P. K. (2021). Planar and printed antennas for internet of things enabled environment: opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Communication Systems, 34(15), 4940. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4940

[9]. Shafique, K., Khawaja, B. A., Khurram, M. D., Sibtain, S. M., Siddiqui, Y., Mustaqim, M., ... & Yang, X. (2018). Energy harvesting using a low-cost rectenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IEEE Access, 6, 30932-30941. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2834392

[10]. Smyth, B. P., Barth, S., & Iyer, A. K. (2016). Dual-band microstrip patch antenna using integrated uniplanar metamaterial-based EBGs. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 64(12), 5046-5053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2618854

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Research Paper

Traffic Violation Detection and Penalty Generation System using Web Server

N. Ashok Kumar* , P. M. Bharathi, K. Neelima, Narayana Reddy Yatam, Parthasarathi Duddukuru

- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andra Pradesh, India.

SoC Design and Verification Engineer, CYIENT Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

*** Physical Design Engineer, SoCtronics Technologies Pvt Ltd, Hydrabad, Telangana, India.

Kumar, N. A., Bharathi, P. M., Neelima, K., Yatam, N. R., and Duddukuru, P. (2022). Traffic Violation Detection and Penalty Generation System using Web Server. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18903

Abstract

Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, this work aims to create an intelligent traffic system. It is developed and operated in such a way that fines are tracked independently. RFID technology, passive tags, a processing unit (computer), and a communication system were all utilized with low-cost equipment. The first level is represented by data collection via RFID, which scans any identifiable tag connected to cars. After that, information is received by server on internet connection. Modern era is usually growing with an aim to make people's each day obligations easier. One of the major issues facing developing cities is traffic management, which is exacerbated by increasing population density and vehicle numbers without expanding roads. Road congestion wastes time and fuel, resulting in increased pollution. This observe demonstrates that growing a traffic management system with the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) is achievable and inexpensive.

References

[1]. Ashokkumar, N., Kannan, B., & Raju, Y. (2020). Smart farming field observation using embedded systems. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 241-245.

[2]. Choudekar, P., Banerjee, S., & Muju, M. K. (2011). Real time traffic light control using image processing. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE), 2(1), 6-10.

[3]. CommonFloor. (2013). Traffic Congestion in Bangalore-A Rising Concern. Retrieved from https://www. commonfloor.com/guide/traffic-congestion-in-bangalore-arising-concern-27238.html

[4]. GS1. (2015). EPC Radio-Frequency Identify Protocols. Class-1 Generation-2UHFRFID. Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz – 960 MHz. Retrieved from https://www.gs1.org/sites/default/files/docs/epc/Gen2_Pr otocol_Standard.pdf

[5]. Hegde, R., Sali, R. R., & Indira, M. S. (2013). RFID based automatic lane clearance system for ambulance. International Journal of Advances in Electronics Engineering, 2(3), 102-107.

[6]. Kavitha, A., Kumar, N. A., & Revathy, M. (2018). Automatic Identification of Maritime Boundary Alert System using GPS. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3), 20-22. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.1.16788

[7]. Kavitha, A., Kumar, N. A., & Swaminathan, J. N. (2018). Wireless ECG monitoring system using a smart phone via WiFi. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 10(2).

[8]. Kumar, N. A., Nagarajan, P., Teja, M. N. V., & Suresh, M. R. (2021). Intelligent Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling By Using Python on Raspberry Pi. EFFLATOUNIAMultidisciplinary Journal, 5(2).

[9]. Nagarajan, A., Kavıtha, A., & Devı, S. (2022). Wireless sensor data fusion techniques in estimating temporal resource attributes in scenarios of intermittent connectivity. El-Cezeri, 9(2), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.948125

[10]. Shruthi, K. R., & Vinodha, K. (2012). Priority based traffic lights controller using wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems, 1(4), 58-61.

[11]. Varaprasad, G., & Wahidabanu, R. S. D. (2010). Flexible routing algorithm for vehicular area networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications, Osaka, Japan, 30-38.

[12]. Vijayakumar, P., Selvam, P. D., Sharmila, N. A., Priyadarshini, R. R., Rajashree, M. T., & Gao, R. X. (2019). IoT based wireless smart shoe and energy harvesting system. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 8(7), 2685-2689.

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Research Paper

Design of Control System for Compound Heating Resistance Furnace for Optimization of Furnace Efficiency

Ranjib K. Chowdhury* , Chandra Kumar R.**

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

** Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Chowdhury, R. K., and Kumar, R. C. (2022). Design of Control System for Compound Heating Resistance Furnace for Optimization of Furnace Efficiency. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18898

Abstract

The proposed work examines the performance of control system in a Compound Heating Resistance (CHR) furnace heated, using two different heating elements, Silicon Carbide (SiC) heating rods and Molybdenum Di-Silicide (MoSi ) 2 heating elements for 1600ᴼC working chamber temperature. The system under study consists of Programmable Proportional Integral Derivative (PPID) controller, Thyristor (is also known as Silicon Controlled Rectifier) power pack, recrystallized alumina tubes, sensing elements: thermo-couple, Pt-Pt/13%.Rh, semiconductor based circuit that controls power and current to system according to the requirement (step down) and thereby control voltage automatically with transformer (depending on size of working area, and 53 amp (I), 220 V for single phase, reduced to 60 V by a step down transformer) auto current limiting facilities. Present work is designed for programmable as also for nonprogrammable type of cycles of operations set before starting the furnace within maximum working temperature of 1600ᴼC to achieve objectives, like, saving of amperage (current consumption of 53 amp) and power at reduced voltage (40V), long life of the heating elements (2 years and more) and optimization of thermal efficiency (60%) for high working temperature 1600ᴼC for long hours of operation in a CHR furnace.

References

[1]. Chowdhury, R. K., & Rajashekhar, C. R. (2013). Studies of Parametric Analysis of high temperature resistance furnace. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2(2), 1-15.

[2]. Evans, M. N. (2008). A reactor for high temperature pyrolysis and oxygen isotopic analysis of cellulose via induction heating. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry: An International Journal Devoted to the Rapid Dissemination of Up to the Minute Research in Mass Spectrometry, 22(14), 2211-2219. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3603

[3]. Feist, C., & Plankensteiner, A. (2011). Multi-physics analysis of a refractory metal AC-operated high temperature heater with abaqus. In Proceedings 2011 SIMULIA Customer Conference, 1-15.

[4]. Gulbransen, E. A. (1947). High Temperature Furnace for Electron Diffraction Studies. Review of Scientific Instruments, 18(8), 546-550. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1740999

[5]. Hasan, A. B., Guo, S. M., & Wahab, M. A. (2009). Analysis of Fracture in High-Temperature Vacuum Tube Furnace. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 9(3), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-009-9236-z

[6]. Jiang, Q., Yang, F., & Pitchumani, R. (2005). Analysis of coating thickness variation during optical fiber processing. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 23(3), 1261.

[7]. Ju, L., Ju, S., & Lin, N. (2010, May). The use of hightemperature electric furnace process technology for the 18–8 stainless steel sensitized effects. In 2010, International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA), 2, 443-447. https://doi.org/10.1109/3CA.2010.5533337

[8]. Kerch, H. M., Burdette, H. E., & Long, G. G. (1995). A high-temperature furnace for in situ small-angle neutron scattering during ceramic processing. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 28(5), 604-610. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895005280

[9]. Li, Z. Z., Shen, Y. D., Heo, K. S., Lee, J. W., Seol, S. Y., Byun, Y. H., & Lee, C. J. (2007). Feasible optimal design of high temperature vacuum furnace using experiences and thermal analysis database. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 2(1), 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1299/ jtst.2.123

[10]. Ma, L. F., Ding, X. F., Zhang, J., Mao, K. T., & Gong, L. J. (2012). State analysis on reactor furnace pipe used over a design cycle. In Advanced Materials Research, 535, 529-532.

[11]. Martin, A. J., & Edwards, K. L. (1959). Linear voltage temperature furnace for thermal analysis. Journal of Scientific Instruments, 36(4), 170.

[12]. McKinstry, H. A. (1970). Low Thermal Gradient High Temperature Furnace for X Ray Diffractometers. Journal of applied physics, 41(13), 5074-5079. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1658603

[13]. Misture, S. T. (2003). Large-volume atmospherecontrolled high-temperature x-ray diffraction furnace. Measurement Science and Technology, 14(7), 1091.

[14]. Pickles, C. A. (2009). Thermodynamic analysis of the selective chlorination of electric arc furnace dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166(2-3), 1030-1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.110

[15]. Schueller, R. D., & Wawner, F. E. (1991). An analysis of high-temperature behavior of AA2124/SiC whisker composites. Composites Science and Technology, 40(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(91)90098-A

[16]. Tuinstra, F. T., & Storm, G. M. F. (1978). A universal hightemperature device for single-crystal diffraction. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 11(4), 257-259. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889878013278

[17]. Wilson, S. R., Burnham, M. E., Kottke, M., Lorigan, R. P., Krause, S. J., Jung, C. O., ... & Stoss, P. (1989). An analysis of high temperature (1150° C) furnace annealing of buried oxide wafers formed by ion implantation. Journal of Materials Research, 4(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1989.0167

[18]. Yamada, H., Uchino, K., Koizumi, H., Noda, T., & Yasuda, K. (1978). Spectral Interference in Antimony Analysis with High Temperature Furnace Atomic Absorption. Analytical Letters, 11(10), 855-868. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032717808059737

[19]. Zircar Ceramics. (2017). Furnace Insulation Module User's Guide. Retrieved from https://www.zircarceramics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Furnace-Module-Users-Guide.pdf

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Research Paper

OCR-Based Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Powered by a Raspberry Pi

M. Bharathi* , N. Padmaja, M. Dharani*

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Center for VLSI & Embedded Systems, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

-* Center for Communications and Signal Processing, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Bharathi, M., Padmaja, N., and Dharani, M. (2022). OCR-Based Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Powered by a Raspberry Pi. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18959

Abstract

Modern technology has revolutionized automation. Security is at high priority with increasing automation. Today, to help people feel comfortable, video surveillance cameras are installed in public places like schools, hospitals, and other buildings. The main goal of this research work is to automatically collect vehicle images with a camera using a Raspberry Pi and recognising the licence plate of the vehicles. Vehicle number plate recognition is a challenging but crucial system. This is highly helpful for automating toll booths, identifying automated signal violators, and identifying traffic regulation violators. In this work, a Raspberry Pi is used for vehicle license plate recognition, which uses image processing to automatically recognize license plates. Incoming camera footage is continuously processed by the system to look for any signs of number plates. When the camera detects a number plate, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technique is used to process the image and extract the number from it. The distance to an object is calculated by a sensor utilizing sound waves. The extracted number is then displayed by the system. This can be used for additional authentication.

References

[1]. Ashokkumar, N., Krishnagandhi, P., Kannan, B., & Raju, Y. (2020). Smart farming field observation using embedded systems. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 241-245.

[2]. Ashreetha, B., Kumar, N. A., Venkataramireddy, D., Badrinarayanan, D., Vijayaraghavan, V., & Sumithra, M. (2022). Role of embedded systems in industrial section-by considering the automotive industry as an example. Journal of Optoelectronics Laser, 41(3), 100–103. https://doi.org/10050086.2022.03.14

[3]. Hsieh, J. W., Yu, S. H., & Chen, Y. S. (2002). Morphologybased license plate detection from complex scenes. In 2002, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 3, 176-179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2002.1047823

[4]. Kamat, V., & Ganesan, S. (1995). An efficient implementation of the Hough transform for detecting vehicle license plates using DSP'S. In Proceedings Real- Time Technology and Applications Symposium (pp. 58-59). https://doi.org/10.1109/RTTAS.1995.516201

[5]. Kashyap, A., Suresh, B., Patil, A., Sharma, S., & Jaiswal, A. (2018, October). Automatic number plate recognition. In 2018, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN) (pp. 838-843). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCCN.2018.8748287

[6]. Kim, K. K., Kim, K. I., Kim, J. B., & Kim, H. J. (2000). Learning-based approach for license plate recognition. In Neural Networks for Signal Processing X. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop (Cat. No. 00TH8501), 2, 614-623. https://doi.org/10.1109/NNSP.2000.890140

[7]. Lakshmi, C. J., Rani, A. J., Ramakrishna, K. S., Lantikiran, M., & Siddhartha, V. R. (2011). A novel approach for Indian license plate recognition system. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Sciences and Technologies, 6(1), 10-14.

[8]. Lum, C., Hibdon, J., Cave, B., Koper, C. S., & Merola, L. (2011). License plate reader (LPR) police patrols in crime hot spots: An experimental evaluation in two adjacent jurisdictions. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(4), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-011-9133-9

[9]. Moharil, B., Ghadge, V., Gokhale, C., & Tambvekar, P. (2012). An efficient approach for automatic number plate recognition system using quick response codes. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 3(5), 5108-5115.

[10]. Oliveira-Neto, F. M., Han, L. D., & Jeong, M. K. (2012). Online license plate matching procedures using licenseplate recognition machines and new weighted edit distance. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 21(1), 306-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2011.11.003

[11]. Park, S. H., Kim, K. I., Jung, K., & Kim, H. J. (1999). Locating car license plates using neural networks. Electronics Letters, 35(17), 1475-1477. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19990977

[12]. Qadri, M. T., & Asif, M. (2009, April). Automatic number plate recognition system for vehicle identification using optical character recognition. In 2009, International Conference on Education Technology and Computer (pp. 335-338). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETC.2009.54

[13]. Sangeetha, S. (2021). A review on automatic license plate recognition. International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 6-12.

[14]. Tian, Y., Yap, K. H., & He, Y. (2012). Vehicle license plate super-resolution using soft learning prior. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 60(3), 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0821-2

[15]. Wu, H., & Li, B. (2011). License plate recognition system. In 2011, International Conference on Multimedia Technology, 5425-5427. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMT.2011.6003138

[16]. Yang, X., Hao, X. L., & Zhao, G. (2012). License plate location based on trichromatic imaging and colordiscrete characteristic. Optik, 123(16), 1486-1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2011.09.019

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i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering (JELE)

Current Issue Vol. 15 Issue 1

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Volume 12 Issue 3 March - May 2022

Power Optimization in TSPC D Flip-Flop Based 4-Bit Counter

Varun* , Bal Krishan**, Rohit Tripathi***

*-*** Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India.

Varun, Krishan, B., and Tripathi, R. (2022). Power Optimization in TSPC D Flip-Flop Based 4-Bit Counter. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18977

Abstract

References

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Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Application

Mrityunjay Kumar* , Chandan**, Parimal Tiwari***, Umesh Singh****

*-**** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Kumar, M., Chandan, Tiwari, P., and Singh, U. (2022). Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Application. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18963

Abstract

References

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Traffic Violation Detection and Penalty Generation System using Web Server

N. Ashok Kumar* , P. M. Bharathi**, K. Neelima***, Narayana Reddy Yatam****, Parthasarathi Duddukuru*****

Kumar, N. A., Bharathi, P. M., Neelima, K., Yatam, N. R., and Duddukuru, P. (2022). Traffic Violation Detection and Penalty Generation System using Web Server. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18903

Abstract

References

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Design of Control System for Compound Heating Resistance Furnace for Optimization of Furnace Efficiency

Ranjib K. Chowdhury* , Chandra Kumar R.**

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. ** Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Chowdhury, R. K., and Kumar, R. C. (2022). Design of Control System for Compound Heating Resistance Furnace for Optimization of Furnace Efficiency. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18898

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OCR-Based Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Powered by a Raspberry Pi

M. Bharathi* , N. Padmaja**, M. Dharani***

Bharathi, M., Padmaja, N., and Dharani, M. (2022). OCR-Based Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Powered by a Raspberry Pi. i-manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering, 12(3), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.3.18959

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Varun* , Bal Krishan, Rohit Tripathi*

Mrityunjay Kumar* , Chandan, Parimal Tiwari*, Umesh Singh****

N. Ashok Kumar* , P. M. Bharathi, K. Neelima, Narayana Reddy Yatam, Parthasarathi Duddukuru

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

** Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

M. Bharathi* , N. Padmaja, M. Dharani*