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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

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Exploring the Optical and Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-Doped Polyaniline
Green Route Extraction of TPA Monomer from Poly Cotton Fibre: A Sustainable Recovery Approach
Efficient Extraction of Diesel Oil from Waste Plastics: A Comprehensive Study
Laser-Based Ultrasonics for Non-Destructive Material Testing: A Practical Guide
Advancements and Applications of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Comprehensive Review

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Volume 9 Issue 2 July - September 2021

Research Paper

Production of Novel Ionic Polyacrylamide Based Polymer for the Flocculation of Fine Sulphide Mineral Ores and Tailings

Oscar M. Kazembe* , Itai Mutadza**

*-** Harare Institute of Technology, Zimbabwe.

Kazembe, O. M., and Mutadza, I. (2021). Production of Novel Ionic Polyacrylamide Based Polymer for the Flocculation of Fine Sulphide Mineral Ores and Tailings. i-manager's Journal on Material Science , 9(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.9.2.18339

Abstract

Exploration of precious metals in contact with sulphide ores has gained popularity with the exhaustion of the minerals in high grade ore regions. The processing of the sulphide ores via convectional metallurgical practices come with challenges in stages demanding high settling rates of solid suspensions, and hence the research on the production of novel ionic polyacrylamide to facilitate higher settling rates of the sulphide solid suspensions during flocculation and disposal of tailings. This involves the synthesis of aluminium hydroxide colloids with novel ionic properties through the dissolution-precipitation route of Al(OH)₃ microagglomerates. Subsequent polymerization of acrylamide monomer was then done in the presence of the colloidal suspension to produce novel ionic Al-PAM. The molecular weight of the synthesized polymer was determined using intrinsic viscosity, with a peak of 16.19×10⁶ gmol^-1 obtained at a concentration of 30%. The Degree - of Anionicity (DA) was found to be 56.86% determined using peak values of the -COO and -CO groups from the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR). Samples of sulphide tailings were then used to evaluate the suitability of the novel Al-PAM in increasing the settling rates during flocculation.

References

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[2]. Bio-Rad. (2020). Introduction to Polyacrylamide Gels. Retrieved from https://www.bio-rad.com/en-in/applicatio ns-technologies/introduction-polyacrylamide-gels?ID= LUSPBRM5B

[3]. Chen, M. (2013). Fundamental Properties of Colloidal Unimolecular Polymer Particles (Doctoral). Missouri University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2058/

[4]. Eniola, J. O., Kumar, R., Al-Rashdi, A. A., Ansari, M. O., & Barakat, M. A. (2019). Fabrication of novel Al(OH)₃ /CuMnAl-layered double hydroxide for detoxification of organic contaminants from aqueous solution. ACS Omega, 4(19), 18268-18278. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b022 84

[5]. González-Gómez, M. A., Belderbos, S., Yañez-Vilar, S., Piñeiro, Y., Cleeren, F., Bormans, G., Deroose, C. M., Gsell, W., Himmelreich, U., & Rivas, J. (2019). Development of superparamagnetic nanoparticles coated with polyacrylic acid and aluminum hydroxide as an efficient contrast agent for multimodal imaging. Nanomaterials, 9(11), 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111626

[6]. Hansora, D., & Pachauri, R. D. (2013). A Facile Route for Industrial Manufacturing Process of Poly (Acryl Amide). (1^st Ed). Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 17- 28.

[7]. Ikumapayi, F. K. (2010). Flotation Chemistry of Complex Sulphide Ores. Licentiate. Lulea University of Technology. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva 2:999801/FULLTEXT01.pdf

[8]. Khatibi, S. (2016). Studies on Flocculation of Fine Mineral Tailings Using Novel Polyacrylamide Based Polymer (Masters). Missouri University of Science and Technology.

[9]. Locmelis, M., Melcher, F., & Oberthür, T. (2010). Platinum-group element distribution in the oxidized main sulfide zone, Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Mineralium Deposita, 45(1), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-009-0258-y

[10]. Manono, M., Corin, K., & Wiese, J. (2019). The effect of the ionic strength of process water on the interaction of talc and CMC: Implications of recirculated water on floatable gangue depression. Minerals, 9(4), 231. https:// doi.org/10.3390/min9040231

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[15]. Oberthür, T. (2018). The fate of platinum-group minerals in the exogenic environment—From sulfide ores via oxidized ores into placers: Case studies bushveld complex, South Africa, and Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Minerals, 8(12), 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8120581

[16]. Oberthür, T., Melcher, F., Buchholz, P., & Locmelis, M. (2013). The oxidized ores of the main sulphide zone, Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: turning resources into minable reservesmineralogy is the key. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 113(3), 191-201.

[17]. Öhlander, B., Chatwin, T., & Alakangas, L. (2012). Management of sulfide-bearing waste, a challenge for the mining industry. Minerals, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10. 3390/min2010001

[18]. Shatat, R. S., Niazi, S. K., & Ariffin, A. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Different Molecular Weights Polyacrylamide. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(04), 67-73.

[19]. Siyam, T. (2012). Development of acrylamide polymers for the treatment of waste water. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 4(2), 107-168. https://doi.org/10. 1163/156855500300203377

[20]. Xiong, B., Loss, R. D., Shields, D., Pawlik, T., Hochreiter, R., Zydney, A. L., & Kumar, M. (2018). Polyacrylamide degradation and its implications in environmental systems. NPJ Clean Water, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545- 018-0016-8

[21]. Yu, B., Tian, Z., Xiong, J., & Xiang, L. (2013). Synthesis of Al (OH)₃ Nanostructures from Al (OH)₃ Microagglomerates via Dissolution-Precipitation Route. Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/718979

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Research Paper

Effects of Waste Glass on the Compressive Strength of a Sintered Ceramic Tile

Shado Adeniyi Samuel* , Aliu E. T.**

*-** Department of Glass and Ceramic Technology, School of Science and Computer Studies, Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

Shado, A. S., and Aliu, E. T. (2021). Effects of Waste Glass on the Compressive Strength of a Sintered Ceramic Tile. i-manager's Journal on Material Science , 9(2), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.9.2.18358

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study on the properties and on the durability of ceramic tiles containing glass wastes. Several ceramic tile mixes possessing a target mean compressive strength of 20 MPa were prepared with 25%, 50% and 75% glass replacement by ceramic powder. A clay mix with silica sand and waste glass was prepared as a ceramic mix aggregate. The mechanical and durability performance of glass waste based ceramic tiles was assessed by means of mechanical tests, water performance and also bulk density tests. Results obtained showed that the produced ceramic tiles with partial replacement by ceramic powder, although has minor strength loss, possess increased durability performance as waste glass powder increases. Results also show that ceramic admixtures with waste glass aggregates perform better than the control ceramic mixtures concerning compressive strength and capillarity water absorption. The partial replacement of ceramic powders with waste glass in ceramic tile production helps to lower maturation temperature with a view to reduce the cost of production of these ceramic products.

References

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[12]. Rambaldi, E., Carty, W. M., Tucci, A., & Esposito, L. (2007). Using waste glass as a partial flux substitution and pyroplastic deformation of a porcelain stoneware tile body. Ceramics International, 33(5), 727-733. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ceramint.2005.12.010

[13]. Rozenstrauha, I., Bajare, D., Cimdins, R., Berzina, L., Bossert, J., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2006). The influence of various additions on a glass-ceramic matrix composition based on industrial waste. Ceramics International, 32(2), 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.01.006

[14]. Ryan, W. (1978). Clay and Glazes for Potter. Pitman, London.

[15]. Sultana, M. S., Ahmed, A. N., Zaman, M. N., Rahman, M. A., Biswas, P. K., & Nandy, P. K. (2015). Utilization of hard rock dust with red clay to produce roof tiles. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 3(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jascer.2014.10.005

[16]. Ukrainskii, L. Z. (1982). Rapid control method for water absorption of ceramic tiles. Glass and Ceramics, 39(2), 82- 84. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00696059

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Research Paper

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix with Zirconium and Flyash

M. Vadivel * , Siva Prakash K., Pradeepkumar R., Surya P., Therajkumar V. B.

*-***** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Vadivel, M., Siva Prakash, K., Pradeepkumar, R., Surya, P., and Therajkumar, V. B. (2021). Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix with Zirconium and Flyash. i-manager's Journal on Material Science , 9(2), 19-22. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.9.2.18240

Abstract

This paper deals with the experimental investigation of effect of reinforcement Fly ash and Zirconium on mechanical properties and tribological properties of aluminium metal matrix composites samples, processed by stir casting method. Three sets of composites were prepared with fixed percentage of 1% of fly ash and 5% Zirconium by weight fraction. The evaluated properties of the samples were tensile strength, hardness and microstructure, in the presence of Zirconium 5% and fly ash 1% with aluminium 6061, aluminium 7075, and aluminium 8011. It was observed that the hardness was increased and correspondingly, the increase in tensile strength was also observed, and wear rate decreases with the hybrid metal matrix composites in comparison with base metal. Aluminium alloy constitutes a very important engineering material, and is widely employed in the aircraft and aerospace industry for the manufacturing of different parts and components. It is due to its high strength to density ratio that it is a sought after metal matrix composite.

References

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[4]. Mahendra, K. V., & Radhakrishna, K. (2010). Characterization of stir cast Al—Cu—(fly ash+ SiC) hybrid metal matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 44(8), 989-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021998309 346386

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Review Paper

A Comprehensive Review on Enzymatic Reaction Conditions

N. Sunil Naik* , K. Gurumurthy**

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering (A), Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Naik, N. S., and Gurumurthy, K. (2021). A Comprehensive Review on Enzymatic Reaction Conditions. i-manager's Journal on Material Science , 9(2), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.9.2.18428

Abstract

Biofuels have drawn much attention of researchers in the last few decades due to the escalating cost of crude oils and its upcoming crisis in future. However, based upon the current situation much of research witnessed towards enzymatic transesterification has shown better outcome in terms of yield rate compared with that of the conventional transesterification process. Lipases are more attractive and can be extracted from any living organisms. The present work reviews the literature regarding the usage of different enzymes for transesterification and its optimum reaction conditions. This review is bound to investigate the performance of several lipases concerning varied reaction conditions which are obtained from various sources for biodiesel synthesis.

References

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Review Paper

Review: Benzimidazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metals and their Alloys

Jeeni Patel* , Dhara D. Patel**

*-** Department of Chemistry, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.

Patel, J., and Patel, D. D. (2021). Review: Benzimidazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metals and their Alloys. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 9(2), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.9.2.18374

Abstract

Many organic inhibitors have been reported for the corrosion inhibition of various metals and their alloys. The synthetic heterocyclic compounds composed of strong electronegative atoms and heteroatoms such as (O) Oxygen, (N) Nitrogen and (S) Sulphur were observed to be very effective at preventing metal like iron and copper corrosion. A concept of studying benzimidazole derivatives compounds for corrosion inhibition of metals and their alloys has been formed in recent years as they contain heteroatoms, two aromatic ring structures, and pi bonds in the structural geometry. Based on this study, we have observed the potential of benzimidazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for various metals and alloys through acidic or basic environments. We have studied most of the inhibitors that follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

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