i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 1

Most Cited

Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Gels based on PMMA-DMA/DMC-LiCLO₂ -SiO₂
Comparison Of Composite Proton Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes Containing Weak Aromatic Acids
Enhancement in Electrical Properties of PEO Based Nano-Composite Gel Electrolytes
Effect of Donor Number of Plasticizers on Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes Containing NH₄F
PMMA Based Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing LiCF₃SO₃

Volume 10 Issue 1 April - June 2022

Research Paper

Synthesis of SrBaFe_xMo_2-xO₆ (X=1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4) Double Perovskites by Sonication: Characterization and Electron Spin Resonance Studies

S. Varaprasad* , G. Laxminarayana, M. Ramana, A. Ramachander Rao, L. Koteswara Rao

* Electro-Optical Instrument Research Academy, Vignyanakancha, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

- Research Centre Imarat, Vignyanakancha, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

*** Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Varaprasad, S., Laxminarayana, G., Ramana, M., Rao, A. R., and Rao, L. K. (2022). Synthesis of SrBaFe_xMo_2-x O₆ (X=1.0, 1.1, 1.3 And 1.4) Double Perovskites by Sonication: Characterization and Electron Spin Resonance Studies. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18644

Abstract

This paper presents influence of ultrasound-assisted method on structure, tolerance factor, density and Electron spin resonance studies of SrBaFe_xMo_2-xO₆ (x = 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4) (SBFMO) double perovskite. SrBaFe_xMo_2-xO₆ double perovskite was synthesized by sonochemical procedure at low temperature (950⁰C) under Ar/ H₂ atmosphere. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a single phase with a cubic crystal structure for all the samples. The existence of all elements (Sr, Ba, Fe, Mo, O) contamination-free in the required percentage in SBFMO compound has been analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Goldschmidt Tolerance factor 't' has been used to quantitatively predict the stability and closeness of A₂B_xB¹_2-xO₆. Density measurements for all samples of SrBaFe_xMo_2-xO₆ (x = 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4) were done both theoretically and experimentally. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectra of SrBaFe_xMo_2-xO₆ (x = 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4) were studied to determine the iron state in the compound by varying magnetic field at a constant frequency (X-Band).

References

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[12]. Liu, G. Y., Rao, G. H., Feng, X. M., Yang, H. F., Ouyang, Z. W., Liu, W. F., & Liang, J. K. (2003). Structural transition and atomic ordering in the non-stoichiometric double perovskite Sr₂Fe_xMo_2-xO₆. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 353(1-2), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(02)01316-6

[13]. Liu, G.Y., Rao, G. H., Feng, Z. W., Ouyang, W. F., Liu, J. K., & Liang. (2003). Metal-semicondoctor transition in non-stoichiometry double perovskite Sr₂Fe_xMo_2-xO₆. Physics, 334, (pp. 229).

[14]. Lü, M., Li, J., Hao, X., Yang, Z., Zhou, D., & Meng, J. (2008). Hole doping double perovskites Sr₂FeMo_1-xO₆ (x = 0, 0.03, 0.04, 0.06) and and their Mössbauer, crystal structure and magnetic properties. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 20(17), 175213.

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[16]. Markandeya, Y., Suresh, K., & Bhikshamaiah, G. (2011). Strong correlation between structural, magnetic and transport properties of non-stoichiometric Sr₂Fe_xMo_2-xO₆ (0.8≤ x≤ 1.5) double perovskites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509(40), 9598-9603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.06.108

[17]. Mishra, R., Restrepo, O. D., Woodward, P. M., & Windl, W. (2010). First-principles study of defective and nonstoichiometric Sr₂FeMoO₆. Chemistry of Materials, 22(22), 6092-6102. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm101587e

[18]. Moghtada, A., & Ashiri, R. (2016). Enhancing the formation of tetragonal phase in perovskite nanocrystals using an ultrasound assisted wet chemical method. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 33, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.002

[19]. Moghtada, A., & Ashiri, R. (2018). Superiority of sonochemical processing method for the synthesis of barium titanate nanocr ystals in contrast to the mechano chemical approach. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 41, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.037

[20]. Moghtada, A., Shahrouzianfar, A., & Ashiri, R. (2017). Low-temperature ultrasound synthesis of nanocrystals CoTiO₃ without a calcination step: effect of ultrasonic waves on formation of the crystal growth mechanism. Advanced Powder Technology, 28(4), 1109-1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.11.004

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[23]. Retuerto, M., Martinez-Lope, M. J., Garcia- Hernandez, M., & Alonso, J. A. (2009). High-pressure synthesis of the double perovskite Sr₂FeMoO₆ : increment of the cationic ordering and enhanced magnetic properties. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 21(18), 186003. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/18/186003

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[25]. Utara, S., & Hunpratub, S. (2018). Ultrasonic assisted synthesis of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles at 25°C and atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 41, 441-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.10.008

[26]. Valsangiacom, C., Plapcianu, C., Stoica, L., Aldica, G., & Kuncser, V. (2008). Peculiar structural effect of Sr₂FeMoO₆ perovskite type compounds. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 10(4), 845-848.

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[31]. Yang, H. M., Han, H., & Lee, B. W. (2004). Magnetic properties of double perovskites Ba_2-xLa₂FeMoO₆. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 272, 1831-1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.12.430

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Research Paper

Experimental Results from a Two-Wheeler Fuel Tank with Natural Fiber Composite

P. Krishnaa* , B. Nitin, A. Ponshanmugakumar*, B. Karthikeyan****

*-**** Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Krishnaa, P., Nitin, B., Ponshanmugakumar, A., and Karthikeyan, B. (2022). Experimental Results from a Two-Wheeler Fuel Tank with Natural Fiber Composite. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18656

Abstract

The creation of composite materials has resulted in significant advances in material history. The mechanical characteristics and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis of Bamboo-Kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy composites are explored in this work, as well as the design and analysis of this composite fibre for usage as an application in automobile seat bases. Testing was used to identify the treated status of the sample fibres. The treated specimen has improved mechanical characteristics over the untreated specimen. The fundamental goal of this effort is to shift away from non-biodegradable materials and towards the use of biodegradable materials for the benefit of the environment and humans while retaining their original characteristics.

References

[1]. Davoodi, M. M., Sapuan, S. M., Ahmad, D., Ali, A., Khalina, A., & Jonoobi, M. (2010). Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam. Materials & Design, 31(10), 4927-4932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.021

[2]. Fernandes, E. M., Correlo, V. M., Mano, J. F., & Reis, R. L. (2013). Novel cork–polymer composites reinforced with short natural coconut fibres: Effect of fibre loading and coupling agent addition. Composites Science and Technology, 78, 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.01.021

[3]. Huda, M. S., Drzal, L. T., Mohanty, A. K., & Misra, M. (2006). Chopped glass and recycled newspaper as reinforcement fibers in injection molded poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites: A comparative study. Composites Science and Technology, 66(11-12), 1813-1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.015

[4]. Jamil, M. S., Ahmad, I., & Abdullah, I. (2006). Effects of rice husk filler on the mechanical and thermal properties of liquid natural rubber compatibilized high-density polyethylene/natural rubber blends. Journal of Polymer Research, 13(4), 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-005-9040-8

[5]. Sailesh, A., Arunkumar, R., & Saravanan, S. (2018). Mechanical properties and wear properties of kenaf–aloe vera–jute fiber reinforced natural fiber composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(2), 7184-7190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.384

[6]. Vemuvaraprasad. (2011). Chemical resistant and tensile properties of bamboo and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. International Journal of Materials and Biomaterials Applications, 1(1), 17-20.

[7]. Yuhazri, Y. M., Phongsakorn, P. T., Sihombing, H., Jeefferie, A. R., Perumal, P., Kamarul, A. M. & Rassiah, K. (2011). Mechanical properties of kenaf/polyester composites. International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 11(1), 127-131.

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Research Paper

Direct Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate Anions Together in a Continuous Fixed Bed Column down Flow Technique

K. Mohan Reddy* , Amit Kumar, Samarth Pratap Singh*

- Department of Chemistry, Applied Science Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi campus, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

Reddy, K. M., Kumar, A., and Singh, S. P. (2022). Direct Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate Anions Together in a Continuous Fixed Bed Column down Flow Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18804

Abstract

Synthetic adsorbent was used for the direct removal of nitrate and phosphate anions from aqueous solution. Synthetic absorbent was prepared in laboratory using different processes, which have high adsorption capacities for effective removal of selected ions in a column chromatography. Chitosan-reduced graphene-SiO₂ in a column was used as a potent adsorbent for this selected method and final results were compared with another approach using chitosan-SiO₂ in a Photo Catalytic Reactor (PCR). PCR process is easier, but the removal efficiency is less when compared with the Fixed Bed Column (FBC). The removal percentage using fixed bed column with a potent adsorbent was greater than 60% whereas it is less than 35% using photocatalytic reactor. Adsorption of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions on both photocatalytic reactor and continuous fixed-bed column are studied with effects of various parameters such as contact time, dosage of adsorbent and pH of the aqueous solutions. Absorbents were fabricated using sol-gel for nano silica, chitosan and thermal heating method for reduced graphene oxides. Out of these, fixed bed columns with chitosan-reduced graphene oxide - SiO₂ performed better when compared with the chitosan-SiO₂ in a photocatalytic reactor.

References

[1]. Alves, N. M., & Mano, J. F. (2008). Chitosan derivatives obtained by chemical modifications for biomedical and environmental applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 43(5), 401-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.09.007

[2]. Chang, A. C., Chuang, S. S., Gray, M., & Soong, Y. (2003). In-situ infrared study of CO2 adsorption on SBA-15 grafted with γ-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. Energy & Fuels, 17(2), 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef020176h

[3]. Chatterjee, S., & Woo, S. H. (2009b). The removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by chitosan hydrogel beads. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3), 1012-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.001

[4]. Chatterjee, S., Lee, D. S., Lee, M. W., & Woo, S. H. (2009a). Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by crosslinked chitosan beads conditioned with sodium bisulfate. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166(1), 508-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.045

[5]. Chong, A. S. M., & Zhao, X. S. (2003). Functionalization of SBA-15 with APTES and characterization of functionalized materials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(46), 12650-12657. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp035877+

[6]. Ho, Y. S., & Wang, C. C. (2004). Pseudo-isotherms for the sorption of cadmium ion onto tree fern. Process Biochemistry, 39(6), 761-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00184-5

[7]. Jayakumar, R., Rajkumar, M., Freitas, H., Selvamurugan, N., Nair, S. V., Furuike, T., & Tamura, H. (2009). Preparation, characterization, bioactive and metal uptake studies of alginate/phosphorylated chitin blend films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 44(1), 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.10.010

[8]. Khan, A. A., & Singh, R. P. (1987). Adsorption thermodynamics of carbofuran on Sn (IV) arsenosilicate in H+, Na+ and Ca2+ forms. Colloids and Surfaces, 24(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(87)80259-7

[9]. Kousalya, G. N., Gandhi, M. R., & Meenakshi, S. (2010). Sorption of chromium (VI) using modified forms of chitosan beads. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 47(2), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.010

[10]. Kumar, A. S. K., Ramachandran, R., Kalidhasan, S., Rajesh, V., & Rajesh, N. (2012). Potential application of dodecylamine modified sodium montmorillonite as an effective adsorbent for hexavalent chromium. Chemical Engineering Journal, 211, 396-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.029

[11]. Taleb, M. F. A., Mahmoud, G. A., Elsigeny, S. M., & Hegazy, E. S. A. (2008). Adsorption and desorption of phosphate and nitrate ions using quaternar y (polypropylene-gN, N-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) graft copolymer. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159(2-3), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.028

[12]. Venkatesan, J., Ryu, B., Sudha, P. N., & Kim, S. K. (2012). Preparation and characterization of chitosan–carbon nanotube scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50(2), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.032

[13]. Viswanathan, N., Sundaram, C. S., & Meenakshi, S. (2009). Development of multifunctional chitosan beads for fluoride removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.123

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Research Paper

Adsorptive Removal of Indigo Carmine Dye using Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Isotherm Study

Manjunath S. V.* , Pratheek C. N.**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.

Manjunath, S. V., and Pratheek, C. N. (2022). Adsorptive Removal of Indigo Carmine Dye using Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Isotherm Study. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18957

Abstract

In this study the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye by batch adsorption using Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC) was carried out. The characterization of adsorbent was done by Structural Engineering and Materials (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) to know the surface morphology and various elements present in the adsorbent. The operational parameters such as contact time (0-120 min), adsorbent dose (0.1-1g/L) and initial dye concentration (25-150 mg/L) was varied to know the effect of removal of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution. The adsorption data was compared with various kinetic models as pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, liquidfilm diffusion and Elovich models and isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich and Dubinin and Radushkevich models. The optimum contact time and adsorbent dose was found to be 40 min and 0.8 g/L, respectively. The experimental data best fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R² > 0.99 and Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.997). The Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) was 28.74 mg/g.

References

[1]. Adel, M., Ahmed, M. A., & Mohamed, A. A. (2021). Effective removal of indigo carmine dye from waste waters by adsorption onto mesoporous magnesium ferrite nanoparticles. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 16, 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100550

[2]. Aichour, A., Zaghouane-Boudiaf, H., & Khodja, H. D. (2022). Highly removal of anionic dye from aqueous medium using a promising biochar derived from date palm petioles: Characterization, adsorption properties and reuse studies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(1), 103542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103542

[3]. Beltrán-Heredia, J., Sánchez-Martín, J., & Delgado- Regalado, A. (2009). Removal of carmine indigo dye with Moringa oleifera seed extract. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 48(14), 6512-6520. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9004833

[4]. Bhowmik, S., Chakraborty, V., & Das, P. (2021). Batch adsorption of indigo carmine on activated carbon prepared from sawdust: a comparative study and optimization of operating conditions using response surface methodology. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, 3, 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2021.100011

[5]. El-Kammah, M., Elkhatib, E., Gouveia, S., Cameselle, C., & Aboukila, E. (2022). Cost-effective ecofriendly nanoparticles for rapid and efficient indigo carmine dye removal from wastewater: Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 28, 102595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102595

[6]. Harrache, Z., Abbas, M., Aksil, T., & Trari, M. (2019). Thermodynamic and kinetics studies on adsorption of Indigo Carmine from aqueous solution by activated carbon. Microchemical Journal, 144, 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.004

[7]. Hosseini, F., Sadighian, S., Hosseini-Monfared, H., & Mahmoodi, N. M. (2016). Dye removal and kinetics of adsorption by magnetic chitosan nanoparticles. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(51), 24378-24386. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1143879

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[9]. Kavitha, G., Subhapriya, P., Dhanapal, V., Dineshkumar, G., & Venkateswaran, V. (2021). Dye removal kinetics and adsorption studies of activated carbon derived from the stems of Phyllanthus reticulatus. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 7934-7938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.837

[10]. Kekes, T., & Tzia, C. (2020). Adsorption of indigo carmine on functional chitosan and β - cyclodextrin/chitosan beads: Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 262, 110372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110372

[11]. Kesraoui, A., Selmi, T., Seffen, M., & Brouers, F. (2017). Influence of alternating current on the adsorption of indigo carmine. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(11), 9940-9950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7201-4

[12]. Qian, F., Sun, X., & Liu, Y. (2013). Removal characteristics of organics in bio-treated textile wastewater reclamation by a stepwise coagulation and intermediate GAC/O3 oxidation process. Chemical Engineering Journal, 214, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.130

[13]. Saxena, M., Sharma, N., & Saxena, R. (2020). Highly efficient and rapid removal of a toxic dye: adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and mechanism studies on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 21, 100639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100639

[14]. Tahira, I., Aslam, Z., Abbas, A., Monim-ul-Mehboob, M., Ali, S., & Asghar, A. (2019). Adsorptive removal of acidic dye onto grafted chitosan: A plausible grafting and adsorption mechanism. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136, 1209-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.173

[15]. Vigneshwaran, S., Sirajudheen, P., Karthikeyan, P., & Meenakshi, S. (2021). Fabrication of sulfur-doped biochar derived from tapioca peel waste with superior adsorption performance for the removal of Malachite green and Rhodamine B dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100920

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Research Paper

Study on Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Sustainable Development of Concrete

Samreen Bano* , Farheen Bano, Syed Aqeel Ahmed*

- Department of Civil Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Bano, S., Bano, F., and Ahmed, S. A. (2022). Study on Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Sustainable Development of Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18906

Abstract

Modern society makes extensive use of concrete for construction. The demand for concrete is increasing daily as a result of the expansion of urbanization and industrialization. To produce concrete, a lot of raw materials and natural resources are needed. A significant quantity of industrial waste, agricultural waste, and other types of solid material disposal are simultaneously creating significant environmental problems. The use of artificial wastes as supplementary materials, the source of which are both reliable and suitable for alternative preventive solutions, promotes the environmental sustainability of the industry by minimizing and reducing the negative effect of the concrete industry due to the explosive usage of raw materials. Recent use of such products to be utilized as a partial replacement for Portland cement (PC) in cementitious systems is investigated in terms of material qualities and the extent to which they can be replaced in cementitious systems. In particular, Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) can improve material qualities such as flowability, strength and durability. Conventional concrete was utilized as the design mix proportion, with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the cement being replaced with industrial waste such as fly ash and hypo sludge. The test's 30% replacement level produced the best compressive stress when waste paper was used, where strength is less important or where the construction is only expected to be used temporarily, and design mix proportions up to 40% replacement can also be used. The optimal level of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) replacement in concrete is 10%, which has been shown to significantly increase compressive strength at 28 days when compared to the control mix. It reveals that the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) concrete, used as a concrete control in this investigation, has a higher compressive strength than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Concrete. This paper examines the potential application of industrial and agricultural wastes as additional cementitious material in the manufacture of concrete. It focuses on describing the engineering, physical, and chemical properties of these wastes to demonstrate the concept of using them. This gives an overview of the knowledge that is now available regarding the successful use of synthetic wastes in the concrete industry, including fly ash, slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, sugar cane bagasse ash, wood waste ash, and bamboo leaf ash.

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Study on Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Sustainable Development of Concrete

Samreen Bano* , Farheen Bano**, Syed Aqeel Ahmed***

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. **Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Bano, S., Bano, F., and Ahmed, S. A. (2022). Study on Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Sustainable Development of Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 10(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.10.1.18906

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* Electro-Optical Instrument Research Academy, Vignyanakancha, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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*** Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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- Department of Civil Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Faculty of Architecture and Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.