i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 1

Most Cited

Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Gels based on PMMA-DMA/DMC-LiCLO₂ -SiO₂
Comparison Of Composite Proton Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes Containing Weak Aromatic Acids
Enhancement in Electrical Properties of PEO Based Nano-Composite Gel Electrolytes
Effect of Donor Number of Plasticizers on Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes Containing NH₄F
PMMA Based Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing LiCF₃SO₃

Volume 7 Issue 4 January - March 2020

Research Paper

Copper Slag as a Sustainable Fine Aggregate in Concrete at Elevated Temperature

Binaya Patnaik* , Seshadri Sekhar T., Temesgen Gebreyesus *

* Department of Civil Engineering, Gambella Univeristy, Ethiopia.

National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Hyderabad, India.

* College of Engineering, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia.

Patnaik, B., Sekhar, T. S., & Gebreyesus, T. (2020). Copper Slag as a Sustainable Fine Aggregate in Concrete at Elevated Temperature, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.16210

Abstract

River sand is the common form of fine aggregate used in the making of concrete mixture. To meet the high demand of river sand by the builders and construction industry in this fast urbanization age, river beds are mined for sand and it is depleted at a faster pace, which in turn causes substantial negative effect on our environment. So it is highly important to find alternative form of fine aggregates for meeting the large demand without distressing our ecosystem. Copper slag is one among various sustainable materials having a promising future as a substitute for river sand. This article presents a study on identifying the optimum percentage of copper slag to be used as a fine aggregate by partially replacing sand in the making of the concrete. Also, as part of durability aspects study, the impact of higher temperature of 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C for 4 hours exposure time on concrete with optimum percentage of copper slag has been presented and has been compared with normal concrete. The results show that copper slag concrete has better resistance to strength loss and weight loss at a higher temperature of 200 °C, 400 °C in comparison with normal concrete, but at 600 °C copper slag concrete displays similar trends comparable to normal concrete. In the present experimental investigation, M30 concrete grade was used.

References

[1]. Balendran, R. V., Rana, T. M., Maqsood, T., & Tang, W. C. (2002). Strength and durability performance of HPC incorporating pozzolans at elevated temperatures. Structural Survey, 20(4), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 02630800210445681

[2]. Chakrabarti, S. C., Sharma, K. N., & Mittal, A. (1994). Residual strength in concrete after exposure to elevated temperature. The Indian Concrete Journal, 713-717.

[3]. Patnaik, B., Seshadri S. T., & Rao, P. S. (2014a). An experimental investigation on optimum usage of copper slag as fine aggregate in copper slag admixed concrete. International Journal of Current Engieering and Technology, 4(5), 3646-3648. https://doi.org/10.14741/ Ijcet/4.5.2014.102

[4]. Patnaik, B., Seshadri, S. T., & Rao, P. S. (2014b). Relationship between the optimum usage of copper slag as fine aggregate and compressive strength in copper slag admixed concrete. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce. 4.2.2986

[5]. Patnaik, G. B., & Sekhar, T. S. (2015). Behavior aspects of copper slag admixed concrete subjected to destructive and non-destructive tests. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 5(4), 10-13. https://doi.org/ 10.26634/jce.5.4.3638

[6]. Poon, C. S., Azhar, S., Anson, M., & Wong, Y. L. (2003). Performance of metakaolin concrete at elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(1), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00061-0

[7]. Rao, K. S., Raju, M. P., & Raju, P. S. N. (2006). Effect of elevated temperature on compressive strength of HSC made with OPC and PPC. Indian Concrete Journal, 80(8), 43-48.

[8]. Wu, B., Su, X. P., Li, H., & Yuan, J. (2002). Effect of high temperature on residual mechanical properties of confined and unconfined high-strength concrete. Materials Journal, 99(4), 399-407.

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Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steel Grades 304 and 316L for Different Applications

Gourav Choudhary* , Gurpreet Singh**

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Choudhary, G., & Singh, G. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steel Grades 304 and 316L for Different Applications, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 8-22. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.16094

Abstract

The present work investigates the corrosion behaviour of SS 304 and SS 316L used for beverage containers, boat propellers, and bio-implants. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurement test were performed to determine the corrosion behaviour of substrates at room temperature. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to investigate the characterization and morphology of the substrates. The electrochemical study showed that the order of corrosion resistance of 304 SS and 316L in different electrolytes was Ringer solution > Wine > Beer > 3.5% NaCl solution and Ringer solution > Beer > Wine > 3.5% NaCl, respectively. After electrochemical corrosion testing, substrates were examined by XRD and SEM to reveal their crystallite size and pits quantity.

References

[1]. Alar, V., Runje, B., Ivušić, F., Horvatić, A., & Mihaljević, M. (2016). Corrosion behaviour of stainless steel in contact with wine and beer. Metalurgija, 55(3), 437-440.

[2]. Avstenitnih, P. K. L. (2014). Comparison of the corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel in seawater and in a 3.5% NaCl solution. Materiali in Tehnologije, 48(6), 937-942.

[3]. Farias, C. A., & Lins, V. F. (2011). Corrosion resistance of steels used in alcohol and sugar industry. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 34(9), 1393-1401. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201000542

[4]. Iliyasu, I., Yawas, D. S., & Aku, S. Y. (2012). Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid at Various Concentrations. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(6), 3909-3915. https://doi.org/10.4028/ www.scientific.net/MSF.850.78

[5]. Kumar, N., Kumar, A., Singh, A. K., & Das, G. (2014). Corrosion resistance of austenitic cr-ni stainless steel in 1 M HCl. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 3(3), 21.

[6]. Kumar, D B., Nagalakshmi, R., Muthurajan, K. G., Rajasekar V., & Parthasarathi, S. (2015). Corrosion behaviour of SS 316L in different medium, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN, 974, 2115.

[7]. Lins, V. D. F. C., Gonçalves, G. A. D. S., Leão, T. P., Soares, R. B., Costa, C. G. F., & Viana, A. K. D. N. (2016). Corrosion resistance of AISI 304 and 444 stainless steel pipes in sanitizing solutions of clean-in-place process. Materials Research, 19(2), 333-338. https://doi.org/10. 1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0298

[8]. Lv, W., Pan, C., Su, W., Wang, Z., Liu, S., & Wang, C. (2015). A study on atmospheric corrosion of 304 stainless steel in a simulated marine atmosphere. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 24(7), 2597- 2604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1544-8

[9]. Ningshen, S., Mudali, U. K., Ramya, S., & Raj, B. (2011). Corrosion behaviour of AISI type 304L stainless steel in nitric acid media containing oxidizing species. Corrosion Science, 53(1), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci. 2010.09.023

[10]. Singh, G., Singh, H., & Sidhu, B. S. (2013). Corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-silicon oxide coatings on AISI 304 for biomedical application. Applied Surface Science, 284, 811-818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.013

[11]. Singh, Gurpreet, Singh, Hazoor, and Sidhu, Buta Singh (2014). In vitro corrosion investigations of plasmasprayedhydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatitecalciumphosphate coatings on 316L SS Bulletin of MaterialsScience, 37 (6), 1519-28. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12034-014-0106-2

[12]. Zheng, Z. J., Gao, Y., Gui, Y., & Zhu, M. (2014). Studying the fine microstructure of the passive film on nanocrystalline 304 stainless steel by EIS, XPS, and AFM. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 18(8), 2201-2210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-014-2472-5

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Research Paper

Characterization of Brinell Hardness, Impact Toughness and Sliding Wear Resistance Properties of Al₅Mg₅Zn /WO₃-P Metal Matrix Composite

Murlidhar Patel* , Bhupendra Pardhi, Sushanta Kumar Sahu*, Mukesh Kumar Singh****

- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Science and Technology, Berhampur, Odisha, India.

**** Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Patel, M., Pardhi, B., Sahu, S. K., & Singh, M. K. (2020). Characterization of Brinell Hardness, Impact Toughness and Sliding Wear Resistance Properties of Characterization of Brinell Hardness, Impact Toughness and Sliding Wear Resistance Properties of Al₅Mg₅Zn /WO₃-P Metal Matrix Composite-P Metal Matrix Composite, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.16125

Abstract

In this research work, 3 wt % of tungsten trioxide (WO₃) particulates are used to reinforce the Al₅Mg₅Zn alloy. For the development of this particulate, reinforced Al metal matrix composite, two step stir casting processing route is used due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. The Brinell hardness, impact toughness, and sliding wear resistance properties of the casted Al₅Mg₅Zn alloy and developed Al₅Mg₅Zn + 3%WO₃ composite are investigated according to ASTM standards and their results are compared. The worn surfaces of the test sample are analysed by using optical microscopy to obtain the pattern of the dry sliding wear. The results show that the addition of 3 wt % WO₃ particulates improved the hardness and sliding wear resistance of the Al₅Mg₅Zn alloy and diminished the value of impact toughness.

References

[1]. Chen, Z. Z., & Tokaji, K. (2004). Effects of particle size on fatigue crack initiation and small crack growth in SiC particulate-reinforced aluminium alloy composites. Materials Letters, 58, 2314-2321. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matlet.2004.02.034

[2]. Dix, E. H., Anderson, W. A., & Shumaker, M. B. (1958). Influence of service temperature on the resistance of wrought aluminum-magnesium alloys to corrosion. Corrosion-National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 15, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-15.2.19

[3]. E23-07a, A. S. T. M. (2007). Standard test methods for notched bar impact testing of metallic materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States (pp 1-28).

[4]. Feng, Y. C., Geng, L., Fan, G. H., Li, A. B., & Zheng, Z. Z. (2009). The properties and microstructure of hybrid composites reinforced with WO3 particles and Al18B4O33 whiskers by squeeze casting. Materials and Design, 30(9), 3632-3635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.02. 020

[5]. Feng, Y. C., Geng, L., Zheng, P. Q., Zheng, Z. Z., & Wang, G. S. (2008). Fabrication and characteristic of Albased hybrid composite reinforced with tungsten oxide particle and aluminum borate whisker by squeeze casting. Materials and Design, 29(10), 2023-2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.04.006

[6]. Hasan, M. M., Haseeb, A. S. M. A., & Masjuki, H. H. (2012). Structural and mechanical properties of nanostructured tungsten oxide thin films. Surface Engineering, 28(10), 778-785. https://doi.org/10.1179/ 1743294412Y.0000000066

[7]. Jones, R. M. (1998). Mechanics of Composite Materials (2nd Ed.). CRC Press.

[8]. Karamis, M. B., Tasdemirci, A., & Nair, F. (2003). Failure and tribological behaviour of the AA5083 and AA6063 composites reinforced by SiC particles under ballistic impact. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 34, 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1359-835X(03)00024-1

[9]. Kaw, A. K. (2006). Chapter 3 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina. Mechanics of Composite Materials (2nd Ed.). CRC Press, USA.

[10]. Lin, G., Hong-Wei, Z., & Hao-Ze, L. I. (2010). Effects of Mg content on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/Al-Mg composites fabricated by semisolid stirring technique. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 20, 1851-1855. The Nonferrous Metals Society of China. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326 (09)60385-X

[11]. Ozben, T., Kilickap, E., Orhan, C., & Çakir, O. (2008). Investigation of mechanical and machinability properties of SiC particle reinforced Al-MMC. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 198(1-3), 220-225. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.082

[12]. Patel, M., Pardhi, B., Chopara, S., & Pal, M. (2018). Lightweight Composite Materials for Automotive - A Review. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(11), 41-47.

[13]. Patel, M., Pardhi, B., Pal, M., & Singh, M. K. (2019). SiC Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research, 5(1), 8-15.

[ 1 4 ] . S a n g p r a s e r d s u k , T. , P h i r i y a w i r u t , M . , Ngaotrakanwiwat, P., & Wootthikanokkhan, J. (2017). Mechanical, optical, and photochromic properties of polycarbonate composites reinforced with nanotungsten trioxide particles. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 36(16), 1168-1182. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0731684417710107

[15]. Shorowordi, K. M., Laoui, T., Haseeb, A. S. M. A., Celis, J. P., & Froyen, L. (2003). Microstructure and interface characteristics of B4C, SiC and Al2O3 reinforced Al matrix composites: A comparative study. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 142, 738-743.

[16]. Sujan, D., Oo, Z., Rahman, M. E., Maleque, M. A., & Tan, C. K. (2012). Physio-mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC Physio-mechanical Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced with Al2O3 and SiC. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924- 0136(03)00815-X

[17]. Thangavel, S., Elayaperumal, M., & Venugopal, G. (2012). Synthesis and properties of tungsten oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. Materials Express, 2(4), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924- 0136(03)00815-X

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Research Paper

Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium (Al 6061) Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced With Al2O3 and SiC

M. N. V. Ramesh * , Sherri, A. Satish Kumar, B. Sasi Kanth , J. Yathish Kumar

*-***** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Ramesh, M. N. V., Suresh, A. S., Kumar, A. S., Kanth, B. S., & Kumar, J. Y. (2020). Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium (Al 6061) Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced With Al2O3 and SiC, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.14830

Abstract

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are emerging as vital engineering materials due to their specific strength, ductility, toughness etc. As the demand for high specific strength materials is increasing day by day, Aluminium matrix can be strengthened by reinforcing with hard ceramic particles like Silicon Carbide (SiC), Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) etc. In the present study, aluminium metal matrix composites were made by reinforcing with SiC and Al O particles using stir casting route. The mechanical properties such as hardness, strength, density, electrical conductivity and chemical analysis of the unreinforced Al and Al+15% SiC/ Al+15% Al2O3 / Al+10% SiC+5% Al2O3 (wt%) reinforced composites were examined. The micro structural characterization of the composites was studied with metallurgical microscope. It was observed that the hardness and compressive strength were increased, where as the density and elongation were decreased with the reinforcement in base aluminium composite.

References

[1]. Bodunrin, M. O., Alaneme, K. K., & Chown, L. H. (2015). Aluminium matrix hybrid composites: A review of reinforcement philosophies; mechanical, corrosion and tribological characteristics. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 4(4), 434-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jmrt.2015.05.003

[2]. Hynes, N. R. J., Kumar, R., Tharmaraj, R., & Velu, P. S. (2016). Production of aluminium metal matrix composites by liquid processing methods. AIP Conference Proceedings, (Vol. 1728, No. 1, p. 020558). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4946609

[3]. Lloyd, D. J. (1994). Particle reinforced aluminium and magnesium matrix composites. International Materials Reviews, 39(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1179/imr.1994. 39.1.1

[4]. Naik, M. N., Reddy, K. D., Ramaiah, P. V., Narayana, B. V., & Reddy, G. B. (2017). Exploration of mechanical behaviour and wear behaviour of Al C reinforced 4 3 aluminium metal matrix composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), 2989-2998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.181

[5]. Parswajinan, C., Ramnath, B. V., Abishek, S., Niharishsagar, B., & Sridhar, G. (2018, July). Hardness and impact behaviour of aluminium metal matrix composite. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 390, No. 1, p. 012075). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/390/1/012075

[6]. Rahman, M. H., & Rashed, H. M. M. A. (2014). Characterization of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites. Procedia Engineering, 90, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.821

[7]. Rajesh, A. M., Kaleemulla, M. (2016). Experimental investigations on mechanical behavior of aluminium metal matrix composites. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 149, No. 1, p. 012121). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757- 899X/149/1/012121

[8]. Ram, K. S., Bandi, S. R. S., & Krishna, S. (2017). Mechanical Behaviour of Alumina Silicon Carbide Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, (Vol. 225, No. 1, p. 012181). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1757-899X/225/1/012181

[9]. Singh, J., & Chauhan, A. (2016). Characterization of hybrid aluminum matrix composites for advanced applications – A review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 5(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jmrt.2015.05.004

[10]. Taha, M. A., El-Mahallawy, N. A., & El-Sabbagh, A. M. (2008). Some experimental data on workability of aluminium-particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 202(1), 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec. 2007.07.047

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Research Paper

Preparation of Sodium Beta-Alumina Using Combustion Synthesis

Minakshi A. Kale* , S. A. Kale, C. P. Joshi*, S. V. Moharil****

* Department of Applied Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

* Department of Physics, Ramdeobaba College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

**** Department of Physics, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Kale, M. A., Kale, S. A., Joshi, C. P., & Moharil, S.V. (2020). Preparation of Sodium Beta-Alumina using Combustion Synthesis, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.15552

Abstract

The present work is on the study of Na β-Al ₂O₃, a ceramic that belongs to a family of oxides exhibiting fast-ionic conductivity. Na β-Al₂O₃ has the best solid electrolyte properties. This material is appropriate for use in electronic devices. NaAl ₇O₁₁, NaAl₁₁O₁₇, and Na₂MgAl₁₀O₁₇ are well known three compounds in the system of Sodium beta-alumina ceramics. NaAl₇O₁₁, Na₂ MgAl₁₀O₁₇, and NaAl₁₁O₁₇ compounds were prepare by combustion method in a single step. Attempts to synthesize NaAl₁₁O₁₇ by combustion synthesis failed. Metal nitrates as oxidizer and urea as a fuel are the starting material for preparation of these compounds. The method used is combustion synthesis, which is feasible, low cost, and a time saving method. Among the three compounds used in this study, NaAl₇ O₁₁ and Na₂MgAl₁₀O₁₇ show better results. NaAl₁₁O₁₇ doped with rare earth ions like Cerium and Europium could be achieved.

References

[1]. Beckers, J. V. L., Van Der Bent, K. J., & De Leeuw, S. W. (2000). Ionic conduction in Na+-b-alumina studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Solid State Ionics, 133(3- 4), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(00) 00685-8

[2]. Beevers, C. A., & Ross, A. (1937). The crystal structure of “beta alumina” Na2O 11Al2O3. Zeitschrift für 2 2 3 Kristallographie-Crystalline Materials, 97(1-6), 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1937.97.1.59

[3]. Bettman, M., & Peters, C. R. (1969). Crystal structure of Na2O. MgO. 5Al2O3 [sodium oxide-magnesia-alumina] with reference to Na2O. 5Al2O3 and other isotypal compounds. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 73(6), 1774-1780. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100726a024

[4]. Bettman, M., & Terner, L. L. (1971). Structure of sodium oxide-4 magnesium oxide-15 aluminum oxide, a variant of beta.-alumina. Inorganic Chemistry, 10(7), 1442-1446. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50101a025

[5]. Bragg, W. L., Gottfried, C., & West, J. (1931). The structure of β - alumina. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie- Crystalline Materials, 77(1-6), 255-274. https://doi.org/10. 1524/zkri.1931.77.1.255

[6]. Chowdhry, U., & Cannon, R. M. (1978). Microstructural evolution during the processing of sodium β-alumina. In Processing of Crystalline Ceramics (pp. 443-455). Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684- 3378-4_37

[7]. Hodge, J. D. (1983). Kinetics of the β to β Transformation in the System Na2OAl2O3. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 66(3), 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1983.tb10009.x

[8]. Imai, A., & Harata, M. (1972). Ionic conduction of impurity-doped β-alumina ceramics. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 11(2), 180-185.

[9]. Rankin, G. A., & Merwin, H. E. (1916). The Ternary System CaOAl2O3-MgO. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38(3), 568-588. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ja02260a006

[10]. Sartori, S., Martucci, A., Muffato, A., & Guglielmi, M. (2004). Sol-gel synthesis of Na+ beta-Al2O3 powders. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 24(6), 911- 914. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00513-2

[11]. Sudworth, J. L., Barrow, P., Dong, W., Dunn, B., Farrington, G. C., & Thomas, J. O. (2000). Toward commercialization of the beta-alumina family of ionic conductors. MRS Bulletin, 25(3), 22-26. https://doi.org/10. 1557/mrs2000.14

[12]. Takahashi, T., & Kuwabara, K. (1980). ß-Al2O3 Synthesis from m-Al2O3. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 10(3), 291-297. https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF00617203

[13]. Thery, J., & Briancon, D. (1964). Structure and Properties of Sodium Aluminates. Rev. Hautes Temp. Réfract, 1(2), 221-227.

[14]. Yamaguchi, G., & Suzuki, K. (1968). On the structures of alkali polyaluminates. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 41(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1246/ bcsj.41.93

[15]. Yoldas, B. E., BE, Y., & DP, P. (1980). Formation of continuous beta alumina films and coatings at low temperatures. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 59, 640-642.

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Review Paper

Performance Testing of Ceramic Metal Composites: A Review

Smita Mekalke* , Jagadeeshgouda Kendannavar , Raghuraj Rao *

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi, India.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi, India.

* AXKA Tech Pvt. Ltd., Kolhapur, India.

Mekalke, S., Kendannavar, J., & Rao, R. (2020). Performance Testing of Ceramic Metal Composites: A Review, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.15866

Abstract

Ceramic-metal composites are made of ceramics and metals, termed as cermets. Unlike conventional metal matrix composites or ceramic matrix composites, which come bearing technical limitations in their field of applications, cermets have improved mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties. In the present work, an attempt is being made to compare the ceramic-metal composites with the traditional ceramic matrix and metal matrix composites with respect to their mechanical performances. This paper also explores the development, behaviour and use of cermets for extreme engineering applications. Further, efforts have been made to review the works done on cermets with respect to their manufacturing process and the properties affected by different process. Scope for further investigation on cermets with respect to optimization of ceramic-metal composite is carried out by identifying gaps in the past research.

References

[1]. Antonov, M., & Pirso, J. (2014). Thermal shock resistance of chromium carbide-based cermets. Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses, 5128-5135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_90

[2]. Ettmayer, P., & Lengauer, W. (2016, April). The Story of Cermets. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy.

[3]. Freitag, D. W., & Richerson, D. W. (1998). Opportunities for advanced ceramics to meet the needs of the industries of the future. United States Department of Energy, Washington DC, Final Report DOE/ORO, 2076.

[4]. Fu, C. T., Li, A. K., Lai, C. P., & Duann, J. R. (1996). High performance ceramic composites containing tungsten carbide reinforced chromium carbide matrix. United States Patent.

[5]. Gao, L., & Li, Y. (2006). Preparation and Properties of Cr2N-Al2O3 Nanocomposites. Composites: Part B, 37, 395- 398.

[6]. Inam, F. (2009, May). Development of Ceramic – Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites (Doctoral Dissertation, University of London).

[7]. Jaworska, L., Rozmus, M., Królicka, B., & Twardowska, A. (2006). Functionally graded cermets. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 17(1-2), 73-76.

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Review Paper

Brake Friction Materials - A Review

Naresh Kumar Konada* , K. N. S. Suman **

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anits Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, AU College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Konada, N. K., & Suman, K. N. S. (2020). Brake Friction Materials - A Review, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.15520

Abstract

Friction materials present in an automobile breaking system is mainly responsible for controlling the automobile during running conditions. In recent years, with innovations in automobile sector, advancements in newly designed automobiles with varying design and high speeds are being launched in the markets, demanding prime challenges for the braking system designers to control the speed of the vehicle. After the phasing out asbestos as a brake friction material by many countries in the world, due to its carcinogenic property, automobile brake friction industry and researchers are looking for suitable alternatives to replace asbestos as friction material. This paper reviews several researches in this field and enables researchers to identify proper friction material responsible for stabilization of coefficient of friction and wear rate. This paper also gives an overview of the role of fiber, binder, and filler materials in improving the coefficient of friction. Finally, the effect of operating parameters, such as speed, temperature, pressure, and velocity on friction materials is studied.

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* Department of Civil Engineering, Gambella Univeristy, Ethiopia. ** National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Hyderabad, India. *** College of Engineering, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia.

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Brake Friction Materials - A Review

Naresh Kumar Konada* , K. N. S. Suman **

* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anits Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, AU College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Konada, N. K., & Suman, K. N. S. (2020). Brake Friction Materials - A Review, i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 7(4), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.7.4.15520

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