i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 2

Design and Development of Patient Care Voice Actuated Bed in Hospital
A Low Profile Dual U Shaped Monopole Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX/C Band Applications
A Miniaturized Dual L Shaped with Truncated Ground Rectangular Monopole Antenna for 5G and Wireless Communications
A Centre C-Shaped Dual Band Rectangular Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi and Wireless Communication
Impact of Subchannel Symbol Rates on WSS Filtering Penalty in Elastic Optical Networks: A Comparative Study

Most Cited

Volume 3 Issue 2 February - April 2014

Research Paper

Data and Voice Issues among the Telecommunication Companies in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Salifu Abdul-Mumin* , Obour Kennedy Yeboah**

* Lecturer, University for Development studies, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computer Science

** National Service Personnel, National Service Secretariant, Kumasi, Ghana.

Abdul-Mumin, S. and Yeboah, O. K. (2014). Data and Voice Issues among The Telecommunication companies in the upper East Region of Ghana. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2932

Abstract

The evolution and growth of the telecommunications industry over the past four decades has been responsible for the tremendous changes in the technology of human communication. Now telecommunication architecture had moved from complex to simple making many people to have access to mobile devices. People expect to move around easily with their mobile devices, keeping close communications with their partners, friends and family without worrying about Data and Voice Issues. This paper is to investigate the data and voice issues among the telecommunication companies operating in the Upper East region of Ghana. Issues concerning call drop, call congestion and internet connectivity among network operators have been investigated and analyzed. General rating of the various telecos operating in the region is also presented in this paper.A test to ascertain whether subscribers will change their network provider if the network is persistently bad has also been presented.

References

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[2]. Bandaranayake. (2005). “Impact of the Regulator's Independence on the Telecommunications Industry”. Master's thesis, Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Thailand.

[3]. Berkman, H. G. (1986). “Consumer Behavior : Concepts and strategies” (3rd ed ed.). (B. Kent, Ed.) ASQ Quality Press.

[4]. Boateng, K. (2000). “Satellite Communication in Ghana-challenges and prospects”. Master's thesis, Ohio University School of Telecommunications.

[5]. Bressie, K. K. (2005). “Telecommunications trade liberalisation and the WTO”, Info. The Journal of policy, regulation and strategy for telecommunications.

[6]. Burch, E. R. (1995). “Exploring SERVPERF: an empirical investigation of the importance-performance, service quality relationship in the uniform rental industry”. International Journal of Marketing.

[7]. Dogbe, F. K. (2011). “Assessment and Analysis of Customer Satisfaction with Service Delivery of MTN”, Kumasi. International Journal of Marketing.

[8]. Frempong G., H. A. (2004). “Telecom developments and investments in Ghana”. Discussion Paper W D R 0 3 0 5, W D R Dialogue Theme 2003.

[9]. Hayes, B. (1997). Measuring Customer Satisfaction: nd Survey Design, Use and Statistical Analysis Methods (2 ed ed.). (W. Milwaukee, Ed.) ASQ Quality Press.

[10]. http//www.answers.yahoo.com. (2014). “Definition for Telecommunication”. www.answers.yahoo.com.

[11]. http//www.Ghanaweb.com. (2013). “Mobile phone users angry with telcos for proper services.” www. ghanaweb.com.

[12]. http://www.indiamart.com. (2014). “Telecommunicationtowers”. http://www.indiamart.com.

[13]. ITU. (2008). Africa ICT indicators. ITU, Geneva.

[14]. Kessides, I. N. (2004). “Reforming infrastructure: Privatization, regulation and competition”. World Bank and Oxford university press.

[15]. McGraw-Hill, C. (2004). “Key Radio Concepts”. Digital Engineering Library.

[16]. Melhem S., N. T. (2009). “Information and Communication Technologies for Women's Socio- Economic Empowerment”. World Bank Group Working Paper Series.

[17]. Moto-zone.com.au, h. (2014). “Definitions for call drop and call congestion”. www. Moto-zone.com.au.

[18]. Osiakwan, E. M. (2003). “Ghana's Internet Industry for West Africa Magazine Report: Monitoring the WSIS Targets A Mid-Term Review”. ITU, Geneva.

[19]. Rajkumar, P. F. (2014). “Performance Issues of Cellular Networks”. Journal of Communication Science.

[20]. Rosu, I. (2012). “RF Power Amplifiers”. Internal Journal of Telecommunication.

[21]. Rust, R. T. (2000). “Driving Customer Equity: How Customer Lifetime Value Is Reshaping Corporate Strategy”. New York (NY): The Free Press.

[22]. Salami A., U. C. (2008). “Telecommunications and Economic Development: Empirical; Evidence from Southern Africa”. International Telecommunications Society

[23]. Smith, I. (1997). “Meeting Customer Needs (2nd ed ed.)”. (Butterworth-Hienemann., Ed.) Woodburn (MA).

[24]. Wade, P. (1998). “Antenna Fundementals”. www. w1ghz.org.

[25]. Wikipedia.org, h. m. (2014). “Definition for internet connectivity accessed”. www. Wikipedia.org.

[26]. www.dictionary.reference.com. (2011). “Customer Definition”. www.dictionary.reference.com.

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Research Paper

Analyzing the Performance of Routing Protocols for Multicasting and Group Communication in Mobile AD-HOC Network

Neha Gandotra* , Rajesh Singh**

* PhD Scholar, IFTM University, Moradabad.

** Professor , ECE Department, UPES, Dehradun.

Gandotra, N., and Singh, R., (2014). Analyzing the Performance of Routing Protocols for Multicasting and Group Communication In Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2933

Abstract

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile terminals that are able to dynamically form a temporary network without any aid from fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. In recent years, MANETs are continuing to attract the attention for their potential use in several fields such as military activities, rescue operations and time-critical applications. A very important and necessary issue for mobile ad hoc networks is to find the route between source and destination, which is a major technical challenge due to the dynamic topology of the network. Routing protocols for MANETs could differ depending on the application and network architecture. The efficiency of the wireless link can be increased by multicasting, through sending single copy of messages to all group members. This kind of approach is called clustering in MANET. For this one node work as controller and some node act as normal node. This controlling node assigns channel in its group, and that kind of many groups are formed in the network and called as clusters. Various protocols are proposed for this task. But we will design and implement some of the protocols which are most efficient and reliable. The scope of improvement in these protocols are done by analysis and comparisons.

References

[1]. Hakim Badis, Ignacy Gaw?Edzk and Khaldoun Al Agha, (2004). “QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Using QOLSR With no Need of Explicit Reservation”, IEEE Transaction.

[2]. Kannan .T, M.Pushpavalli, A.M.Natarajan, (2010). “Fortification of QoS Routing in MANETs using Proactive Protocol” IEEE Conference ICWCSC.

[3]. Bulent Tavli and Wendi Heinzelman “Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Energy-Efficient Real-Time Data Communications”, Springer International Edition, ISBN -10 1-4020-4632-4, PP 1-2.

[4]. Theodore S. Rappaport, (2009). “ Wireless Communications Principales And Practice”, Pearson nd Edition, 2 Edition,2009 pp.10-13

[5]. N. Bhalaji, A. R. Sivaramkrishnan, Sinchan Banerjee, V. Sundar, A. Shanmugam, (2009). “Trust Enhanced Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Adhoc Networks”, International Journal of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49.

[6]. C. E. Perkins, P. Bhagwat, (1994). Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. In SIGCOMM, pages 234–244, New York, NY, USA, 1994. ACM Press.

[7]. Ns2 website. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.

[8]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, (2009). “Computer Networks”, th Pearson Education Edition, 4 Edition, ISBN 978-81-7758- 165-2, PP 31.

[9]. Y. S. Chen, Y. C. Tseng, J. P. Sheu, and P. H. Kou, (2004). “An On-Demand, Link-State, Multi-Path QoS Routing,” Computer Comm., Vol. 27, pp.27-40.

[10]. Y. S. Chen and Y. T. Yu, (2004). “Spiral-Multipath QoS Routing in a Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Network,” ICICE Trans on Commun, pp. 104-116.

[11]. W. H. Liao, Y. C. Tswng, J. P. Sheu, (2001). “A Multi-path QoS Routing Protocol in a Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Network,” IEEE Intel. Conf. on Networking, pp. 158-167.

[12]. Y. S. Chen, S. J. Jan, and M. C. Chuang, (2009). “A Shoelace-Based QoS Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Using Directional Antenna,” IEEE TENCON 2007, pp. 1-4.

[13]. Y. S. Chen, T. H. Lin, and Y. W. Lin, (2007). “A hexagonaltree TDMA-based QoS multicasting protocol for wireless mobile ad hoc networks,” Telecommunication Systems, Vol. 35, pp.1-20.

[14]. Jawhar and J. Wu, (2010). “Resource Scheduling in Wireless Networks Using Directional Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 21, pp. 1240-1253.

[15]. L. Bao and J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, (2002). “Transmission Scheduling in Ad Hoc Networks with Directional th Antennas,” Proc. 8 Ann.Int'l Conf. Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 48-58.

[16]. Y. S. Chen, T. H. Lin and Y. W. Lin, (2007). “A hexagonaltree TDMA-based QoS multicasting protocol for wireless mobile ad hoc networks,” Telecommunication Systems, Vol. 35, pp.1-20, 2007.

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Research Paper

Design and Performance Comparison of Planar and Linear Antenna Array Using ADS

V. S. Prabhu* , V. P. Surya Surendran, V. G. Veena*

*-*** Department of ECE, Royal College of Engineering & Technology, Thrissur, India.

Prabhu, V. S., Surendran, V. P. S., and Veena, V. G. (2014). Design and Performance Comparison of Planar and Linear Antenna Array Using ADS. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2934

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to design an Antenna of larger bandwidth to meet the bandwidth demand. The radiation pattern, gain and directivity requirement for certain applications were unable to be meet by the single element antenna. Suitable solutions can be obtained by combining more than one antenna. Thus, an antenna array was designed and the comparison of various levels of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays such as 2x2 planar array and 1x8 linear arrays are discussed in this paper. At first, a single rectangular microstrip patch antenna was designed in ADS software for the frequency range of (2.4-2.6)GHz. The inset feed is provided for the antenna. The single patch is extended to linear and planar array and their performance were compared. It is observed that the performance of linear array was found to be good. The return loss obtained for linear array was -30dB.

References

[1]. Constantine A. Balanis, (2009). “Antenna Theory”, Second Edition.

[2]. Wolfgang H. Kummer, (1992). “Basic Array Theory”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 80, No. 1.

[3]. Simon Haykin, (2002). “Adaptive Filter Theory”, Fourth edition.

[4]. Athanassios Manikas, (1999). IEEE, Christos Proukakis, and Vasileios Lefkaditis, “Investigative study of planar array ambiguities based on hyperhelical parameterization”, IEEE transactions on Signal processing, Vol. 47, No. 6.

[5]. K. Meena alias Jeyanthi and A.P. Kabilan, (2006). “Modeling and simulation of Microstrip patch array for smart Antennas”, International Journal of Engineering, IJE Vol. 3, Issue(6).

[6]. Ramesh Gharg, Prakash Bhartia, (2000). “Microstrip Antenna design Handbook”, Artech House.

[7]. Mr. Martin Leung, (2002). “Microstrip Antenna Design Using Mstrip40”.

[8]. Z. Rostamy, (2003). “Determination of resonant frequency of dominant and higher order modes in thin and thick circular mcrostrip patch antennas with superstrate by MWM”, International Journal of Engineering, Vol 16.

[9]. K.R. Carver and J.W. Mink, (1981). “Microstrip Antenna Technology,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 29, No.1, pp 2-24.

[10]. Niruth Prombutr, Prayoot Akkaraaektharm, (2003). “Analysis and design of Hilbert curve fractal antenna feed with coplanar wave guide for multiband wireless communications”, International Journal of Engineering, Vol 2, Issue 3.

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Research Paper

Secure Topology updates using PSO in MANET for Reducing Mobility Delay for Tactical Networks using TORA

Subburaj V* , K. Chitra, S. Venkateswaran*

* Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India, & Ph. D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Melur, Sivagangai Dist, Tamilnadu, India

Subburaj, V., Chitra, K., and Venkateswaran, S. (2014). Secure Topology Updates Using PSO in Manet for Reducing Mobility Delay for Tactical Networks using Tora. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2935

Abstract

The topologies used in mobile network tend to change depending on the routing protocol. The concept of this paper is to propose two routing protocols to increase the mobility rate and to provide reliable secure route using a PSO fitness value that predicts the topology changes and thus adapts to the tactical network. To do so, the authors have compared AODV and TORA protocols that assume the failure and provide efficient route to balance it. The trace file is created as the result of implementing the protocol which stands as an example. The concept of mobile boundary set mechanism implemented in these protocols predicts the mobile location and provides region information based on the topology used. The simulated work was done with NS2 wireless scenario and gave us better performance.

References

[1]. Vincent D. Park and M. Scott Corson. (2001). "Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) version 4: Functional specification". Internet-Draft, draft-ietfmanet- TORA-spec- 04.txt, (DOI:10.5120/1018-59).

[2]. Jha, R. K., Limkar, S. V., & Dalal, D. U. (2010). A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols (DSR and TORA) for Security Issue In MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks). IJCA Special Issue on MANETs (2), pp.78-83. Chicago.

[3]. Royer, E. M., & Toh, C. K. (1999). A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks. Personal Communications, IEEE, 6(2), 46-55. Chicago.

[4]. Perkins, C.E.; Royer, E.M., (1999). "Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing," Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 1999. Proceedings. WMCSA '99. Second IEEE Workshop on, Vol., No., pp.90,100, 25-26 doi: 10.1109/ MCSA. 749281

[5]. David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz, (1996). "Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks", in Mobile Computing, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, Chapter 5, pp. 153-181, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Invited paper.

[6]. J. Broch et al, (1998). "A Performance Comparison of Multi-Hop Wireless Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols," Proceedings of the MOBICOM'98, pp. 85-97.

[7]. Royer, Elizabeth M., and Chai-Keong Toh. (1999). "A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks." Personal Communications, IEEE 6.2 : 46- 55.

[8]. Basagni, S., Chlamtac, I., & Syrotiuk, V. R. (1999). Dynamic source routing for ad hoc networks using the global positioning system. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC. 1999 IEEE (pp. 301- 305). IEEE.

[9]. Basagni, S., Chlamtac, I., Farago, A., Syrotiuk, V. R., & Talebi, R. (1999). Route selection in mobile multimedia ad hoc networks. In Mobile Multimedia Communications, 1999.(MoMuC'99) IEEE International Workshop on (pp. 97- 103). IEEE.

[10]. Park, Vincent Douglas, and M. Scott Corson. (1997). "A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks." INFOCOM'97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution., Proceedings IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE.

[11]. Subburaj, V., & Chitra, K. (2012). Mobile node dynamism using particle swarm optimization to fight against vulnerability exploitations. International Journal of Computer Applications, 41(13), pp.1-4.

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Research Paper

Dual Tail Inverter based Comparator Design with Sub Threshold Voltage

T. Swarna Latha* , T. Suguna**

* Assistant Professor, Sri Sai Institute of Technology & Science, Rayachoti, Kadapa.

** Assistant Professor, Adithya College of Engineering, Madanapalli, Chittoor.

Latha, T. S., and Suguna, T. (2014). Dual Tail Inverter Based Comparator Design with Sub Threshold Voltage. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2936

Abstract

A new CMOS dynamic comparator using dual input, single output differential amplifier as latch stage suitable for high speed analog-to-digital converters with High Speed, low power dissipation and immune to noise than the previous reported work is proposed. Back to-back inverter in the latch stage is replaced with a dual-input single output differential amplifier. This topology completely removes the noise that is present in the input. The structure shows lower power dissipation and higher speed than the conventional comparators. The circuit is simulated with 1V DC supply voltage and 250 MHz clock frequency. The proposed topology is based on two crosses, coupled differential pairs positive feedback and switchable current sources, has a lower power dissipation, higher speed, less area, and it is shown to be very robust against transistor mismatch, and noise immunity. The simulation results will be shown on the W-Edit; average power consumption is in the T-spice.

References

[1]. S. U. Ay., (2011). “A sub-1 volt 10-bit supply boosted SAR ADC design in standard CMOS,” Int. Journal on Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 213–221.

[2]. A. Mesgarani, M. N. Alam, F. Z. Nelson, and S. U. Ay, Aug. 2010, “Supply boosting technique for designing very low-voltage mixed-signal circuits in standard CMOS,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Midwest Symp. Circuits Syst. Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 893–896.

[3]. S. U. Ay, (2011). “A sub-1 volt 10-bit supply boosted SAR ADC design in standard CMOS,” Int. J. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 213–221.

[4]. A. Mesgarani, M. N. Alam, F. Z. Nelson, and S. U. Ay, (2010). “Supply boosting technique for designing very lowvoltage mixed-signal circuits in standard CMOS,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Midwest Symp. Circuits Syst. Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 893–896.

[5]. Heungjun Jeon, Yong-Bin Kim, (2010). “A CMOS lowpower low offset and high-speed fully dynamic latched comparator,” SOCC. Las Vegas, NV.

[6]. S. U. Ay, (2011). “A sub-1 volt 10-bit supply boosted SAR ADC design in standard CMOS,” Int. J. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 213–221.

[7]. A. Mesgarani, M. N. Alam, F. Z. Nelson, and S. U. Ay,. (2010). “Supply boosting technique for designing very low voltage mixed-signal circuits in standard CMOS,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Midwest Symp. Circuits Syst. Dig. Tech.Papers, pp. 893–896.

[8]. Wei Wang, Yu-Chi Tsao, Ken Choi, SeongMo Park, Moo-Kyoung Chung, (2012). “Pipeline power reduction through single comparator-based clock gating,” SoC Design Conference (ISOCC).

[9]. Saxena.C., Pattanaik.M. Tiwari. R.K, (2012). “Enhanced power gating schemes for low leakage low ground bounce noise in deep submicron circuits,” Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS).

[10]. Bhanuprakash.R., Pattanaik, M., Rajput, S.S., Mazumdar. K, (2009). “Analysis and reduction of ground bounce noise and leakage current during mode transition of stacking power gating logic circuits,” TENCON .

[11]. Weixiang Shen, Yici Cai, Xianlong Hong, Jiang Hu, “An Effective Gated Clock Tree Design Based on Activity and Register Aware Placement,” Very Large Scale Integration Systems, IEEE Transactions on (Vol. 18, Issue: 12)

[12]. Kitahara, T., Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki, Japan, Minami, F., Ueda, T. Usami, K., (1998). “A clock-gatings method for low power LSI design”. Design Automation Conference 1998. Asia and South Pacific.

[13]. Jaewon Oh, Dept; Pedram, M. (1998). “Gated clock routing minimizing the switched capacitance Design,” Automation and Test in Europe.

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 2

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 3 Issue 2 February - April 2014

Data and Voice Issues among the Telecommunication Companies in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Salifu Abdul-Mumin* , Obour Kennedy Yeboah**

* Lecturer, University for Development studies, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computer Science ** National Service Personnel, National Service Secretariant, Kumasi, Ghana.

Abdul-Mumin, S. and Yeboah, O. K. (2014). Data and Voice Issues among The Telecommunication companies in the upper East Region of Ghana. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2932

Abstract

References

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Analyzing the Performance of Routing Protocols for Multicasting and Group Communication in Mobile AD-HOC Network

Neha Gandotra* , Rajesh Singh**

* PhD Scholar, IFTM University, Moradabad. ** Professor , ECE Department, UPES, Dehradun.

Gandotra, N., and Singh, R., (2014). Analyzing the Performance of Routing Protocols for Multicasting and Group Communication In Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2933

Abstract

References

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Design and Performance Comparison of Planar and Linear Antenna Array Using ADS

V. S. Prabhu* , V. P. Surya Surendran**, V. G. Veena***

*-*** Department of ECE, Royal College of Engineering & Technology, Thrissur, India.

Prabhu, V. S., Surendran, V. P. S., and Veena, V. G. (2014). Design and Performance Comparison of Planar and Linear Antenna Array Using ADS. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2934

Abstract

References

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Secure Topology updates using PSO in MANET for Reducing Mobility Delay for Tactical Networks using TORA

Subburaj V* , K. Chitra**, S. Venkateswaran***

* Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India, & Ph. D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Melur, Sivagangai Dist, Tamilnadu, India

Subburaj, V., Chitra, K., and Venkateswaran, S. (2014). Secure Topology Updates Using PSO in Manet for Reducing Mobility Delay for Tactical Networks using Tora. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2935

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Dual Tail Inverter based Comparator Design with Sub Threshold Voltage

T. Swarna Latha* , T. Suguna**

* Assistant Professor, Sri Sai Institute of Technology & Science, Rayachoti, Kadapa. ** Assistant Professor, Adithya College of Engineering, Madanapalli, Chittoor.

Latha, T. S., and Suguna, T. (2014). Dual Tail Inverter Based Comparator Design with Sub Threshold Voltage. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 3(2), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.3.2.2936

Abstract

References

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* Lecturer, University for Development studies, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computer Science

** National Service Personnel, National Service Secretariant, Kumasi, Ghana.

* PhD Scholar, IFTM University, Moradabad.

** Professor , ECE Department, UPES, Dehradun.

V. S. Prabhu* , V. P. Surya Surendran, V. G. Veena*

Subburaj V* , K. Chitra, S. Venkateswaran*

* Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Thiagarajar School of Management, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India, & Ph. D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Melur, Sivagangai Dist, Tamilnadu, India

* Assistant Professor, Sri Sai Institute of Technology & Science, Rayachoti, Kadapa.

** Assistant Professor, Adithya College of Engineering, Madanapalli, Chittoor.