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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

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Exploring the Optical and Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-Doped Polyaniline
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Advancements and Applications of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Comprehensive Review

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Volume 4 Issue 1 April - June 2016

Article

Material Protection: A Challenge in Waste to Energy Plants

Sukhminderbir Singh Kalsi*

*Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Kalsi, S. S. (2016). Material Protection: A Challenge in Waste to Energy Plants. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5981

Abstract

The management of municipal waste is a big challenge all over the world. Although, it can be reduced to a large extent by incineration process, a large amount of thermal energy can be generated. But, Waste to Energy (WTE) plants all over the world are running at very low efficiency due to the problem of hot corrosion of boiler tubes. It is required to understand the phenomena of hot corrosion in waste to energy plants in depth, in order to develop the new techniques for the protection of boiler tubes from hot corrosion. The presence of chloride salts in waste to energy plants give rise to active oxidation, resulting in rapid rate of materials degradation. The aim of this paper is to explore the mechanism of hot corrosion in waste to energy plant with support of present literature.

References

[1]. Albina, D.O., (2005). “Theory and Experience on Corrosion of Water wall and Super heater Tubes of Waste-To- Energy Facilities”. (Master Thesis), Columbia University.

[2]. Deuerling, C., Maguhn, J., Nordsieck, H., Benker, B., Zimmermann, R., and Warnecke, R., (2009). “Investigation of the Mechanisms of Heat Exchanger Corrosion in a Municipal Waste Incineration Plant by Analysis of the Raw Gas and Variation of Operating Parameters”. Heat Transf. Eng., Vol. 30(10-11), pp.822-831.

[3]. Eliaz, N., Shemesh, G., and Latanision, R. M., (2002). “Hot Corrosion in Gas Turbine Components”. Eng. Fail. Anal., Vol. 9, pp. 31-43.

[4]. Hancock, P., (1987). “Vanadic and Chloride Attack of Super alloys”. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 3, pp. 536-544.

[5]. Kalsi, S. S., Sidhu, T. S., and Singh, H., (2013A). “Characterization of NiCrAlY Coatings on Ni- And Fe- based Superalloys by the Cold Spray Process”. i-manager's Journal on Material Science. Vol. 1(2), Jul-Sep 2013, Print ISSN 2347–2235, E-ISSN 2347–615X, pp. 20-26.

[6]. Kalsi, S.S., Sidhu, T.S., and Singh, H., (2013B). “Characterization of Cold-Sprayed NiCoCrAlY Coatings on Fe-Based Superalloy and Hot Corrosion Behavior in Na SO - 2 4 NaCl Environment”. i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9(1), Aug-Oct 2013, Print ISSN 0973-2632, E-ISSN 2230-7184, pp. 15-26.

[7]. Kalsi, S. S., Sidhu, T. S., and Singh, H., (2013C). “Hot Corrosion in Bio Medical Waste Incinerator and Cold Spray Coatings - A Review”. i-manager's Journal on Material Science. Vol. 1(2), Jul-Sep 2013, Print ISSN 2347–2235, EISSN 2347–615X, pp. 1-12.

[8]. Kalsi, S. B. S., Sidhu T. S., and Singh H., (2013D). “Chlorine Based Hot Corrosion Study of Cold Sprayed NiCrAlY Coating”. Surf. Eng., Vol. 30(6), pp.422- 431.

[9]. Kalsi, S. B. S., Sidhu T. S., and Singh H., (2014A). “Performance of Cold Spray Coating in Industrial Medical Waste Incinerator”. Surf. Eng., Vol. 30(5), pp. 352-360.

[10]. Kalsi, S. S., Sidhu, T. S., Singh, H., and Karthikeyan, J., (2014B). “Behavior of Cold Spray Coating in Real Incineration Environment”. Mater. Manufact. Process., DOI:10.1080/10426914.2014.912319.

[11]. Kalsi, S. S., Sidhu, T. S., Singh, H., and Karthikeyan, J., (2014C). “Analysis of material degradation for uncoated and NiCoCrAlY cold spray coated Superfer 800H in the secondary chamber of medical waste incinerator”. Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 46, pp. 238-246.

[12]. Kalsi, S.S., Sidhu, T.S., and Singh, H., (2014D). “Performance of Cold Spray Coatings On Fe-Based o Superalloy in Na2SO4-NaCl Environment at 900 C”. Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 240, pp. 456-463.

[13]. Kawahara, Y. and Kira, M., (1997). “Effect of Physical Properties of Molten Deposits on High Temperature Corrosion of Alloys in Waste Incineration Environment”. Zairyo-to-Kankyo, Vol. 46(1), pp. 8-15.

[14]. Kawahara, Y., (2002A). “Recent Trends in Development and Application of High-temperature Corrosion-resistant Materials and Coatings in High Efficiency Waste Incineration Boiler”. MTERE2, Vol. 41(3), pp. 190.

[15]. Kawahara Y., (2006). “Application of High Temperature Corrosion-Resistant Materials and Coatings Under Severe Corrosive Environment in Waste-to-Energy Boilers”. Therm. Spray Technol., Vol. 16(2), pp. 202-213.

[16]. Kawahara, Y., Nakamura, M., Tsuboi, H. and K. Yukawa, K., (1998). “Evaluation of New Corrosion Resistant Super heater Tubings in High Efficiency Waste-to-Energy Plants”. Corros., Vol. 54(7), pp. 576.

[17]. Lee, S. H., Themelis, N. J., and Castaldi, M. J., (2007). “High-Temperature Corrosion in Waste-to-Energy Boilers”. J. of Therm. Spray Technol., Vol. 16(1), pp.104-110.

[18]. Michelsen, H. P., Frandsen, F., Dam-Johansen, K., and Larsen, O. H., (1998). “Deposition and High Temperature Corrosion in a 10 MW Straw Fired Boiler”. Fuel Process. Technol., Vol. 54, pp. 95-108.

[19]. Pedersen, J. I. A., Flemming, J. F., and Christian, R., (2009). “A Full-scale Study on the Partitioning of Trace Elements in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerations Effects of Firing Different Waste Types”. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 23, pp. 3475- 3489.

[20]. Rademarkers, P., Hesseling, W., and Wetering, J., (2002). “Review on Corrosion in Waste Incinerators, and Possible Effect of Bromine”. TNO Industrial Technology.

[21]. Rapp, R.A., (1986). “Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Hot Corrosion of Metals”. Corros., Vol. 42(10), pp. 568-577.

[22]. Ruth, L.A., (1998). “Energy From Municipal Solid Waste: A Comparison With Coal Combustion Technology”. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., Vol. 24, pp. 545-564.

[23]. Shinata, Y., and Nishi, Y., (1986). “NaCl-Induced Accelerated Oxidation of Chromium”. Oxidat. of Metals, Vol. 26, pp.201-212.

[24]. Singh, H., Sidhu, T.S., and Kalsi, S.S., (2014A). “Development and Characterization of Cr C -NiCr Coated 3 2 Super alloy by Novel Cold Spray Process”. Surf. Eng. DOI: 1 0.1080/ 104269 14.2014 973599.

[25]. Singh, H., Sidhu, T.S., and Kalsi, S.S., (2014B). “Evolution of Microstructure by High Velocity Impacts of Particles by Cold Spray”. Mater. Manufact. Process. DOI:10.1080/ 10426914.2014. 994766.

[26]. Singh, H., Sidhu, T.S., and Kalsi, S.S., (2014C), “Microstructure study of cold sprayed 50%Ni–50%Cr coating on Inconel-601”. Surf. Eng., Vol. 31(11), pp. 825-831.

[27]. Singh, H., Sidhu, T.S., and Kalsi, S.S., (2014D). “Behavior of Ni-based super alloys in actual waste incinerator plant under cyclic conditions for 1000h at 900°C”. Corrosion, Vol. 70(12), pp. 1249-1263.

[28]. Singh, H., Sidhu, T.S., and Kalsi, S.S., (2015). “Evaluation of characteristics and behavior of cold sprayed Ni–20Cr coating at elevated temperature in waste incinerator plant”. Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 261, pp. 375-384.

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Article

A Study on Metal Matrix Composites for Disc Brake Systems

Viswanatha B. M.* , Prasanna Kumar M., Basavarajappa S.*, Kiran T.S.****

* Associate Professor and HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur, Karnataka, India.

Associate Professor, Department of Studies in Mechanical Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Karnataka, India.

* Registrar, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.of Engineering, Karnataka, India.

**** Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur, Karnataka, India.

Viswanatha, B.M., Kumar, M.P., Basavarajappa, S., and Kiran, T. S. (2016). A Study on Metal Matrix Composites for Disc Brake Systems. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 6-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5982

Abstract

Brake system is one of the necessary components of the vehicle. The braking system is used to stop the vehicle within a smallest distance possible. A Review will be helpful in understanding the improvement of the performance of the brake system, to reduce the fuel consumption and weight in automobiles. This article discusses the use of MMC material instead of conventional material. An improvement in MMCs is observed during the last three decades in a big way, primarily because of their superior mechanical and tribological properties compared to monolithic materials. The principal advantage of MMCs over other materials lies in the improved strength and hardness on weight basis. The discussion is concentrated on selection of matrix and reinforcement material and variables considered during the performance test on disc brake system.

References

[1]. Mikael, Eriksson., Filip., Bergman., & Staffan, Jacobson., (2002). “On the nature of tribological contact in automotive brakes”. Wear, Vol. 252, pp. 26-36.

[2]. Mohsen Mosleh., Peter J, Balu., & Delia Dumitrescu., (2004). “Characteristics and morphology of wear particles from laboratory testing of disk brake materials”. Wear, Vol. 256 (11-12), pp. 1128-1134.

[3]. Osterle, W., Klob, H., Urban, I., & Dmitriev, A. I., (2007). “Towards a better understanding of brake friction materials”. Wear, Vol. 263, pp.1189-1201.

[4]. Daniel, Thuresson., (2004). “Influence of material properties on sliding contact-braking applications”. Wear, Vol. 257, pp. 451-460.

[5]. Chapman, T. R., Niesz, D. E., Fox, R. T., & Fawcett, T., (1999). “Wear-resistant aluminum-boron-carbide cermets for automotive brake applications”. Wear, Vol. 236, pp. 81- 87.

[6]. Singh, O. P., Mohan, S., Venkata Mangaraju, K., Jayamathy, M., & Babu R., (2010). “Engineering Failure Analysis”. Wear, Vol. 17, pp. 1155-1172.

[7]. Hoyer, L. G., Allan Bach., Georg., Nielsen, T., & Morgen, Per., (1999). “Tribological properties of Automotive Disc brake with solid lubricants”. Wear, Vol. 232, pp.168-175.

[8]. Joseph, A. P., Lai C. S., Zhao Jiye, & Loader Lyndon., (2002). “Brake squeal: A literature review”. Applied Acoustics, Vol. 63, pp. 391-400.

[9]. Shaoyang Zhang, & Fuping Wang, (2007). “Comparison of friction and wear performance of brake material dry sliding against two aluminum matrix composites reinforced with different SiC particles”. Journal of Materials processing Technology, Vol.182, pp. 122-127.

[10]. Cho M.H., Kim S.J., Basch R.H., Fash J.W., & Jang H., (2003). “Tribological study of gray cast iron with automotive brake linings: The effects of rotor microstructure”. Tribology International, Vol. 36, pp. 537-545.

[11]. Varuzan M., Kevorkijan, Dragojevic Vuk, Tomaz Smolar, & Davorin Lenarcic, (2002). “A brake disc in Albased composite”. MTAEC 9, Vol. 36(6), pp. 421. ISSN 1580- 2949.

[12]. Mustafa Boz, & Adem Kurt, (2007). “The effect of Al O 2 3 on the friction performance of automotive brake friction materials”. Tribology International. Vol. 40, pp. 1161-1169.

[13]. Cueva, G., Sinatora, A., Guesser, W. L., & Tschiptschin, A.P, (2003). “Wear resistance of cast irons used in brake disc rotors”. Wear, Vol. 255, pp. 1256-1260.

[14]. Jang, H., Ko, K., Kim, S.J., Basch, R.H., & Fash, J.W, (2004). “The effect of metal fibers on the friction performance of automotive brake friction materials”. Wear, Vol. 256, pp.406-414.

[15]. Thomas, J., & Mackin, (2002). “Thermal cracking in disc brakes”. Engineering Failure Analysis. Vol. 9, pp.63-76.

[16]. Zhiyong, Yang., Jianmin, Han., Shihai, Cui., Suk-Bong Kang., & Jung-Moo, Lee, (2006). “Solidification simulation of a SiCp/Al disk brake casting”. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research. Vol.7, No.4, pp.363-366.

[17]. Peter. J, Balu., & Harry, M, (2003). “Characteristics of wear particles produced during friction tests of conventional and unconventional disc brake materials”. Wear, Vol. 255, pp.1261-1269.

[18]. Hiroaki Nakanishi, & Kenji Kakihara, (2002). “Development of aluminum metal matrix composites (Al- MMC) brake rotor and pad”. JSAE Review, Vol. 23, pp.365- 370.

[19]. Boniardi ,M., Tagliabue, C., Gotti, G., & Perricone, G, (2006). “Failure analysis of a motorcycle brake disc”. Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 13, pp. 933-945.

[20]. Yoshio, Jimbo., & Takahiro, Mibe, (2000). “Development of High Thermal Conductivity Cast Iron for Brake Disk Rotors”. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. 900002, pp. 1-7.

[21].Paul, Wycliffe, (2007). “Friction and Wear of Duralcan Reinforced Aluminum Composites in Automotive Braking Systems”. Alcan International Ltd., 930187, pp.300-311.

[22]. Natarajan, N., Vijayarangan, S., & Rajendran, I, (2006). “Wear behaviour of A356/25SiC aluminium matrix p composites sliding against automobile friction material”. Wear, Vol. 261, pp. 812-822.

[23]. Junichiro Yamabe, Masami ,Takagi, Toshiharu Matsui, Takashige Kimura, and Masanori Sasaki, (2002). “Development of disc brake rotors for truck with high thermal fatigue strength”. JSAE Review, Vol. 23, pp. 105-112.S

[24]. Ratnesh Dwivedi, (1992). “Development of Advanced Reinforcement Aluminum Brake Rotors”. SAE Technical Paper Series, 950264, Warrendale, USA.

[25]. Jason Sin Hin Lo, & Nepean, (2003). “Hybrid metal matrix composites”. US 0175543A1.

[26]. Naresh Prasad, (2009). “Development and characterization of metal matrix composites using red mud an industrial waste for wear resistant applications”. (Doctoral Dissertation), NIT Rourkela, pp. 30-44.

[27]. Mukundadas Prasanna Kumar, Kanakuppi Sadashivappa, Gundenahalli Puttappa Prabhukumar, & Satyappa Basavarajappa, (2006). “Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Garnet Particles Reinforced Zinc-Aluminium Alloy Metal Matrix Composites”. Material Science (Medziagotyra), Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 209-213, ISSN 1392-1320.

[28]. David E, Alman., (2000). “Properties of Metal Matrix Composites”. ASM Handbook Composites. Vol. 21, pp. 838-858.

[29]. Aqida S.N, Ghazali M.I, & Hashim J, (2003). “The effect of stirring speed and reinforcement particles on porosity formation in cast MMC”. Journal Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 16, pp. 22-30.

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Research Paper

Polytetrafluoroethylene as a Proton Exchange Membrane in an Algae Fuel Cell

Abdulhadi Ali Albaser* , Numrah Nisar, Vijitra Luang-In*

* Lecturer, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Libya.

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.

* Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Thailand.

Albaser, A. A., Nisar, N., and Luang-In, V. (2016). Polytetrafluoroethylene as a Proton Exchange Membrane in an Algae Fuel Cell. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5983

Abstract

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) offer an attractive solution for energy production that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. This process is mediated by microbes that oxidise the organic matter (fuel) and generates electrons and protons. The aims of this study were to test Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a proton exchange membrane and to test current generation from a mixed culture of photosynthetic microbes. PTFE is commonly used in the plumbing industry (Teflon tape) and is known to have a tendency to attract electrons. A low cost H shape (two chamber) photo MFC was built in order to harvest electricity from a mixed culture of green algae that inhabit fresh water in a local farm located in the city of Sebha, Libya. The main bodies (chambers) of the fuel cell were made of two transparent plastic food storage containers (L 13.5, H 6.5, W9.5 cm) with lid, the containers connected with dark plastic tubing and separated by PTFE membrane. A lead plate (net) was used as the anode, while a pencil graphite was used as cathode. Several resistors of different ohm's values were tested, in order to determine the optimal resistor. The maximum voltage generated using this photo MFC was 0.5 V in less than 24h of incubation under the effect of sunlight, and remained stable for more than 72h. The use of PTFE as a proton exchange membrane in the microbial fuel cell is the main advantage of this study, in terms of cost. Furthermore, the carbon source (substrate) and mediators are not required. The study concluded that, protons released during the algae action move through the PTFE membrane and reach the cathode chamber and hence electricity is produced.

References

[1]. Ahn, Y. and Logan, B.E., (2013). “Saline catholytes as alternatives to phosphate buffers in microbial fuel cells”. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 132, pp. 436-439.

[2]. Angenent, L.T. et al., (2004). “Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural waste water”. Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 22(9), pp.477-485.

[3]. Bond, D.R. and Lovley, D.R., (2003). “Electricity production by Geobacter sulfur reducens attached to electrodes”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 69(3), pp. 1548 -1555.

[4]. Du, Z., Li, H. and Gu, T., (2007). “A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy”. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 25(5), pp. 464-482.

[5]. Franks, A.E. and Nevin, K.P., (2010). “Microbial Fuel Cells: A Current Review”. Energies, Vol. 3(5), pp. 899-919.

[6]. Fu, C. and Wu, W., (2010). “Electricity Generation by Photo synthetic Biomass”. SCIYO. COM, 125(September).

[7]. Gil, G.-C.et al., (2003). “Operational parameters affecting the performance of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell”. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 18(4), pp. 327- 334.

[8]. Gorby, Y.A. et al., (2006). “Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanellaoneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 103(30), pp. 11358 -11363.

[9]. Hernandez, M.E., Kappler, A. and Newman, D.K, (2004). “Phenazines and other redox-active antibiotics promote microbial mineral reduction”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70(2), pp. 921- 928.

[10]. Hernandez, M.E. and Newman, D.K., (2001). “Extracellular electron transfer”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS, Vol. 58(11), pp.1562-1571.

[11]. Jang, J.K. et al., (2004). “Construction and operation of a novel mediator and membrane-less microbial fuel cell”. Process Biochemistry, Vol. 39(8), pp.1007-1012.

[12]. Kim, H.J. et al., (2002). “A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium , Shewanellaputrefaciens”. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 30(2), pp.145-152.

[13]. Kumar, S., Kumar, H.D. and K, G.B., (2003). “A study on the electricity generation from the cow dung using microbial fuel cell”. J. Biochem Tech, Vol. 3(4), pp.442-447.

[14]. Logan, B.E., (2008). Microbial Fuel Cells. John Wiley & Sons.

[15]. Mokhtana, N..et al., (2012). “Bioelectricity generation in biological fuel cell with and without mediators”. World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 18(4), pp.559-567.

[16]. Najafpour, G.D., Daud, W.R.W. and Ghoreyshi, A. A., (2009). “Low Voltage Power Generation in a Biofuel Cell Using Anaerobic Cultures”. World Applied Sciences, Vol. 6(11), pp.1585-1588.

[17]. Rabaey, K. et al., (2003). “A microbial fuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency”. Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 25(18), pp.1531- 1535.

[18]. Rabaey, K., Lissens, G. and Verstraete, W., (2005a). “Microbial fuel cells: performances and perspectives”. In Biofuels for fuel cells: Renewable energy from biomass fermentation”. IWA Publishing, pp. 377-399.

[19]. Rabaey K. et al., (2005b). “Microbial phenazine production enhances electron transfer in biofuel cells”. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 39(9), pp. 3401-3408.

[20]. Rosso, K.M. et al., (2003). “Nonlocal bacterial electron transfer to hematite surfaces”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67(5), pp.1081-1087.

[21]. Schwartz, K., (2007). “Microbial fuel cells: design elements and application of a novel renewable energy source”. MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology e-Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.20-27.

[22]. Wilkinson, S., (2000). “‘Gastrobots' - benefits and challenges of microbial fuel cells in food powered robot applications”. Autonomous Robots, Vol. 9(2), pp. 99-111.

[23]. Wrighton, K.C. and Coates, J.D., (2009). “Microbial Fuel Cells: Plug-in and Power-on Microbiology”. Microbe, Vol. 4(6), pp. 281-287.

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Research Paper

Improvement in Mechanical Property of Aluminium Alloy LM-6 Reinforcement with Silicon Carbide and Boron Carbide Particles

Prabhat R. Kumar* , M.K. Pradhan**

* Assistant Professor, Oriental College of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyala University, Bhopal, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

Kumar, P. R., and Pradhan,M. K. (2016). Improvement in Mechanical Property of Aluminium Alloy LM-6 Reinforcement with Silicon Carbide and Boron Carbide Particles. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5984

Abstract

Aluminium matrix composites are widely used in various advance industries like aerospace, transportation, defence, marine and auto-mobile, piston cylinder and sports, due to their better corrosion resistance, good mechanical property and high strength to weight ratio. Attention is being paid by researchers towards increasing the mechanical properties, and also to provide the attractive aesthetic appearance of the existing material by adding various reinforcement particles. Hence, in the proposed work, silicon carbide and boron carbide is considered to improve the mechanical properties like Tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance and density of the casted aluminium alloy LM6. Aluminium alloy metal matrix composites are prepared by varying the weight percentage of silicon carbide (5, 5, 7.5) and boron carbide (2, 4, 4) using stir casting technique, which is the simple and economical method. When vortex is generated by the stirrer, on the centre of the liquid matrix in the furnace, 220 mesh of boron carbide and 240 mesh size of silicon carbide particle are added on the matrix. Casted Aluminium metal matrix composite has to be tested to find the various mechanical properties. Brinell hardness tester is used to evaluate the bonding strength between reinforcement and the matrix, with 10 mm diameter of steel ball indenter. Atomic force microscopy is used to know the distribution of reinforcement in the matrix.

References

[1]. Kulkarni, S., Meghnani, J., and Lal, A. (2014). “Effect of fly ash hybrid reinforcement on mechanical property and density of aluminium 356 alloy”. Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 5, pp. 746-754.

[2]. Pawar, P. and Utpat, A. A. (2014). “Development of aluminium based silicon carbide particulate metal matrix composite for spur gear”. Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 6, pp. 1150-1156.

[3]. Feng, Y., Geng, L., Zheng, P., Zheng, Z., and Wang, G. (2008). “Fabrication and characteristic of Al-based hybrid composite reinforced with tungsten oxide particle andaluminum borate whisker by squeeze casting”. Materials & Design, Vol. 29(10), pp. 2023-2026.

[4]. Manigandan, K., Srivatsan, T., and Quick, T. (2012). “Influence of silicon carbide particulates on tensile fracture behavior of an aluminium alloy”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 534, pp. 711-715.

[5]. Srinivasu, R., Rao, S., Reddy, M., and Rao, S. (2014). “Friction stir surfacing of cast al 356 aluminium–silicon alloy with boron carbide and molybdenum disulphide powders”. Defence Technology, Vol. 11(2), pp. 140-146.

[6]. Rajesh, S., VijayaRamnath, B., Elanchezhian, C., Aravind, N., Rahul, V. V., and Sathish, S. (2014). “Analysis of mechanical behavior of glass fibre/Al₂ O₃ -SiC reinforced polymer composites”. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 97, pp.598-606

[7]. Ramnath, B. V., Elanchezhian, C., Jaivignesh, M., Rajesh, S., Parswajinan, C., and Ghias, A. S. A. (2014). “Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminium alloy alumina–boron carbide metal matrix composites”. Materials & Design, Vol. 58, pp. 332-338.

[8]. Hosseini N, Karimzadeh F, Abbasi MH, Enayati MH, (2010). “Tribological properties of Al6061 Al₂ O₃ nanocomposite prepared by milling and hot pressing”. Materials & Design, Vol. 31(10), pp. 4777-4785.

[9]. Alaneme, K. and Aluko, A. (2012). “Fracture toughness (K_IC ) and tensile properties of as-cast and age-hardened aluminium (6063)-silicon carbide particulate composites”. Scientia Iranica, Vol. 19(4), pp. 992-996.

[10]. Kala, H., Mer, K., and Kumar, S. (2014). “A review on mechanical and tribological behaviors of stir cast aluminium matrix composites”. Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 6, pp. 1951-1960.

[11]. Suresh Kumar, Ranvir Singh Panwar, O. P. Pandey, (2013). “Effect of dual reinforced ceramic particles on high temperature tribological properties of aluminium composites”. Ceramics International, Vol. 39, pp. 6333- 6342.

[12]. Poovazhagan, L., Kalaichelvan, K., Rajadurai, A., and Senthilvelan, V. (2013). “Characterization of hybrid silicon carbide and boron carbide nano particles reinforced aluminium alloy composites”. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 64, pp. 681-689.

[13]. Kumar, A., Lal, S., and Kumar, S. (2013). “Fabrication and characterization of A359/Al O metal matrix composite 2 3 using electromagnetic stir casting method”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 2(3), pp. 250-254.

[14]. Moses, J. J., Dinaharan, I., and Sekhar, S. J. (2014). “Characterization of silicon carbide particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminium alloy composites produced via stircasting”. Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 5, pp. 106-112.

[15]. Rahman, M. H. and Al Rashed, H. M. (2014). “Characterization of silicon carbide reinforced aluminium matrix composites”. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 90, pp. 103-109.

[16]. Rajkumar, K., Santosh, S., Ibrahim, S. J. S., and Gnanavelbabu, A. (2014). “Effect of electrical discharge machining parameters on microwave heat treated aluminium-boron carbide-graphite composites”. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 97, pp. 1543-1550.

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Review Paper

A Review on Nanocoating of Metallic Structures to Improve Hardness and Maintaining Toughness

Fasil Gessesew Beyene*

*Ph.D Scholar, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Beyene, F. G. (2016). A Review on Nanocoating of Metallic Structures to Improve Hardness and Maintaining Toughness. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5985

Abstract

Nanocoatings are one of the most important topics within the range of nanotechnology. Through nanoscale engineering of surfaces and layers, a vast range of functionalities and new physical effects can be achieved. Some application ranges of nanolayers and coatings include Wear protection, Anti-graffiti, Anti-fouling, Corrosion protection, Biocompatible implants, Ultrathin die electrics, Better catalytic efficiency, Photo and electro chromatic windows, etc. Nanocoating on metallic surfaces can be applied using Six Synthesis technique Method. Mechanical properties of metals which are related to plastic deformation are yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, toughness and hardness. A requirement for almost all engineering structural materials is that they are both strong and tough (damage tolerant) yet invariably, in most materials, the properties of strength and toughness are mutually exclusive. It is the lower-strength, and hence higher-toughness, materials that find use for most safety-critical applications where premature or, worse still, catastrophic fracture is unacceptable. For these reasons, the development of strong and tough (damage-tolerant) materials has traditionally been an exercise in compromise between hardness versus ductility. There have been a lot of researches in nanocaoting that improve toughness and hardness, but there is a limitation in improving toughness without affecting its minimum hardness. This paper presents a review on those methods and mechanisms.

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* Assistant Professor, Oriental College of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyala University, Bhopal, India. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

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A Review on Nanocoating of Metallic Structures to Improve Hardness and Maintaining Toughness

Fasil Gessesew Beyene*

*Ph.D Scholar, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Beyene, F. G. (2016). A Review on Nanocoating of Metallic Structures to Improve Hardness and Maintaining Toughness. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 4(1), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.4.1.5985

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Viswanatha B. M.* , Prasanna Kumar M., Basavarajappa S.*, Kiran T.S.****

Abdulhadi Ali Albaser* , Numrah Nisar, Vijitra Luang-In*

* Assistant Professor, Oriental College of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyala University, Bhopal, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.