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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 11 Issue 3

Exploring the Optical and Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-Doped Polyaniline
Green Route Extraction of TPA Monomer from Poly Cotton Fibre: A Sustainable Recovery Approach
Efficient Extraction of Diesel Oil from Waste Plastics: A Comprehensive Study
Laser-Based Ultrasonics for Non-Destructive Material Testing: A Practical Guide
Advancements and Applications of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Comprehensive Review

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Volume 3 Issue 2 July - September 2015

Research Paper

Machinability of Titanium ASTM B-348 Grade-5 Alloy during Dry Turning with CBN Tool

Mukund Dutt Sharma* , Rakesh Sehgal, Mohit Pant*

* Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India.

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India.

Sharma, M. D., Sehgal, R., and Pant, M. (2015). Machinability of Titanium ASTM B-348 Grade-5 Alloy during Dry Turning with CBN Tool. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 3(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.3.2.3501

Abstract

To improve the machinability of Titanium ASTM B-348 grade-5 alloy, an attempt has been made to study the effect of machining variables on response parameters which was further validated by literature, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) of tool inserts and chips collected at different conditions. The results reveal that with the increase in feed rate at constant depth of cut, both the main cutting force and the tool tip temperature increase. The dominant wear mechanisms responsible for the crater wear on rake face are adhesion, diffusion wear and chipping at nose of tool insert. Stress or specific cutting force (Kc) decreases with increase in cutting speed from 80 m/min to 140 m/min at all depths of cut with a few exceptions. The power consumption increases with increase in the cutting speed and decrease in depth of cut having maximum value at maximum feed rate, maximum cutting speed and minimum depth of cut. Average surface roughness increases with increase in feed rate and decrease in depth of cut and the peak value of average surface roughness was obtained at 100 m/min cutting speed, because of the presence of severe crater wear. The microscopic analysis of chips indicate the formation of serrated secondary tooth in addition to adiabatic shear bands at different cutting speeds which has significant effect on the main cutting force; thus increasing the tool tip temperature and enhancing the tool wear.

References

[1]. Donachie, Jr, M.J. (2000). “Machining-from Titanium-A Technical Guide”, ASM International, USA, 2nd edition, pp. 79-84.

[2]. Leyens, C., Peters M. (2003). “Fabrication of Titanium alloys from Titanium and Titanium alloys (Fundamentals and Applications),” Weinheim: Wiley –VCH Verlag & Co. KGGA, pp. 244-247.

[3]. Joshi, V.A. (1983). “Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys from Titanium Alloys (An Atlas of Structures and Fracture Features),” New York, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 7-8.

[4]. Komanduri, R., Reed, Jr. W.R. (1983). “Evaluation of carbide grades and a new cutting geometry for machining titanium alloys,” Wear, Vol. 92, pp. 113-123.

[5]. Narutaki, N., Murakoshi, A., Motonishi, S. (1983). “Study on machining of titanium alloys,” Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 32, pp. 65-69.

[6]. Veugopal, K.A., Paul, S., Chattopadhyay, A.B. (2007). “Growth of tool wear in turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under cryogenic cooling,” Wear, Vol. 262, pp. 1071-1078.

[7]. Hughes, J.I., Sharman, A.R.C., Ridgway, K. (2006). “The effect of cutting tool material and edge geometry on tool life and workpiece surface integrity,” Proceeding IMechE, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 220, pp. 93-107.

[8]. Cotterell, M., Byrne, G. (2008). “Characterisation of chip formation during orthogonal cutting of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 1, pp. 81-85.

[9]. Karpat, Y. (2011). “Temperature dependent flow softening of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V: An investigation using element simulation of machining,” Journal of Material Processing and Technology, Vol. 211, pp. 737-749.

[10]. Jeelani, S., Ramakrishnan, K. (1983). “Subsurface plastic deformation in machining 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy,” Wear, Vol. 85, pp. 121-130.

[11]. Arrazola, P.J., Garay, A., Iriarte, L.M., Armendia, M., Marya, S., Maitre, F.L. (2009). “Machinability of titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V and Ti555.3),” Journal of Material Processing and Technology, Vol. 209, pp. 2223-2230.

[12]. Komanduri, R., Turkovich, B.F.V. (1981). “New observations on the mechanism of chip formation when machining titanium alloys,” Wear, Vol. 69, pp. 179-188.

[13]. Komanduri, R. (1982). “Some clarifications on the mechanics of chip formation when machining titanium alloys,” Wear, Vol. 76, pp. 15-34.

[14]. Gente, A., Hoffmeister, H.W. (2001). “Chip formation in machining Ti6Al4V at extremely high cutting speeds,” CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 50, pp. 49-52.

[15]. Wyen, C.F., Wegener, K. (2010). “Influence of cutting edge radius on cutting forces in machining titanium,” CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 59, pp. 93-96.

[16]. Smolenicki, D., Boos, J., Kuster, F., Roelofs, H., Wyen, C.F. (2014). “In-process measurement of friction coefficient in orthogonal cutting,” CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 63, pp. 97–100.

[17]. Chiappini, E., Tirelli, S., Albertelli, P., Strano, M., Monno, M. (2014). “On the mechanics of chip formation in Ti–6Al–4V turning with spindle speed variation,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacturing, Vol. 77, pp. 16–26.

[18]. Xi, Y., Bermingham, M., Wang, G., Dargusch, M. (2014). “SPH/FE modeling of cutting force and chip formation during thermally assisted machining of Ti6Al4V alloy,” Computational Material Science, Vol. 84, pp. 188–197.

[19]. Shaw, M.C. (2005). “Mechanics of Orthogonal Steady State Cutting from Metal Cutting Principles,” 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 15-38.

[20]. Trent, E.M., Wright, P.K. (2006). “Forces and stresses in metal cutting from Metal Cutting,” 4th edition, Butterworth- Heinemann, USA, pp. 57-95.

[21]. Nabhani, F. (2001). “Machining of aerospace titanium alloys,” Robotic and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 17, pp. 99-106.

[22]. Fang, X.D., Yao, Y., Arndt, G. (1991). “Monitoring groove wear development in cutting tools via stochastic modeling of three dimensional vibration,” Wear, Vol. 151, pp. 143-156.

[23]. Trigger, K.J., Chao, B.T. (1956). “The mechanism of crater wear of cemented carbide tools,” Transaction of ASME-Journal of Manufacturing, Vol. 78, pp. 1119-1126.

[24]. Venugopal, K.A., Paul, S., Chattopadhayay, A.B. (2007). “Growth of tool wear in turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under cryogenic cooling,” Wear, Vol. 262,pp. 1071-1078.

[25]. Colwell, L.V., Truckenmiller, W.C. (1954). “Cutting characteristics of titanium and its alloys,” Mechanical Enggineering, Vol. 76, pp. 461-466.

[26]. Che-Haron, C.H. (2001). “Tool Life and surface integrity in turning titanium alloy,” Journal of Material Processing and Technology, Vol. 118, pp. 231-237.

[27]. Bhattacharyya, A. (2011). “Surface Integrity from nd Metal Cutting-Theory and Practice,” 2 edition, New central book agency (P) Ltd., Kolkata, pp. 497-520.

[28]. Turley, D.M. (1981). “Slow speed machining of titanium-A Report,” Victoria: Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation Materials Research Laboratories, Melbourne, MRL-R-833.

[29]. Divakar, C., Bhaumik, S.K., Singh, A.K. (1994). “High Pressure-High Temperature Processing and Performance of wBN-cBN Composite Tools,” from Proceedings of the National Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology (edited by AK Singh), Bangalore, India, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, pp. 281-302.

[30]. Ribeiro, M.V., Moreira, M.R.V., Ferreira, J.R. (2003). “Optimization of titanium alloy (6Al-4V) machining,” Journal of Material Processing and Technology, Vol. 143-144, pp. 458-463.

[31]. Velasquez, J.D.P., Bolle, B., Chevrier, P., Geandier, G., Tidu, A. (2007). “Metallurgical study on chip obtained by high speed machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy,” Material Science and Engineering-A, Vol. 452-453, pp. 469-474.

[32]. Ramesh, S., Karunamoorthy, L., Palanikumar, K. (2012). “Measurement and analysis of surface roughness in turning of aerospace titanium alloy (gr5),” Measurement, Vol. 45, pp. 1266-1276.

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Research Paper

Development of Whiteware Bodies using China Clay from Selected Deposits in Edo and Ekiti States of Nigeria

Ogundare Toluwalope* , Fatile Babajide Oluwagbenga, Lamidi Yinusa Daniel*

* Lecturer III, Federal Polytechnic Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria.

Lecturer III, Department of Glass and Ceramic Technology, Federal Polytehnic Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

* Senior Instructor, Department of Glass and Ceramic Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Toluwalope,O., Oluwagbenga, F. B., and Daniel, L. Y. (2015). Development of Whiteware Bodies using China Clay from Selected Deposits in Edo and Ekiti States of Nigeria. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 3(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.3.2.3502

Abstract

Ceramic whitewares practically signify vitreous or glassy elements which are usually formed from a mixture of China Clay, ball clay, quartz and feldspar milled to their possible finest particles and fired to form a ceramic compound. Ceramic whitewares are generally associated with some tremendous technical properties which make them applicable in nearly all fields of life. These admirable properties are usually a function of the China Clay present in the composition which varies respectively with their geological deposits, and furthermore affects the mechanical and physical properties of the composed whiteware. This research is therefore aimed at studying the variation of China Clay deposits and their effect in technical properties of ceramic whiteware compositions, for the production of ceramic whitewares. This was carried out by substituting China Clay of different deposits in a standard whiteware composition which was later fired at different temperatures of 1050^oC, 1150^oC, 1200^oC and 1250^oC respectively with a soaking time of 1 hour.

References

[1]. Allen, D. and Ellis, H. (1986). “Pottery Science – materials, process and products.'Production Of Bone Ash For The Manufacture Of Bone China”. Industrial Ceramics. No.843, pp.767-77

[2]. Birks, S.(2003). “Bone China” The Potteries. 17 Feb. http://www.thepotteries.org/types/boneChina.htm Bulls In The China Shop. Asian Ceramics. Asian Ceram.

[3]. Carty, W.M., (2002), “Observation on the Glass Phase Composition in Porcelains”, Chem. Eng. Sci. Proc.

[4]. Eurcaem, K. L.(2004). 'Cup And Sources- Asian Tableware Leads The Way'. a. Asian Ceramics July / August

[5]. Harry,D. W.and Richerson U. N (2002). “Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties Processing, And Use In Design”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1982.

[6]. Hoffman, E. R. (1990). “Mineralogy and firing characteristics of a clay from the valley of Ourika” (Morocco), Appl Clay Sci 2002:21:203-212.

[7]. McLaren E. A. Giordano R. A. (2005). “Zirconia-based ceramics: material properties, esthetics, and layering techniques of a new veneering porcelain”, VM9. Quintessence Dent Technol.

[8]. Olusola, G. H. (1998). “The structure of kaolinite”, Mineral.Mag., Vol. 27, pp. 242-253.

[9]. Thomas, O. M. (2014). “Transformation of kaolin en function de la temperature”, Silicate Industrial, Vol. 65 (11- 12), pp. 119-124.

[10]. Schneider, M. J. (1991). “Ceramics, A Guide to Information Sources. Indian Bone China – Serving Up Opportunities”, Asian Ceramics.

[11]. Shashidhar, N. and Reed,J. S. (1990). "Recycling Fired Porcelain."Ceramic Bulletin. Vol. 69, No. 5, , pp. 834-841.

[12]. Ryan,W. & Radford, C.(1987). “Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control”, PergamonPress / Institute Of Ceramics.

[13]. Wilson, L. (1996). "Charcoal and Metallic Salts", Ceramics Monthly. October, 1987, p. 36. Country); History of Ceramic Deposit

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Research Paper

Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Gels based on PMMA-DMA/DMC-LiCLO₂ -SiO₂

Dr. Rajiv Kumar*

*Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Goswami Ganesh Dutt Sanatan Dharam College, Hariana, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.

Kumar, R. (2015). Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Gels based on PMMA-DMA/DMC-LiCLO₂ -SiO₂. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 3(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.3.2.3503

Abstract

Nanocomposite Polymer Gels (NCPG) composed of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO₄), Dimethylacetamide (DMA), Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and Nano sized fumed silica (SiO₂) were prepared to improve the ionic conductivity and mechanical stability of solid state electrolytes. The increase in conductivity with the polymer addition has been explained to be due to the dissociation of undissociated salt present in the electrolytes. With the addition of nano-sized fumed silica (SiO₂ ) to the gels, the ionic conductivity further increased which has been explained on the basis of double percolation threshold model. The dependence of conductivity of NCPGs on temperature was also measured, and a maximum room temperature conductivity of 2.45×10^-2 S cm^-1 was obtained for electrolytes composed of DMA+0.5M LiClO₄ + 10 wt% PMMA + 8 wt% SiO₂ . The effect of dielectric constant of solvent has also been studied. The conductivity of composite gels does not show much change over 20-100⁰ C temperature range and also remains constant with time which is suitable for their use as electrolytes in various devices like solid state lithium ion batteries, electrochemical display devices, electrochemical sensors etc.

References

[1]. D. E. Fenton, D. E. Parker, P. V. Wright, (1973). “Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene) oxide” Polymer, Vol. 14, pp. 589-590.

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[3]. G. Feuillade, Ph. Perche, (1975). “Ion-conductive macromolecular gels and membranes for solid lithium cells”, J. Appl. Electrochem, Vol. 5, pp. 63-69.

[4]. A. Webber, (1991). “Conductivity and viscosity of solutions of LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N and their mixtures”, J. Electrochem. Soc, Vol. 138, pp. 2586-2590.

[5]. J. Y. Song, Y. Y. Wang, C. C. Wan, (1999). “Review of gel type polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries”, J. Power Sources, Vol. 77, pp. 183-197.

[6]. B.B. Owens, (2000). “Solid state electrolytes: Overview of materials and applications during the last third of the twentieth century”, J. Power Sources, Vol. 90, pp. 2-8.

[7]. H.P. Singh, R. Kumar, S.S. Sekhon, (2005). “Correlation between ionic conductivity and fluidity of polymer gel electrolytes containing NH4CF3SO3”, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 28, pp. 467-472.

[8]. A. M. Grillone, S. Panero, B. A. Retamal, B. Scrosati, (1999). “Proton polymeric gel electrolyte membranes based on polymethylmethacrylate”, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 146, pp. 27-31.

[9]. W. Wieczorek, G. Zukowska, R. Borkowska, S. H. Chung, S. Greenbaum, (2001). “A basic investigation of anhydrous proton conducting gel electrolytes”, Electrochim. Acta, Vol. 46, pp. 1427-1438.

[10]. R. Kumar, B. Singh, S.S. Sekhon, (2005). “Effect of dielectric constant of solvent on the conductivity behavior of polymer gel electrolytes”, J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 40, pp. 1273-1275.

[11]. R. Kumar, J. P. Sharma, S.S. Sekhon, (2005). “FTIR study of ion dissociation in PMMA based gel electrolytes containing ammonium triflate: Role of dielectric constant of solvent”, Euro. Polym. J. Vol. 41, pp. 2718-2725.

[12]. R. Kumar, S. S. Sekhon, (2004). “Evidence of ion pair breaking by dispersed polymer in polymer gel electrolytes”, Ionics, Vol. 10, pp. 436-442.

[13]. R. Kumar, S. S. Sekhon, (2008). “Effect of molecular weight of PMMA on the conductivity and viscosity behaviour of polymer gel electrolytes containing NH CF 4 3 SO ”, Ionics, Vol. 14, pp. 509-514.

[14]. R. Kumar, S. S. Sekhon, (2013). "Conductivity, FTIR studies and thermal behavior of PMMA-based proton conducting polymer gel electrolytes containing triflic acid", Ionics, Vol. 19, pp. 1627-1635.

[15]. R. Kumar, (2014). “Comparison of composite proton conducting polymer gel electrolytes containing weak aromatic acids”, i-manager's J. Mater. Sci, Vol. 2, pp. 23- 34.

[16]. B. Singh, R. Kumar, S.S. Sekhon, (2005). “Effect of dielectric constant of solvent on the conductivity behavior of polymer gel electrolytes”, Solid State Ionics, Vol. 176, pp. 1577-1583.

[17]. R. Kumar, (2015). “Nano-composite polymer gel electrolytes containing ortho-nitro benzoic acid: Role of dielectric constant of solvent and fumed silica”, Ind. J. Phys.,Vol. 89, pp. 241-248.

[18]. M. A. Ratner in J. R. MacCallum, C. A. Vincent (Eds.) (1987). “Polymer Electrolyte Reviews”, Vol. 1, Elsevier, London, p.183.

[19]. Rajiv Kumar (2014). “Enhancement in Electrical Properties of PEO Based Nano-Composite Gel Electrolytes”, i-manager's Journal on Material Science. Vol. 2(3) Oct- Dec, 2014. Print ISSN 2347–2235, E-ISSN 2347–615X, pp. 12- 17.

[20]. W. Dietrich, O. Durr, P. Pendzig, A. Bunde, A. Nitzan, (1999). “Percolation concepts in solid state ionics”, Physica A, Vol. 266, pp. 229-237.

[21] S.K. Chaurasia, R.K. Singh, (2010). “Electrical conductivity studies on composite polymer electrolytes based on ionic liquid”, Phase Trans.: A Multinational J, Vol. 83, 457-466.

[22]. A. Chandra, A. Chandra, K. Thakur, (2012). “Na+ ion conducting hot-pressed nano composite polymer electrolytes”, Port. Electrochim. Acta, Vol. 30, pp. 81-88.

[23]. R. Kumar, S. S. Sekhon, (2009). “Conductivity modification of proton conducting polymer gel electrolytes containing a weak acid (ortho-hydroxy benzoic acid) with the addition of PMMA and fumed silica”, J. Appl. Electrochem., Vol. 39, pp. 439-445.

[24]. P. K. Shukla and S. L. Agrawal, (1996). “Influence of solvent on the ionic conductivity of PVA-NH4SCN complex”, Bull. Electrochem., Vol. 12, pp. 732–737.

[25]. M. Sivakumar, R. Subadevi, S. Rajendran, N.-L. Wu, and J.-Y. Lee, (2006). “Electrochemical studies on [(1- x)PVA–xPMMA] solid polymer blend electrolytes complexed with LiBF4,” Materials Chem. and Phys., Vol. 97, pp. 330–336.

[26]. S. L. Agrawal, N. Rai, T. S. Natarajan, and N. Chand, (2013). “Electrical characterization of PVA-based nanocomposite electrolyte nanofibre mats doped with a multiwalled carbon nanotube,” Ionics, Vol. 19, pp. 145–154.

[27]. S. L. Agrawal and N. Rai, (2015). “DMA and Conductivity Studies in PVA:NH4SCN:DMSO:MWNT Nanocomposite Polymer Dried Gel Electrolytes”, J. Nanomaterials, doi 10.1155/2015/435625.

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Research Paper

A Study on the Residual Stresses in Resistance Spot Welding

Yasser Rihan* , S. Ayyad, M.I. Elamy*

* Atomic Energy Authority, Hot Lab. Centre, Anshas, Egypt.

-* Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering, Production Engineering & Mechanical Design Department, Egypt.

Rihan, Y., Ayyad, S., and Elamy, M. I. (2015). A Study on the Residual Stresses in Resistance Spot Welding. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 3(2), 28-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.3.2.3504

Abstract

Spot-welded joints are widely used in industries. A simplified structural model is proposed in this paper to study the residual stresses in spot-welded joints. The current paper describes the influence of the weld parameters on the residual stresses of resistance spot welds on 304 type stainless steel sheets. Various loading conditions and joint parameters are considered. It is found that the increase of both weld current and weld time decreases the residual stresses, and the increase of electrode force decreases the residual stresses. The nugget diameter increases continuously with weld current.

References

[1]. Santos, I.O., Zhang, W., Gonçalves, V.M., Bay, N., Martins, P.A.F. (2004). “Weld bonding of stainless steel”, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manuf., Vol. 44, pp. 1431–1439.

[2]. Zhang, Y., Taylor, D. (2001). “Optimization of spotwelded structures”, Finite Elements Anal. Des., Vol. 37, No. 12, pp. 1013–1022.

[3]. Kahraman N. (2007). “The influence of welding parameters on the joint strength of resistance spot-welded titanium sheets”, J. Mater Design, Vol. 28, pp. 420–426.

[4]. Feulvarch, E., Robin, V., Bergheau, J.M. (2004). “Resistance spot welding simulation: a general finite element formulation of electrothermal contact conditions”, J. Mater Process Technol, Vol. 153-154, pp. 436–441.

[5]. Thornton, P.H., Krause, A.R., Davies, R.G. (1996). “The aluminum spot weld”, Weld. J., Vol. 75, pp. 101s-108s.

[6]. Wan, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, P. (2014). “Modeling the effect of welding current on resistance spot welding of DP600 steel”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 214, pp. 2723–2729.

[7]. Martín, Ó., Pereda, M., Santos, J.I., Galán, J. (2014). “Assessment of resistance spot welding quality based on ultrasonic testing and tree-based techniques”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 214, pp. 2478–2487.

[8]. Zhao, D., Wang, Y., Lin, Z., Sheng, S. (2013). “An effective quality assessment method for small scale resistance spot welding based on process parameters”, NDT&E International, Vol. 55, pp. 36–41.

[9]. Alizadeh-Sh, M., Marashi, S.P, Pouranvari, M. (2014). “Resistance spot welding of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel: Phase transformations and mechanical properties”, Materials and Design, Vol. 56, pp. 258–263.

[10]. Pereira, A.M., Ferreira, J.M., Antunes, F.V., Bártolo, P.J. (2009). “Effect of process parameters on the strength of resistance spot welds in 6082-T6 aluminium alloy”, J. Mater Design, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 2454-2463.

[11]. Zhang, J., Dong, P., Brust, F. (1999). “Residual stress analysis and fracture assessment of weld joints in moment frames, ASME PVP- Fracture”, Fatigue and Weld Residual Stress, Vol. 393, pp. 201-207.

[12]. Preston, R., Smith, S., Shercliff, H., Withers, P. (1999). “An investigation into the residual stresses in an aluminum 2024 Test Weld”, ASME PVP- Fracture, Fatigue and Weld Residual Stress, Vol. 393, pp. 265-277.

[13]. Ranjbar, N., Serajzadeh, S., Kokabi, A.H. (2008). “Simulation of welding residual stresses in resistance spot welding, FE modeling and X-ray verification”, J. Mater Process Technol., Vol. 205, pp. 60-69.

[14]. Tsai, C.L., Jammel, O.A., Papritan, J.C., Dickinson, D.W. (1992). “Modeling of resistance spot weld nugget growth”, Weld. J., Vol. 70, pp. 47s-45s.

[15]. Na, S.J., Park, S.W. (1996). “A theoretical study on electrical and thermal response in resistance spot welding”, Weld. J., Vol. 75, pp. 233s-241s.

[16]. Sun, X., Dong, P. (2000). “Analysis of aluminum resistance spot welding process using coupled finite element procedures”, Weld. J., Vol. 79, pp. 215s-221s.

[17]. Long, X., Khanna, S.K. (2003). “Numerical simulation of residual stress in spot welded joints”, Trans. ASME, Vol. 125, pp. 222-226.

[18]. Talijiat, B., Radhakrishnan, B., Zacharia, T. (1998). “Numerical analysis of GTA welding process with emphasis on spot-solidification phase transformation effects on residual stress”, Mater Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 246, pp. 45-54.

[19]. Cha, B.W., Na, S.J. (2003). “A study on the relationship between welding conditions and residual stress of resistance spot welded 304-type stainless steels”, J. Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 22, pp. 181-189.

[20]. Deng, D. (2009). “FEM prediction of welding residual stress and distortion in carbon steel considering phase transformation effects”, J. Mater Design, Vol. 30, pp. 359- 366.

[21]. Kou, S. (2003). “Welding metallurgy”, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.

[22]. Pouranvari, M., Asgari, H.R., Mosavizadeh, S.M., Marashi, P.H., Goodarzi, M. (2007). “Effect of weld nugget size on overload failure mode of resistance spot welds”, Sci Technol. Weld Join, Vol. 12, pp. 217–225.

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Review Paper

Oxidation Stability of Fuels Derived from Oils: A Review

Amit Sarin* , Meetu Singh, Neerja*

* Professor and Head, Department of Applied Physics, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar, India.

Research Scholar, Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Physics and Electronics, DAV College, Amritsar, India.

Sarin, A., Singh, M., and Neerja. (2015). Oxidation Stability of Fuels Derived from Oils: A Review. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 3(2), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.3.2.3505

Abstract

The price and uncertainties in the availability of traditional fuel availability is rising continuously, hence there is renewed interest in fuels from edible and non edible oils for diesel engines. Fuels synthesized from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils are considered as renewable substitutes for fossil fuels, due to their environmental values. These fuels consist of Fatty Acid Monoalkyl Esters (FAME). Oxidation of fuels from oils gives products that degrade the quality of fuels because fatty acid derivatives are more sensitive to oxidative degradation than mineral fuels. Thus, oxidation stability is a prime factor during the storage of such fuels. The present paper is an overview of the work done by different researchers on the oxidation stability of such fuels.

References

[1]. Agarwal A.K., Khurana D. (2013). “Long term storage oxidation stability of Kranja biodiesel with the use of antioxidants”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 106, pp. 447-452.

[2]. Aquino, I.P., Hernandez, R.P.B., Chicoma, D.L., Pinto, H.P.F. & Aoki, I.V. (2012). “Innfluence of light, temperature and metallic ions on biodiesel degradation and corrosiveness to copper and brass”, Fuel, Vol. 102, pp. 795- 807.

[3]. Bondioli, P., Gasparoli, A. & Bella, L.D (2003). “Biodiesel stability under commercial storage conditions over one year”. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, Vol. 105(12),pp. 735–41.

[4]. Bouaid, A., Mercedes, M. & Aracil, J (2007). “Long storage stability of biodiesel from vegetable and used frying oils”. Fuel 2007, Vol. 86(16), pp. 2596–602.

[5]. Budget 2014-2015, Speech of Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda, Minister of Railways July 8, 2014.

[6]. Burton, R (2008). “An overview of ASTM D6751: biodiesel standards and testing methods”. Alternative Fuels Consortium, January 2008.

[7]. Canakci, M., Erdil, A. & Arcaklioglu, E (2006). “Performance and exhaust emission of a biodiesel engine”, Applied Energy , Vol. 83, pp. 594-605.

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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

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Volume 3 Issue 2 July - September 2015

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A Study on the Residual Stresses in Resistance Spot Welding

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Mukund Dutt Sharma* , Rakesh Sehgal, Mohit Pant*

Ogundare Toluwalope* , Fatile Babajide Oluwagbenga, Lamidi Yinusa Daniel*

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