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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 11 Issue 3

Exploring the Optical and Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-Doped Polyaniline
Green Route Extraction of TPA Monomer from Poly Cotton Fibre: A Sustainable Recovery Approach
Efficient Extraction of Diesel Oil from Waste Plastics: A Comprehensive Study
Laser-Based Ultrasonics for Non-Destructive Material Testing: A Practical Guide
Advancements and Applications of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Comprehensive Review

Most Cited

Volume 2 Issue 4 January - March 2015

Research Paper

Analysis of Conventional and Unconventional Machining Process for Metal Matrix Composite (Al/SiCp)

B. Venkatesh* , Nagakalyan Somesula**

* Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering ,B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

** Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering ,B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Venkatesh, B., and Somesula, N. (2015). Analysis of Conventional and Unconventional Machining Process for Metal Matrix Composite (Al/SiCp). i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3120

Abstract

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) offer significantly enhanced properties like higher strength, stiffness and weight savings in comparison to conventional monolithic materials. Their superior properties have attracted several industries such as automotive, aerospace, and defence for their wide range of products. However, the widespread application of Metal Matrix Composites is still a challenge for industries. The hard and abrasive nature of the reinforcement particles are responsible for rapid tool wear and high machining costs. Fracture and debonding of the abrasive reinforcement particles are the considerable damage modes that directly influence the tool’s performance. So, it is important to choose a highly effective way to machine Metal Matrix Composites because, this will help to save both money and time. In this paper, an attempt has been made to conduct the experimental investigation on machining of MMC by comparing the parameters with traditional (Lathe) & nontraditional machining process EDM (EDM-Electrical Discharge Machining). The main focus is to find out the best suitable machining process for Al/SiCp MMCs (Maximum material Condition) in order to achieve more efficient Material Removal Rate (MRR) coupled with reduction in Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and improved surface quality.

References

[1]. V.C. Srivastava, S.N. Ojha, (2005). “Microstructure and electrical conductivity of Al–SiCp composites produced by spray forming process”, Bulletin of Material Science, Vol. 28(2), pp. 125–130.

[2]. X. Li, W.K.H. Seah, (2001). “Tool wear acceleration in relation to work piece reinforcement percentage in cutting of metal matrix composites”, Wear, Vol. 247, pp. 161–171.

[3]. A. Pramanik, L.C. Zhang, J.A. Arsecularatne, (2007). “An FEM investigation into the behavior of metal matrix composites: tool–particle interaction during orthogonal cutting”, International Journal Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 47(10), pp. 1497-1506.

[4]. A. Manna, B Bhattacharyya, (2002). “A study on different tooling system during machining of Al/SiCp-MMC”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 123(3), pp. 476-482.

[5]. X. Ding, W.Y.H. Liew, X.D. Liu, (2005). “Evaluation of machining performance of MMC with PCBN and PCD tools”, Wear, Vol. 259(7-12), pp. 1225-1234.

[6]. A. Kremer, M.E. Mansori, (2011). “Tool wear as-modified by particle generation in dry machining”, Wear, Vol. 271(9-10), pp. 2448-2453.

[7]. F. Muller, J. Monaghan, (2000), “Non-conventional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composite”, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 40(9), pp. 1351- 1366.

[8]. B. Mohan, A. Rajadurai, K.G. Satyanarayana, (2002). “Effect of SiCp and rotation of electrode on electric discharge machining of Al-SiCp composite”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol 124(3), pp 297-304.

[9]. K.L. Senthil kumar, R. Sivasubramanian, K. Kalaiselvan, (2009). “Selection of optimum parameters in non- conventional machining of metal matrix composite”, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, Vol, 27(22), pp 477-486.

[10]. S. Murugesan, K. Balamurugan, C. Sathyanarayanan, P.G. Venkatakrishnan, (2012). “Study on EDM of Al-15%SiCp MMC using Solid and Multihole Electrodes-A Taguchi Approach”, European Journal of Science and Research, Vol. 68(1-2), pp 161-171.

[11]. N.R. Prabhuswamy, C.S. Ramesh, T. Chandrashekar, (2010). “Effect of heat treatment on strength and abrasive wear behavior of Al6061-SiCp composites,”. Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 33(1), pp. 49-54.

[12]. J. Fleischer, J. Schmidt, S. Haupt, (2006). Combination of electric discharge machining and laser ablation in micro structuring of hardened steels, Microsystems Technology. Vol. 12(7) pp. 697-701.

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Research Paper

AFM and FT-IR Studies of Sol-Gel Silica Nano Coatings

K. Mohan Reddy* , Isaac Ramalla, Kamal Bansal*

* Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies(UPES),Energy Acres,Dehradun, India.

Assistant Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies(UPES),Energy Acres, Dehradun, India.

* Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies(UPES),Energy Acres, Dehradun, India.

Reddy, K. M., Ramalla, I., and Bansal, K. (2015). AFM and FT-IR Studies of Sol-Gel Silica Nano Coatings. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3121

Abstract

To study the preparation and characterization of the sol-gel SiO₂ nanoparticles using AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) are the best techniques to illustrate the purity, the presence of Si-O-Si bonds which are free from the organic matter, morphology and surface roughness of the silica coatings on glass and ceramic materials. The study carries the simple one-step preparation method and is well characterized using these two techniques, confirms the fine nanopowders which can be applied for the superhydrophobic surfaces to resist the contact of the water droplets on the coatings as well as exhibit the excellent hardness on different surfaces such as glass and ceramics.

References

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[2]. L. Gomathi Devi, K. Mohan Reddy, (2010). “Enhanced photocatalytic activity of silver metallized TiO2 particles in the degradation of an azo dye methyl orange: Characterization and activity at different pH values,” Appl. Surf. Sci, Vol. 256, No. 10, pp. 3116 – 3121, March.

[3]. L. Gomathi Devi, K. Mohan Reddy, (2011). “Photocatalytic performance of silver TiO2: Role of electronic energy levels” Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 257, No. 15, pp. 6821–6828.

[4]. Katlakanti Mohan Reddy, Devi L G and P K Sahoo (2014). Spectroscopic Investigations of Anatase Titania Nanoparticles. i-manager's Journal on Material Science. 2(2) July-Sep, 2014. Print ISSN 2347–2235, E-ISSN 2347–615X, pp. 14-17.

[5]. M Ma, RM Hill, (2006). “Superhydrophobicsurfaces”. Current opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 11, No 4, pp.193-202,

[6]. SS Latthe, AB Gurav, CV Maruti, RS Vhatkar, (2012). “Recent progress in preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces: a review”, J Sur Engg Mat. Adv. Tech., Vol. 2, pp. 76-94,

[7]. E Vinogradova, M Estrada, A Moreno, (2006). “Colloidal aggregation phenomena: spatial structuring of TEOS-derived silica aerogels”, J. Colloid. Interface Sci., Vol 298, pp. 209-212,

[8]. AV Rao, AB Gurav, SS Latthe, H Imai and C Kappenstein, (2010). “Water repellent porous silica films by sol-gel dip coating method”, J Colloid. Interface Sci, Vol. 352, pp. 30-36,

[9]. SA Mahadik, MS Kavale, SK Mukherjee, AV Rao, (2010). “Transparent superhydrophobic silica coatings on glass by sol-gel method”, Appl. Surf Sci, Vol. 257, pp. 333-342,

[10]. AR Wagner, C Neinhuis and W Barthlott, (1996). “Wettability and contaminability of Insect wings as a Function of their surface sculptures”, Acta Zoolaogica, Vol.77, No.3, pp.213-225,

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[12]. Y Xiu, L Zhu, DW Hess and CP Wong (2014). ”Controlled Doping of Carbon Nanotubes with Metallocenes for Application in Hybrid Carbon Nanotube/Si Solar Cells”, Nano Lett., Vol.14 (6), pp 3388–3394.

[13]. N. J. Shirtcliffe, G. McHale, M. I. Newton, G. Chabrol and C. C. Perry (2005), “Wetting and wetting transitions on copper-based super-hydrophobic surfaces”, Langmuir, Vol. 21 (3), pp.937-943.

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Research Paper

Production of AA6082-Si₃N₄ /Gr Hybrid Composite by a Novel Process and Evaluation of its Physical Properties

Pardeep Sharma* , Dinesh Khanduja, Satpal Sharma*

* Research Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India.

Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India.

* Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India.

Sharma, P., Khanduja, D., and Sharma, S., (2015). Production of AA6082-Si₃N₄ /Gr Hybrid Composite by a Novel Process and Evaluation of its Physical Properties. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3122

Abstract

In case of hybrid composites, the reinforcements either float or sink in the metal matrix due to density mismatch between the combined reinforcement and metal matrix which resulted into clustering and agglomeration of reinforcement particles into metal matrix. To avoid this clustering and non-uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix, a novel approach was used to manufacture hybrid composites. In this research work, silicon nitride and graphite ceramic powder were separately milled before composite fabrication. This ball milled powder was further used in the manufacturing of hybrid composites by stir casting process in protective inert atmosphere. The ball milled Si₃ N₄ /Gr ceramic powder were varied from 0 to 12 % in the matrix in a step of 3 and effect of varying reinforcement on the microstructures and physical properties were investigated. The microstructures of the manufactured hybrid composites were examined using optical microscope and the physical properties investigated include density and porosity. Ball milling results showed a more homogeneous microstructure with rough morphology of combined powder after 100 hours of ball milling by the scanning electron micrographs and the final density of ball milled powder after 100 hours was 2.81g/cm³ . The result of hybrid composites showed that with the addition of ball milled Si₃N₄ /Gr the density increased by 10.33% with an increase in porosity from 0.37 % to 1.64% as the weight % of ball milled Si₃N₄ /Gr, reinforcement particles increased from 0 to 12%. The optical microstructure revealed a reasonably uniform distribution of reinforcement particles into the metal matrix.

References

[1]. Akhlaghi, F., & Bidaki, A.Z., (2009). “Influence of graphite content on dry sliding and oil impregnated sliding wear behaviour of Al2024-Gr composite produced by in situ powder metallurgy method”, Wear., Vol. 266, pp.37- 45.

[2]. Alidokht, S.A., Abdollah, Z.A., Soleymani, S., & Assadi, H. (2011). “Microstructure and tribological performance of an aluminium based hybrid composite produced by friction stir processing”, Material and design, Vol. 32, pp.2727-2733.

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[5]. Baradeswaran, A., & Perumal, A.E. (2014). “Wear and mechanical characteristics of Al 7075/graphite composites”, Composites: Part B, Vol. 56, pp.472–476.

[6]. Basavarajappa, S., Chandramohan, G., Mahadevan, A., Tangavelu, M., Subramanian, R., & Gopalakrishnan, P. (2007). “Influence of sliding speed on the dry sliding wear behaviour and the subsurface deformation on hybrid metal matrix composite”, Wear, Vol. 262, pp. 1007–1012.

[7]. Ghaffari, M., Tan, P.Y., Oruc, M.E., Tan, O.K., Tse, M.S., & Shannon, M. (2011). “Effect of ball milling on the charcteristics of nanostructure SrFeO powder for 3 photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and its reaction kinetics”,Catalyst Today, Vol. 161, pp. 70-77.

[8]. Han, I. S., Seo, D. W., Kim, S. Y., Hong, K. S., Guahk, K. H., & Lee, K. S. (2008). “Properties of silicon nitride for aluminum melts prepared by nitrided pressureless sintering”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 28, pp. 1057?1063.

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[10]. Hassan, A.M., Tashtoush, G.M., & Ahmed, A.K.J. (2007). “Effect of graphite and/or silicon carbide particles addition on the hardness and surface roughness of Al-4 wt. %Mg alloy”, J Compos Mater, Vol. 41, pp. 453–465.

[11]. Kerti, I., & Toptan, F. (2008). “Microstructural variations in cast B4C-reinforced aluminium matrix composites (AMCs)”, Mater Lett, Vol. 62, pp. 1215–1218.

[12]. Kok, M. (2005). “Production and mechanical properties of Al2O3 particle-reinforced 2024 aluminium alloy composites”, J Mater Process Technol., Vol. 161,pp.381–387.

[13]. Nazanin, S.M., Kamali, A.R., & Mobarra, R. (2010). “Phase transformation of Ni-15 wt% B powder during mechanical alloying and annealing”, Mater Lett., Vol. 64, pp. 309-312.

[14]. Ramesh, C. S., Keshavamurthy, R., Channabasappa, B. H., & Pramod, S. (2010). “Friction and wear behavior of Ni-P coated Si3N4 reinforced Al6061 composites”, Tribology International, Vol. 43, pp. 623?634.

[15]. Ravi, K.R., Sreekumar, V.M., Pillai, R.M., Chandan, M., Amaranathan, K.R., & Arul K.R. (2007). “Optimization of mixing parameters through a water model for metal matrix composites synthesis”, Material Design, Vol. 28, pp. 871–881.

[16]. Riahi, A.R., & Alpas, A.T. (2001). “The role of tribo-layers on the sliding wear behavior of graphitic aluminum matrix composites”, Wear, Vol. 251, pp. 1396–407.

[17]. Rohatgi, P.K., Guo, R., Kim, J.K., Rao, S., Stephenson, T., & Waner, T. (1997). “Wear and friction of cast aluminum–SiC–Gr composites: materials solutions”,On wear of engineering materials proceedings, Indianapolis, Indiana, Vol 15, pp. 205–211.

[18]. Rohatgi, P.K., Liu, Y., & Ray, S. (2004). “Friction and wear of metal-matrix composites”, ASM Handbook, Vol. 18, pp. 801–811.

[19]. Sajjadi, S.A., Ezatpour, H.R., & Beygi, H. (2010). “Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Al2O3 micro and nano composites fabricated by stir casting”, Material Science and Engineering, Tehran, Iran, Vol 528, No 29-30, pp. 325-332.

[20]. Sevik, H., & Can, K.S. (2006). “Properties of alumina particulate reinforced aluminium alloy produced by pressure die casting”,Material Design, Vol. 27, pp. 676–683.

[21]. Shorowordi, K.M., Laoui, T., Haseeb, A.S.M.A., Celis, J.P., & Froyen, L. (2003). “Microstructure and interface characteristics of B4C, SiC, and Al2O3 reinforced Al matrix composites: a comparative study”, J Mater Process Technol, Vol. 142, pp. 738–743.

[22]. Song, M. H., Wu, G. H., Yang W. S., Jia, W., Xiu, Z. Y., & Chen, G. Q. (2010). “Mechanical properties of Cf/Mg composites fabricated by pressure infiltration method”, Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 26, pp. 931?935.

[23]. Suresha, S., & Sridhara, B.K. (2010). “Effect of silicon carbide particulates on wear resistance of graphitic aluminium matrix composites”, Material and Design, Vol. 31, pp. 4470-4477.

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[25]. Xiu, Z.Y., Chen, G. Q., Liu, Y.M., Yang, W.S.,& Wu, G.H. (2009). “Effects of extrusion deformation on mechanical properties of sub-micron Si N p/2024 composite”, 3 4 Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol.19, pp. 373?377.

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Review Paper

Analysis of Bone Drilling Processes: A Review

Ajish T.N.* , Govindan Puthumana**

* M.Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India.

Ajish, T.N., and Govindan, P. (2015). Analysis of Bone Drilling Processes: A Review. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3123

Abstract

Bones fracture mainly due to an accident or by diseases, when human starts to do work and activity. It is the essential part of orthopaedic, truamatology and bone biopsy. The problem of bone fracture in medicine due to an accident, aging or diseases has existed since humans started to do work and activity. Therefore the process of bone drilling is an essential part of internal immobilization in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. The main concern in bone cutting is the mechanical and thermal damage to the bone tissue induced by high-speed power tools. Recent technological improvements are concerned with the efforts to decrease the force required by the surgeon when cutting the bone as well as to increase the surgery speed. The generated heat by bone drilling process is dissipated by blood flow and tissue fluids and also partially carried away by the chips. However, some heat may be conducted into the work piece (bone) by thermal conductivity. Increasing the temperature in drilling zone results in essence change of bone alkaline phosphatises. This successively causes thermal and cellular necrosis, which subsequently provides osseous necrosis and drop in mechanical strength of the drilling zone. All these factors have forced the researchers to do wide investigations on bone drilling process and the way in which machining parameters influence the level of temperature elevation in drilling zone. Subsequently, this review includes all relevant investigations by means of experimental methods used and methodology, results and conclusion by various researches were also compared.

References

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[4]. Wendong Wang, Yikai Shi, Ning Yang, Xiaoqing Yuan, ''Experimental analysis of drilling process in cortical bone'', Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 36(2), pp. 261– 266.

[5]. Inaki Díaz, Jorge Juan Gil, Marcos Louredo. “Bone drilling methodology and tool based on position measurements'', Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, Vol. 112(2), pp.284–292.

[6]. Steven den Dunnen, Lars Mulder, GinoM.M. J.Kerkhoffs, '' Water jet drilling in porcine bone: The effect of the nozzle diameter and bone architecture on the hole dimensions'', Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, Vol 27, pp.84 – 93.

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[8]. C. Santiuste , M. Rodríguez-Millán, E. Giner ''The influence of anisotropy in numerical modeling of orthogonal cutting of cortical bone'' Computer structure, Vol .116, pp.423–431.

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[13]. JuEun Lee, Yoed Rabin “A new thermal model for bone drilling with applications to orthopedic surgery'', Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 33 (10), pp. 1234– 1244.

[14]. A.V. Mitrofanov and V.V. Silberschmidt “Measurements of Surface Roughness in Conventional and Ultrasonically Assisted Bone Drilling” American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1(4), pp.128-132.

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Review Paper

A Comparative Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics And Synthesis Of Typical Nano-Fluids

K.S.R. Murthy* , K. Mohan Reddy**

*-** Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering Studies (CoES), University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India.

Murthy, K. S. R., and Reddy, K. M. (2015). A Comparative Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Synthesis of Typical Nano-Fluids. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3124

Abstract

The fluid suspensions of nano materials have shown various interesting properties and their distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many applications in industry. This paper summarizes the recent progress on the study of nano-fluids such as the preparation methods with focus on two-step and one-step methods. The stability of nano-fluids and the techniques to enhance stability have also been discussed. The applications of nano fluids ranging over a wide spectrum from electronics, mechanical to industrial and environmental have been discussed in detail. Special emphasis has been given to the energy application to Nanofluids. The paper concludes by identifying the various opportunities for further research, study and development of nano-science and nano-technology to benefit the human civilization and universe.

References

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Volume 2 Issue 4 January - March 2015

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Venkatesh, B., and Somesula, N. (2015). Analysis of Conventional and Unconventional Machining Process for Metal Matrix Composite (Al/SiCp). i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 2(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.2.4.3120

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Production of AA6082-Si3N4 /Gr Hybrid Composite by a Novel Process and Evaluation of its Physical Properties

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Analysis of Bone Drilling Processes: A Review

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* M.Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India.

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A Comparative Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics And Synthesis Of Typical Nano-Fluids

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* Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering ,B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

** Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering ,B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India.

K. Mohan Reddy* , Isaac Ramalla, Kamal Bansal*

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* M.Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India.