i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 1

Most Cited

Electrical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Gels based on PMMA-DMA/DMC-LiCLO₂ -SiO₂
Comparison Of Composite Proton Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes Containing Weak Aromatic Acids
Enhancement in Electrical Properties of PEO Based Nano-Composite Gel Electrolytes
Effect of Donor Number of Plasticizers on Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes Containing NH₄F
PMMA Based Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing LiCF₃SO₃

Volume 8 Issue 1 April - June 2020

Research Paper

Investigation of Cutting Forces in Orthogonal Metal Cutting using Al2O3 Coated and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Tool

Dr.M. Sivarama* , C. Vijayabhaskar Reddy, P. Sreenivasulu*, M. Samraj****

*-**** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous), Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sivaramakrishnaiah, M., Reddy, C. V., Sreenivasulu, P., and Samraj, M. (2020). Investigation of Cutting Forces in Orthogonal Metal Cutting using Al2O3 Coated and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Tool. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16130

Abstract

The outcome of machining boundary on cutting forces of C-45 steel workpiece using Aluminum oxide coated and uncoated Tungsten carbide tool is used for experimentation and numerical. The experimentation conveyed for measuring the surface roughness on workpiece had been performed by using a surface roughness tester and resultant forces have been measured using Kistler dynamometer. This study is carried out with L27 orthogonal design to evaluate the effect of machining parameters on the surface roughness and resultant forces with coated tools (TiN and Al₂O₃). Analysis of 2D unsteady state forces and surface roughness in a turning process is carried out by using Marc FEA code. The smallest tool wear had been identified by the Al₂O₃ coated tool. It covers a study on cutting forces and surface roughness of modeling and numerical in turning of workpiece using coated and uncoated carbide tools by finite element technique.

References

[1]. Aslan, E., Camuşcu, N., & Birgören, B. (2007). Design optimization of cutting parameters when turning hardened AISI 4140 steel (63 HRC) with Al2O3+ TiCN mixed ceramic tool. Materials & Design, 28(5), 1618-1622. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.02.006

[2]. Borsos, B., Csörgő, A., Hidas, A., Kotnyek, B., Szabó, A., Kossa, A., & Stépán, G. (2017). Two-dimensional finite element analysis of turning processes. Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering, 61(1), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPme.9283

[3]. Ceretti, E., Fallböhmer, P., Wu, W. T., & Altan, T. (1996). Application of 2D FEM to chip formation in orthogonal cutting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 59(1- 2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(96)02296- 0

[4]. Dudzinski, D., Devillez, A., Moufki, A., Larrouquere, D., Zerrouki, V., & Vigneau, J. (2004). A review of developments towards dry and high speed machining of Inconel 718 alloy. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 44(4), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0890-6955(03)00159-7

[5]. El-Axir, M. H. (2002). A method of modeling residual stress distribution in turning for different materials. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 42(9), 1055-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890- 6955(02)00031-7

[6]. Ghani, J. A., Choudhury, I. A., & Masjuki, H. H. (2004). Wear mechanism of TiN coated carbide and uncoated cermets tools at high cutting speed applications. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 153, 1067-1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.352

[7]. Johnson, G. R., & Cook, W. H. (1985). Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains, strain rates and temperatures and pressures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 21, 31-48.

[8]. Mahdi, M., & Zhang, L. (2001). A finite element model for the orthogonal cutting of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 113(1-3), 373-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136 (01)00675-6

[9]. Outeiro, J. C., Pina, J. C., M'saoubi, R., Pusavec, F., & Jawahir, I. S. (2008). Analysis of residual stresses induced by dry turning of difficult-to-machine materials. CIRP annals, 57(1), 77-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2008.03.076

[10]. Özel, T., Hsu, T. K., & Zeren, E. (2005). Effects of cutting edge geometry, workpiece hardness, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness and forces in finish turning of hardened AISI H13 steel. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 25(3-4), 262- 269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1878-5

[11]. PalDey, S. C. D. S., & Deevi, S. C. (2003). Single layer and multilayer wear resistant coatings of (Ti, Al) N: A review. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 342(1-2), 58-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00259-9

[12]. Qian, L., & Hossan, M. R. (2007). Effect on cutting force in turning hardened tool steels with cubic boron nitride inserts. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 191(1-3), 274-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec. 2007.03.022

[13]. Singh, G., Singh, H., & Kumar, J. (2017). Effect of coating thickness with carbide tool in hard turning of aisid3 cold work steel. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(04), 436-440.

[14]. Tawfiq, M. A., & Sahib, B. S. (2015). Experimental and FEM study of coated inserts on cutting forces in orthogonal cutting. Engineering and Technology Journal, 33(3), 694- 702.

[15]. Ucun, I., & Aslantas, K. (2011). Numerical simulation of orthogonal machining process using multilayer and singlelayer coated tools. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 54(9-12), 899-910. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-3012-9

[16]. Umbrello, D. (2008). Finite element simulation of conventional and high speed machining of Ti6Al4V alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 196(1-3), 79- 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.007

[17]. Venkatesan, K., Ramanujam, R., Saxena, V., Chawdhury, N., & Choudhary, V. (2014). Influence of cutting parameters on dry machining of inconel 625 alloy with coated carbide insert-a statistical approach. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 9(3), 250-258.

[18]. Yanda, H., Ghani, J. A., & Haron, C. H. C. (2010). Effect of rake angle on stress, strain and temperature on the edge of carbide cutting tool in orthogonal cutting using FEM simulation. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 42(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.5614% 2Fitbj.eng.sci.2010.42.2.6

[19]. Yigit, R., Celik, E., Findik, F., & Koksal, S. (2008). Effect of cutting speed on the performance of coated and uncoated cutting tools in turning nodular cast iron. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 204(1-3), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.082

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Research Paper

Microwave Joining of Aluminum Composites: A Non Conventional Manufacturing Method

Rajat Pratap Singh* , Jawalkar C. S, Jagbir Singh*

*-*** Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh, India.

Singh, R. P., Jawalkar, C. S., and Singh, J. (2020). Microwave Joining of Aluminum Composites: A Non Conventional Manufacturing Method. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16134

Abstract

The applications of microwave energy in material processing are a growing field and new applications are being innovated. It is one of the most sustainable and novel processing methods and has distinct advantages over various conventional material processing methods. With the development of microwave energy processing and selective heating mechanism, it combines microwave energy with conventional sources and balances process variables such as electric power, process flow, processing time, and fixturing requirements. It makes the process more versatile to almost all types of materials and its alloys, non-metals, composite materials like Metal Matrix Composites (MMC), Ceramics Matrix Composites (CMC), and Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC), cermets, fiber reinforced plastics, so on. The present work is based on the development of a sustainable joining methodology for the indigenously developed MMC (Al6061+5% SiC), also termed as Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMC), through microwave energy processing. The results have revealed that joining “Al6061 + 5% SiC” is successful using “pure Al powder and blumer” with a processing time of 600 seconds. In this study, various joint cross-sections such as simple butt joint, single-V butt joint, double-V butt joints were performed to obtain the best results in terms of joining strength and rigidity.

References

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[3]. Bao, R., Yi, J., Peng, Y., & Zhang, H. (2004). Joining of WNi by microwave processing and soaking time on microstructure of WC - 8Co. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 23, 372–376.

[4]. Benedetto, A., & Calvi, A. (2013). A pilot study on microwave heating for production and recycling of road pavement materials. Construction and Building Materials, 44, 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013. 02.082

[5]. Bian, H. M., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Tian, W., Jiang, H. F., Hu, Z. J., & Yu, W. M. (2012). Alumina–titania ceramics prepared by microwave sintering and conventional pressure-less sintering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 525, 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.02.071

[6]. Bruce, R. W., Fliflet, A. W., Huey, H. E., Stephenson, C., & Imam, M. A. (2010). Microwave sintering and melting of titanium powder for low-cost processing. In Key Engineering Materials, 436, 131-140. Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https:// doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.436. 131

[7]. Gaviná Whittaker, A., & Michael P áMingos, D. (1995). Microwave-assisted solid-state reactions involving metal powders. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 12, 2073-2079.

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[9]. Gupta, D., & Sharma, A. K. (2011). Investigation on sliding wear performance of WC10Co2Ni cladding developed through microwave irradiation. Wear, 271(9-10), 1642-1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.037

[10]. Gupta, D., & Sharma, A. K. (2012). Microstructural characterization of cermet cladding developed through microwave irradiation. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 21(10), 2165-2172. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11665-012-0142-2

[11]. Gupta, D., Sharma, A. K. (2005). Joining of different metal (Al, Mg) through Microwave Hybrid Heating, In Supplemental Proceedings of Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (pp. 263-270). Hoboken, NJ, USA. John Wiley & Sons.

[12]. Keyson, D., Volanti, D. P., Cavalcante, L. S., Simoes, A. Z., Souza, I. A., Vasconcelos, J. S., ... & Longo, E. (2007). Domestic microwave oven adapted for fast heat treatment of Ba0. 5Sr0. 5 (Ti0. 8Sn0. 2) O3 powders. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 189(1-3), 316-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.001

[13]. Ku, H. S., Siores, E., & Ball, J. A. R. (2001). Review—microwave processing of materials: Part I. The Honking Institution of Engineers Transactions, 8, 31–37.

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[16]. Mishra, R. R., & Sharma, A. K. (2016). A review of research trends in microwave processing of metal-based materials and opportunities in microwave metal casting. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 41(3), 217-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2016. 1142421

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[20]. Sharma, A. K., & Gupta, D. (2012). On microstructure and flexural strength of metal–ceramic composite cladding developed through microwave heating. Applied Surface Science, 258(15), 5583-5592. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.apsusc.2012.02.019

[21]. Singh, S., Gupta, D., Jain, V., & Sharma, A. K. (2015). Microwave processing of materials and applications in manufacturing industries: A review. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 30(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10426914.2014.952028

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Research Paper

Simulation Studies of a Novel Formula for Predicting the Radius of Curvature of a Bimetallic Strip

Mannoj Paul Singh R * , Amol M Khatkhate, Abizer Danpurwala*

*-*** Department Mechanical Engineering, Rizvi College of Engineering, Bandra (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Singh, R. M. P., Khatkhate, A., and Danpurwala, A. (2020). Simulation Studies of a Novel Formula for Predicting the Radius of Curvature of a Bimetallic Strip. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15415

Abstract

The empirical relationship used to predict the radius of curvature of a thin bimetallic strip at ambient temperature is flat, but it curves into an arc at a higher temperature, which is presented in this paper. The formula is validated with the finite element model (FEM) and its performance is compared with other models that exist in literature. Timoshenko in his paper on Bimetallic Thermostats has formulated the model for the radius of curvature. The Khatkhate Singh Mirchandani (KSM) formula presented here is derived from the Angel and Haritos approximation by introducing the KhaSinMir constant. Furthermore, the formula has been modified to make it independent of the elastic moduli. The simulation results and the excellent agreement with the Timoshenko formula are developed. The RMSE and χ² errors are very well within the stipulated limits and are an encouraging sign for the use of this formula. Also, the KSM model shows very good correlation with the Timoshenko formula for most commonly used bimetallic combination. i.e., Invar36 and Brass.

References

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[8]. Khatkhate, A. M., Singh, M. P., & Mirchandani, P. T. (2017b). A parametric approximation for the radius of curvature of a bimetallic strip. International Journal of Engineering Research Technology (IJERT), 06(06), 647–650.

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Research Paper

Comparison of Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Different Tin Precursors

K. V. Murali* , T. L. Remadevi**

* Department of Physics, Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad, Kerala, India.

Department of Physics, Pazhassi Raja N.S.S. College, Mattannur, Kerala, India.

Murali, K. V., and Remadevi, T. L. (2020). Comparison of Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Different Tin Precursors. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15982

Abstract

Polycrystalline nanostructured SnO thin films were synthesized using two precursors of tin at 353 K on glass substrates by 2 successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. The annealing effect of the films has been investigated. Off-white colored porous films exhibited a different morphology with grain sizes in 4-8 nm range. The effect of crystallite-size and strain induced broadening of the XRD profile films have been studied using Williamson and Hall technique (W-H plot). Lattice parameters such as c/a ratio, cell volume, texture coefficient, microstrain and dislocation density were determined. Films show more than 55% transmittance and <20% reflectance in the entire Vis-NIR regions. Band gap of the as-grown films were blue-shifted. Refractive index, extinction coefficient and the porosity were deducted from the optical data. The electrical resistivity of the film lies in the range of 101-103 cm. Annealing enhanced the characteristic properties of the films except the reduction in the optical band gap.

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Research Paper

Structural and Luminescent Property of Europium Oxide Doped Boro Tellurite Glasses

Devaraja C * , Jagadeesha Gowda G V, Eraiah B*, Keshavamurthy K****

-, Department of Physics, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India..

Department of Physics, Bengaluru University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Devaraja, C., Gowda, G. V. J., Eraiah, B., and Keshavamurthy, K. (2020). Structural and Luminescent Property of Europium Oxide Doped Boro Tellurite Glasses. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16060

Abstract

Europium oxide doped boro tellurite glasses of different compositions have been synthesized by using melt quenching procedure. The synthesized glasses contain a composition of (70-x) B₂O₃-15TeO₂ -10Na₂O-5PbO-xEu₂O₃ with x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.4 mol%. Raman spectroscopic investigations on prepared glasses have been carried out to study the structures and vibrations of atoms in the glass network. By Raman spectra, it is clear that the prepared glass samples are possessing the boroxol rings and also found the different vibrations in Te-O-Te bonds. The emission spectra were done by spectrofluorometer techniques to investigate the luminescent properties of these glasses with excitation wavelength as 394 nm and emission wavelength as 612 nm.

References

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Review Paper

A Review on Topological Insulator: Bismuth Selenide (Bi₂Se₃) Material and Thin Films

Harsha Sharma* , Yogesh Chandra Sharma**

* Department of Physics, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, Rajasthan, India.

** Department of Physics, Kanoria P.G College, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.

Sharma, H., and Sharma, Y. C. (2020). A Review on Topological Insulator: Bismuth Selenide (Bi2se3) Material and Thin Films. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15879

Abstract

Nowadays, a lot of research is on the way to reuse or convert the energy losses. In recent years the most problem in any device is energy loss in the form of waste heat. Thermoelectric materials are a good choice to get rid of this problem. Researchers are more interested in thermoelectric materials because of their thermoelectric effect that is the conversion of energy between thermal and electricity. The present invention provides a thermoelectric material that has high thermoelectric power and high figure of merit, which can be used in thermoelectric power sources. Therefore the current work is carried out on the principle of thermoelectric materials, its performance and their applications. Bismuth Selenide is a good thermoelectric material and a topological insulator. Bismuth selenide thin films are widely used in thermoelectric devices, which can generate electricity from unused heat. This study explores the preparation of Bismuth Selenide thin films by various methods. This review work observes the effects on thin film by taking different types of substrate. It has therefore been concluded that better results will be achieved by new experimental works on different parameters of Bismuth Selenide material and their thin films.

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Case Study

Use of Eco-Friendly Lubricants for Tapping and Reaming Applications

C. S. Jawalkar *

Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Jawalkar, C. S. (2020). Use of Eco-friendly lubricants for Tapping and Reaming Applications. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15526

Abstract

Most of the lubricants pose a potential risk to the environment. There is an urgent need and development of low cost, environmental friendly alternatives. In machining processes, lubricants play multiple roles, apart from lubricating, the fluid acts as a cutting oil too and its other purposes include increasing tool life, smoother cutting action, better chip removal and improved surface finish. Traditionally mineral oils, cutting oils, mixtures of mineral + cutting oils and chemicals are used in different proportions along with additives. Through this paper, a practical case study on drilling, tapping and reaming for an industrial use on stainless steel 316 grade manifold blocks, using different lubricants has been elaborated. Some improvements in surface roughness have also been noticed. The study presents an innovative approach, using a natural-organic source that can be easily disposed of without causing any harm; additionally, its fragrance motivates and energizes the morale and ambiance of the work area under consideration. The roughness average values using coffee, as the lubricant gave better results (improvement from 5 to 11%) than other oils used in the experiments.

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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

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Volume 8 Issue 1 April - June 2020

Investigation of Cutting Forces in Orthogonal Metal Cutting using Al2O3 Coated and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Tool

Dr.M. Sivarama* , C. Vijayabhaskar Reddy**, P. Sreenivasulu***, M. Samraj****

*-**** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous), Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sivaramakrishnaiah, M., Reddy, C. V., Sreenivasulu, P., and Samraj, M. (2020). Investigation of Cutting Forces in Orthogonal Metal Cutting using Al2O3 Coated and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide Tool. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16130

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Microwave Joining of Aluminum Composites: A Non Conventional Manufacturing Method

Rajat Pratap Singh* , Jawalkar C. S**, Jagbir Singh***

*-*** Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh, India.

Singh, R. P., Jawalkar, C. S., and Singh, J. (2020). Microwave Joining of Aluminum Composites: A Non Conventional Manufacturing Method. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16134

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Simulation Studies of a Novel Formula for Predicting the Radius of Curvature of a Bimetallic Strip

Mannoj Paul Singh R * , Amol M Khatkhate**, Abizer Danpurwala***

*-*** Department Mechanical Engineering, Rizvi College of Engineering, Bandra (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Singh, R. M. P., Khatkhate, A., and Danpurwala, A. (2020). Simulation Studies of a Novel Formula for Predicting the Radius of Curvature of a Bimetallic Strip. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15415

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Comparison of Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Different Tin Precursors

K. V. Murali* , T. L. Remadevi**

* Department of Physics, Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad, Kerala, India. Department of Physics, Pazhassi Raja N.S.S. College, Mattannur, Kerala, India.

Murali, K. V., and Remadevi, T. L. (2020). Comparison of Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Different Tin Precursors. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15982

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Structural and Luminescent Property of Europium Oxide Doped Boro Tellurite Glasses

Devaraja C * , Jagadeesha Gowda G V**, Eraiah B***, Keshavamurthy K****

*-**,**** Department of Physics, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.. *** Department of Physics, Bengaluru University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Devaraja, C., Gowda, G. V. J., Eraiah, B., and Keshavamurthy, K. (2020). Structural and Luminescent Property of Europium Oxide Doped Boro Tellurite Glasses. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.16060

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A Review on Topological Insulator: Bismuth Selenide (Bi2Se3) Material and Thin Films

Harsha Sharma* , Yogesh Chandra Sharma**

* Department of Physics, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, Rajasthan, India. ** Department of Physics, Kanoria P.G College, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.

Sharma, H., and Sharma, Y. C. (2020). A Review on Topological Insulator: Bismuth Selenide (Bi2se3) Material and Thin Films. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15879

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Use of Eco-Friendly Lubricants for Tapping and Reaming Applications

C. S. Jawalkar *

Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India.

Jawalkar, C. S. (2020). Use of Eco-friendly lubricants for Tapping and Reaming Applications. i-manager's Journal on Material Science, 8(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.8.1.15526

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Dr.M. Sivarama* , C. Vijayabhaskar Reddy, P. Sreenivasulu*, M. Samraj****

Rajat Pratap Singh* , Jawalkar C. S, Jagbir Singh*

Mannoj Paul Singh R * , Amol M Khatkhate, Abizer Danpurwala*

* Department of Physics, Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad, Kerala, India.

Department of Physics, Pazhassi Raja N.S.S. College, Mattannur, Kerala, India.

Devaraja C * , Jagadeesha Gowda G V, Eraiah B*, Keshavamurthy K****

-, Department of Physics, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India..

Department of Physics, Bengaluru University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

A Review on Topological Insulator: Bismuth Selenide (Bi₂Se₃) Material and Thin Films

* Department of Physics, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, 303012, Rajasthan, India.

** Department of Physics, Kanoria P.G College, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.