i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 2

Behavioral Studies on Sorptivity of the Concrete Blended with Nano Silica
Optimization of Lane Based Signalized Intersections through VISSIM at Outer Ring Road Bengaluru
Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data using Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's Slope Estimator
A Review on Sustainable Utilization of Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) for the Production of Mortar and Concrete
A Critical Review of Experimental Research on the Durability of Cement Modified with Partial Steel Slag Replacement

Most Cited

Volume 10 Issue 2 March - May 2020

Research Paper

Assessment of Subgrade Soils through California Bearing Ratio (CBR) on Gilgit-Skardu Road (Pakistan): Techniques for Improvement of Subgrade Soil Properties

Muhammad Bilal Sadiq* , Syed Husnain Ali Shah , Abdullah Khan *, Aneel Ahmed ****

*-**** COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan.

Sadiq, M. B., Shah, S. H. A., Khan, A., and Ahmed, A. (2020). Assessment of Subgrade Soils through California Bearing Ratio (CBR) on Gilgit-Skardu Road (Pakistan): Techniques for Improvement of Subgrade Soil Properties. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.2.16619

Abstract

Quality and stiffness of subgrade soils play a crucial part in performance of the pavements subjected to overwhelming traffic stack. To evaluate the quality of road subgrades, a test known as California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was developed by California State Highways Department. CBR is regularly utilized for flexible highway and airport pavements and occasionally for other development purposes to assess the strength of earth materials. To assess the values of CBR, Standard Proctor Compaction, and Moisture Content and Atterberg Limits, the collected subgrade soil samples were taken to the laboratory. Standard test methods of ASTM were followed for carrying out different tests. The CBR of the samples ranges from 4 – 16% and the plasticity index (PI) values extend from 13-17% which demonstrates the expansive behavior of the subgrade soils. The examination of different results portrays that the subgrade soils from the study area are of destitute quality, thus these soils don't qualify to be utilized as subgrade concurring to the National Highway Authority (NHA) specification. From the study, it can be concluded that the performance of the examined material ought to be upgraded for utilization as subgrade. After checking on the financial contemplations, evacuation of the existing subgrade soil upto 0.6m and stabilization with a natural waste material such as granite cutting waste and fly ash etc. has been proposed as a subgrade soil enhancement strategy. The other suggested soil advancement strategy involves the introduction of an additional base layer.

References

[1]. Al-Haddad, A. H. A., & Abed, A. A. (2016). Rut depth detection for al-kut-Baghdad rural highway using ground penetrating radar. Applied Research Journal, 2(7), 328- 335.

[2]. ASTM D4318. (2010). Standard Test Methods For Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/Stand ards/D4318

[3]. ASTM D1883. (2016). Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (cbr) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils. ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/Standards/ D1883

[4]. ASTM D698. (2012). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 Ft-lbf/ft3 (600 KN-m/m3)) 1. ASTM International. https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?doc ument_name=ASTM%20D698&item_s_key=00019131

[5]. Burgisser, H.M., Gansser, A., & Pika, J. (1982). Late glacial lake sediments of the Indus Valley area, northwestern Himalayas. Eclogae Geologische Helvetica, 75(1), 51-63.

[6]. Correia, A. G., Winter, M. G., & Puppala, A. J. (2016). A review of sustainable approaches in transport infrastructure geotechnics. Transportation Geotechnics, 7, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.03.003

[7]. Fauzi, A., Djauhari, Z., & Fauzi, U. J. (2016). Soil engineering properties improvement by utilization of cut waste plastic and crushed waste glass as additive. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2016.V8.851

[8]. Ferber, V., Auriol, J. C., Cui, Y. J., & Magnan, J. P. (2009). On the swelling potential of compacted high plasticity clays. Engineering Geology, 104(3-4), 200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.008

[9]. Garg, S. K. (2009). Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 7th Ed. Khanna Publishers, NewDelhi.

[10]. Hanson, C. R. (1986). Bedrock geology of the Shigar valley area, Skardu, Northern Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation) Dartmouth College, New Hampshire.

[11]. Hanson, C. R. (1989). The northern suture in the Shigar valley, Baltistan, northern Pakistan. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 232, 203-215.

[12]. Jegede, G. (2000). Effect of soil properties on pavement failures along the F209 highway at Ado-Ekiti, south-western Nigeria. Construction and Building Materials, 14(6-7), 311-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(00) 00033-7

[13]. Mazumder, M., Kim, H., & Lee, S. J. (2016). Performance properties of polymer modified asphalt binders containing wax additives. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 9(2), 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.03.004

[14]. Mosa, A. M. (2017). Modification of subgrade properties using waste material. Applied Research Journal, 3(5), 160-166.

[15]. Mosa, A. M., Taha, M. R., Ismail, A., & Rahmat, R. A. O. (2013). A diagnostic expert system to overcome construction problems in rigid highway pavement. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(6), 846-861.

[16]. Nirmala, R., & Shanmugapriya, M. (2017). Feasibility study on enhancing the properties of subgrade material using waste glass. International of Chemical Science, 15(1), 106.

[17]. Ranadive, M. S., & Tapase, A. B. (2016). Parameter sensitive analysis of flexible pavement. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 9(6), 466-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.12.001

[18]. Ravi, E., Udhayasakthi, R., & Vadivel, T. S. (2016). Enhancing the clay soil characteristics using copper slag stabiliation. Journal of Advances in Chemistry, 12(26), 5725- 5729.

[19]. Rollings, R. S. (2003). Evaluation of airfield design philosophies. In Proceedings of the 22nd PIARC World Road Congress. Durban, South Africa.

[20]. Sarsam, S. I., & Husain, H. (2016). Impact of micro crack healing on resilient characteristics of asphalt concrete. Applied Research Journal, 2, 362-369.

[21]. Sarsam, S., Al Saidi, A., & Al Taie, A. (2016). Assessment of shear and compressibility properties of asphalt stabilized collapsible soil. Applied Research Journal, 2(12), 481-487.

[22]. Saygili, A. (2015). Use of waste marble dust for stabilization of clayey soil. Materials Science, 21(4), 601-606. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.21.4.11966

[23]. Semen, P. M. (2006). A generalized approach to soil strength prediction with machine learning methods (No. ERDC/CRREL-TR-06-15). Engineering Research and Development Center Hanover NH Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab.

[24]. Shafabakhsh, G. H., Sadeghnejad, M., & Sajed, Y. (2014). Case study of rutting performance of HMA modified with waste rubber powder. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 1, 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014. 04.005

[25]. Shah, S. H. A., Arif, M., Asif, M. E., & Safdar, M. (2019). Influence of granite cutting waste addition on the geotechnical parameters of cohesive soil. International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT), 5(7), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.316 95/IJERAT.2019.3459

[26]. Zumrawi, M. M. (2015). Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash activated by cement. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(6), 218- 224. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-3-6-5

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Research Paper

Performance Evaluation of SCC Made with Commercially Available Construction and Demolition Waste

S. Girish* , Sasha Azimi**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.

Girish, S., and Azimi, S. (2020). Performance Evaluation of SCC Made with Commercially Available Construction and Demolition Waste. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(2), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.2.17151

Abstract

Large amounts of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste materials are generated by construction projects and there is a wide scope for reusing or recycling them. Presently, due to continuous global demand for infrastructure due to persistent increase in population growth has led to large consumption of aggregate and cement for concrete production. This would eventually lead to more extraction and depletion of natural resources and increased carbon emission. This study aims at providing an exhaustive comparison using natural aggregates and recycled aggregates to produce Self–Compacting Concrete (SCC), which is a high-performance concrete. Totally twenty one mixes were investigated. The Girish method of mix design, which is based on absolute volume concept starting with a volume of paste, was advantageously used to develop the mixes with less number of trials. The paste and the total powder content used in this study have a wide range considering the field requirements and the unfavourable aggregates used. The water to cement ratio varied widely from 0.38 to 0.67, total powder content from 455 kg/m³ to 672 kg/m³ and volume of paste from 0.37 to 0.43. Tests were carried out to assess the fresh properties as well as the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete. The 28 day compressive strength ranged from 22 MPa to 51 MPa. The study clearly demonstrates that an increase in paste content both for natural and recycled aggregates leads to increase of the compressive strength of SCC. However, the increase has optimality at Vp 0.43 for the materials used in this study and this can be one of the factors to be considered in the mix design. The volume of paste ranging from 0.37 to 0.43 can be successfully used for developing SCC for both natural and recycled aggregates.

References

[1]. Bassuoni, M. T., & Nehdi, M. L. (2007). Resistance of selfconsolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(7), 1070-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cemconres.2007.04.014

[2]. Girish, S. (2018). Importance of volume of paste on the compressive strength of SCC–A parameter to be considered in mix design. The Indian Concrete Journal, 91(4), 51-62.

[3]. S. Girish, N. Ajay and Sasha Azimi (2020). A study and the use of construction and demolition waste as coarse aggregate in self-compacting concrete for sustainability. The Indian Concrete Journal, 94(8), 40-50.

[4]. Girish, S., Ranganath, R. V., & Vengala, J. (2010). Influence of powder and paste on flow properties of SCC. Construction and Building Materials, 24(12), 2481-2488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.008

[5]. Girish, S., Vengala, J., & Ranganath, R. V. (2007). 10. Volume fractions in self-compacting concrete-A review. In 5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (pp. 73-81). RILEM Publications SARL.

[6]. Heirman, G., & Vandewalle, L. (2003). The influence of fillers on the properties of self-compacting concrete in fresh and hardened state. In Proceeding. of the 3rd International. Symposium. on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC2003) (pp. 606-618). RILEM Publications SARL, Bagneux.

[7]. Khatib, J. M. (2008). Performance of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1963-1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.con buildmat.2007.07.011

[8]. Okamura, H., & Ouchi, M. (1998). Self-compacting high performance concrete. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 1(4), 378-383. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/pse.2260010406

[9]. Pineaud, A., Cabrillac, R., Remond, S., Pimienta, P., & Rivillon, P. (2005). Mechanical properties of selfcompacting concrete–influence of composition parameters. In Proceedings of SCC, Chicago, IL, ACBM.

[10]. Rozière, E., Granger, S., Turcry, P., & Loukili, A. (2007). Influence of paste volume on shrinkage cracking and fracture properties of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(8), 626-636. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.03.010

[11]. Siad, H. (2010). Influence of natural pozzolan on the behavior of self-compacting concrete under sulphuric and hydrochloric acid attacks, comparative study. The Arabian Journal For Science and Engineering, 35(1b), 183-195.

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Research Paper

A Study on the use of Microorganisms in the Enhancement of Compressive Strength and Influence of Temperature Variations on the Performance of Bio Concrete

S. Girish* , T. Soumya , Ananya Girish *

- Department of Civil Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Girish, S., Soumya, T., and Girish, A. (2020). A Study on the use of Microorganisms in the Enhancement of Compressive Strength and Influence of Temperature Variations on the Performance of Bio Concrete. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(2), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.2.17132

Abstract

Bacterial concrete is a self-remediating biomaterial. Under favorable conditions, bacteria can precipitate calcite in concrete. Calcite precipitation plays an important role in mitigating the micro cracks there by increasing the long-term structural integrity and durability of concrete. The present study focuses on the addition of favorable microorganisms to improve the compressive strength of concrete. The microorganisms selected were Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, which microbiologically induce the mineral precipitation. Both the beneficial microorganisms were studied at different cell concentrations ranging from 10¹to 10⁸ . The study shows a positive influence on the property of compressive strength of concrete, with an approximate increment of 18% to 22% in strength possibly due to densification of micro pores due to the growth of fibrous and calcium precipitation thereby strengthening the pore structure. The study also reveals the importance of culturing medium and selection of microorganisms, as revealed by the good results by using Klebsiella over Pseudomonas. In addition, concrete cubes were tested with Pseudomonas and Klebsiella at elevated temperature and there was no improvement in the strength possibly due to the mobility of microorganism.

References

[1]. Bang, S. S., Galinat, J. K., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2001). Calcite precipitation induced by polyurethaneimmobilized Bacillus pasteurii. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 28(4-5), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0141-0229(00)00348-3

[2]. Beltran, M., & Jonkers, H. (2015). Crack self-healing technology based on bacteria. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research 16(1), 33-39.

[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards - 10262. (2009). Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning [CED 2: Cement and Concrete], Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. Retrieved from https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.10262. 2009.pdf

[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards - 12269. (2013). Ordinary Portland cement - 53 grade – specification, Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. https://www.iitk. ac.in/ce/test/IScodes/ is.12269.2013.pdf

[5]. Bureau of Indian Standards - 2386-3. (1963). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 3: Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking [CED 2: Cement and Concrete], Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. Retrieved from https://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/IS-codes/is.2386.3.1963. pdf

[6]. Bureau of Indian Standards - 4031-6. (1988). Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement, Part 6: Determination of compressive strength of hydraulic cement (other than masonry cement) [CED 2: Cement and Concrete], Indian Standard, New Delhi, India. https://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/IS-codes/is.4031.6.1988. pdf

[7]. De Belie, N., & De Muynck, W. (2008, November). Crack repair in concrete using biodeposition. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR), Cape Town, South Africa (pp. 291-292).

[8]. Edvardsen, C. (1999). Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete. In Innovation in Concrete Structures: Design and construction (pp. 473- 487). Thomas Telford Publishing.

[9]. Ghosh, P., Mandal, S., Pal, S., Bandyopadhyaya, G., & Chattopadhyay, B. D. (2006). Development of bioconcrete material using an enrichment culture of novel thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 44(4), 336-339.

[10]. Jimenez, P. N., Koch, G., Thompson, J. A., Xavier, K. B., Cool, R. H., & Quax, W. J. (2012). The multiple signaling systems regulating virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 76(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.05007-11

[11]. Jonkers, H. M., & Schlangen, E. (2008, September). A two component bacteria-based self-healing concrete. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (pp. 119- 120).

[12]. Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., & Glasser, F. P. (2007). The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(4), 551-558. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.013

[13]. Ramachandran, S. K., Ramakrishnan, V., & Bang, S. S. (2001). Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms. ACI Materials Journal-American Concrete Institute, 98(1), 3-9.

[14]. Rao, R., Kumar, U., Vokunnaya, S., Paul, P., Orestis, I., & Grade, S. (2015). Effect of Bacillus flexus in Healing Concrete Structures. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4 (8), 7273-7280. https://doi.org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0408106

[15]. van Breugel, K. (2012, August). Self-healing material concepts as solution for aging infrastructure. In 37th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures (pp. 1051-1057).

[16]. Wiktor, V., & Jonkers, H. M. (2015). Field performance of bacteria-based repair system: Pilot study in a parking garage. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.004

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Research Paper

A Static approach for Determining Rheological Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (Powder and VMA Type) by using Direct Shear Box Test Method

N. Ajay* , S. Girish , Ashwin M. Joshi *

, Infrastructure Construction and Management, RASTA, Bangalore, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.

Ajay, N., Girish, S., and Joshi, A. M. (2020). A Static approach for Determining Rheological Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (Powder and VMA Type) by using Direct Shear Box Test Method. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.2.17128

Abstract

To provide better understanding of the behavior of the fresh concrete and to enhance the quality of concrete, the Selfcompacting concrete (SCC) is characterized by its rheological properties, by a more scientific approach to overcome the limitations of the existing empirical test methods. In this study, SCC mixes (Powder and Viscosity Modifying Admixture type) were developed by using Portland Pozzalana Cement (PPC), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) as a filler material, M-sand as a fine aggregate, natural angular crushed granite as coarse aggregate and with superplasticizer (SP) and Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA). About 12 different SCC mixes with more than 100 trials, were developed with varying cement contents (300, 375 and 450 kg/m³) and water contents (185 and 205 /m³) along with varying filler contents. The experimental results show that direct shear box can be effectively used to determine the Bingham parameters of fresh SCC under static condition following an unique procedure. The result also shows the importance of volume of paste (Vp) in making the mix robust.

References

[1]. ACI: 237-1R.07. (2007). Self-Consolidating Concrete, American Concrete Institute Code.

[2]. ACI: 238-1R.08. (2008). Report on measurements of workability and rheology of fresh concrete, American Concrete Institute Code.

[3]. Ajay, N. (2019). Feasibility studies on the use of concrete shear box for measurement of rheological properties of SCC mixes (Doctoral dissertation). Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India.

[4]. Ajay, N., & Girish, S. (2020, January). An experimental study on finding rheological properties of fresh conventional vibrated concrete mixes using concrete shear box. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2204, No. 1, p. 020001). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/ 1.5141538

[5]. Ajay, N., Joshi, A. M., Girish, S., & Harshitha, M. R. (2018). Experimental studies on rheological properties of conventional vibrated concrete using direct shear box. The Indian Concrete Journal, 92(8), 19-28.

[6]. EFNARC. (2005). Specification and guidelines for selfcompacting concrete. European Guidelines for Self- Compacting Concrete. http://www. efnarc.org/pdf/SandG forSCC.PDF

[7]. Girish, S. (2010). Influence of powder and paste on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (Doctoral dissertation). Visvesvaraya Technological University .

[8]. Girish, S. (2018). Importance of volume of paste on the compressive strength of SCC–A parameter to be considered in mix design. The Indian Concrete Journal, 91(4), 51-62.

[9]. Girish, S., & Ajay, N. (2017). Importance of rheological properties of fresh concrete-A review. The Indian Concrete Journal, 91(9), 09-17.

[10]. Girish, S., & Santhosh, B. S. (2012). Determination of Bingham parameters of fresh Portland cement concrete using concrete shear box. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 2(4), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.9756/BIJIEMS.1620

[11]. Girish, S., & Santhosh, B. S. (2013). A unique procedure for finding the rheological properties of fresh Portland cement concrete using concrete shear tests. In RILEM Proceedings, 7th International RILEM symposium on Self- Compacting Concrete, Paris, France (pp. 365-372).

[12]. Girish, S., Ajay, N., Joshi, A. M., & Bharadwaj, N. (2018). An experimental study to investigate the rheological properties of fresh SCC using new concrete shear box. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 07(01), 32-41.

[13]. Girish, S., Ajay, N., Kumar, S. G., & Hrushikesh, M. (2018). A scientific approach to measure the workability of concrete using concrete shear box. The Indian Concrete Journal, 92(3), 24-35.

[14]. Girish, S., Indumathi, C, Jagadish, V., & Ranganath, R. V. (2009). Rheological properties of self-compacting concrete using direct shear box. The Indian Concrete Journal, 83(8), 47-53.

[15]. Girish, S., Ranganath, R. V., & Vengala, J. (2010). Influence of powder and paste on flow properties of SCC. Construction and Building Materials, 24(12), 2481-2488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.008

[16]. Girish, S., Vengala, J., & Ranganath, R. V. (2007). 10. Volume fractions in self-compacting concrete-A review. In 5th International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete (pp. 73-81). RILEM Publications SARL.

[17]. Krishnan, M. (2010). Fundamentals of rheology. In SERC-School-Cum-Symposium on Rheology of Complex Fluids, IIT-Madras, 35-65.

[18]. Zerbino, R., Barragán, B., Garcia, T., Agulló, L., & Gettu, R. (2009). Workability tests and rheological parameters in self-compacting concrete. Materials and Structures, 42(7), 947-960. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527- 008-9434-2

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Review Paper

A Review on Textile Reinforced Mortar and Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications

H. R. Priyanka* , Madhavi K.**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India.

Priyanka, H. R., and Madhavi, K. (2020). A Review on Textile Reinforced Mortar and Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.2.17363

Abstract

Fibre reinforced composites are being used to strengthen the structural components. Fibre Reinforced Polymer which consists of organic matrices are widely used for structural retrofitting due to its high strength to weight ratio. The use of fibre reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM) is gaining popularity due to their ability to evade the problems associated with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) systems. The advantages of FRCM are (i) mortar used in FRCM system is more compatible with the concrete and masonry substrate compared to epoxy; (ii) high thermal conductivity; (iii) fire resistance and (iv) can be applied on wet surfaces. Recycled materials can be incorporated in FRCM systems leading to a sustainable product with less impact on the environment. Therefore, the use of FRCM is becoming attractive for retrofitting of structures than FRP which are being widely used. This paper addresses the application of textile reinforced mortar (TRM) composites over FRP in strengthening of structural members.

References

[1]. Achudhan, Deepavarsa, Vandhana & Shalini. (2019). strengthening and retrofitting of RC beams using fiber reinforced polymers. Materials Today: Proceedings,16(2), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.102

[2]. Andiç-Çakir, Ö., Sarikanat, M., Tüfekçi, H. B., Demirci, C., & Erdoğan, Ü. H. (2014). Physical and mechanical properties of randomly oriented coir fiber–cementitious composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 61, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.029

[3]. Arpitha, G. R., & Yogesha, B. (2017). An overview on mechanical property evaluation of natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(2), 2755-2760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.153

[4]. Askouni, P. D., & Papanicolaou, C. G. (2017). Experimental investigation of bond between glass textile reinforced mortar overlays and masonry: The effect of bond length. Materials and Structures, 50(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1033-7

[5]. Awani, O., El-Maaddawy, T., & Ismail, N. (2017). Fabricreinforced cementitious matrix: A promising strengthening technique for concrete structures. Construction and Building Materials, 132, 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2016.11.125

[6]. Azam, R., Soudki, K., West, J. S., & Noël, M. (2018). Shear strengthening of RC deep beams with cementbased composites. Engineering Structures, 172, 929-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.085

[7]. Bakis, C. E., Bank, L. C., Brown, V., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J. F., Lesko, J. J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S. H.,& Triantafillou, T. C. (2002). Fiber reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review. Journal of Composites for Construction, 6(2), 73-87. https://doi.org/ 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73)

[8]. Balachandar, M., Ramnath, B. V., Barath, R., & Sankar, S. B. (2019). Mechanical characterization of natural fiber polymer composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 16, 1006-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.189

[9]. Bernat-Maso, E., Escrig, C., Aranha, C. A., & Gil, L. (2014). Experimental assessment of Textile Reinforced Sprayed Mortar strengthening system for brickwork wallettes. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 226- 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.031

[10]. Bodaghi, M., Costa, R., Gomes, R., Silva, J., Correia, N., & Silva, F. (2020). Experimental comparative study of the variants of high-temperature vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,19, 835–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compositesa.2019.105708

[11]. Caggegi, C., Lanoye, E., Djama, K., Bassil, A., & Gabor, A. (2017). Tensile behaviour of a basalt TRM strengthening system: Influence of mortar and reinforcing textile ratios. Composites Part B: Engineering, 130, 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.027

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