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i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

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PV-grid Performance improvement through Integrated Intelligent Water Drop Optimization with Neural Network for Maximum Power Point Tracking
A Digital Healthcare Monitoring System with Real-Time Analysis
Advancements in Smart Meter Design and Integration for Enhanced Energy Management and Efficiency
Electric Vehicles in Modern Transportation: Environmental Impacts, Configurations, and Future Trends – A Review
GTO Technique Based Hybrid Power System Controller Design

Most Cited

Volume 7 Issue 3 January - March 2014

Article

Importance of Energy Conservation, Energy Management and their Opportunities

Shekhappa G. Ankaliki *

Professor, E & E Engineering, SDM College of Engineering and Technology (SDMCET), Dhavalagiri, Dharwad-, Karnataka, India

Ankaliki, S. G. (2014). Importance Of Energy Conservation, Energy Management and their Opportunities. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2702

Abstract

This article presents the different sources of energy, importance of energy conservation, energy management and their opportunities available at utility and customer side in the present day scenario. The article has discussed the environment, economics, sustainable development, energy independence, green fuels, clean energy, energy conversion and safety in electrical engineering.

References

[1]. Shekhappa G. Ankaliki (2010). “Energy Conservative Measures by Energy Audit and Load Management” International eJournal of Mathematics and Engineering 96 pp 895 - 902

[2]. IEI News Letters 1st June 2012, March 1, 2014

[3]. J. W. Evans, (1987). “Survey of EMS Architectures” Proceedings of the 15th Power Industry Computer Application Conference, IEEE, May , PP 274-281.

[4]. S. Vemuri (1985). et al., “Fuel Resource Scheduling- Implementation in SWEPCO Energy Management System” Proceedings of the 14th Power Industry Computer Applications Conference, IEEE, PP 296-303

[5]. R. Mananathan, (1985). “Real Time Wheeling Losses Computation Techniques for Energy Management Systems” Proceedings of the 14th Power Industry Computer Applications Conference, IEEE, PP195-201

[6]. M. M. Hillhouse, (1987). “System wide Power Plant Per formance Monitoring Using Microcomputers” Proceedings of the 15th Power Industry Computer Applications Conference, IEEE, PP 183-187

[7]. L. L. Lai, (1989). “Development of an Expert System for Power System protection Coordination” Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, IEE, Pub. No. 302, Edinburgh, April PP 310-314

[8]. B. F. Wollenberg and T. Sakaguchi, “Artificial Intelligence in Power System Operation” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 75, No.12, December1987, PP 1678-1685

[9]. M. Goldberg et al., “A Hierarchical Expert System for Updating Forestry Maps with Landsat Data” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 73, No.6, June1985, PP 1054 -1063

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Research Paper

Simulation and Transient Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives

Khadim Moin Siddiqui* , Kuldeep Sahay, V. K. Giri*

Teaching- cum Research Scholar in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, India.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, India.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University & Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

Siddiqui, K. M., Sahay, K., and Giri, V. K. (2014). Simulation And Transient Analysis Of Pwm Inverter Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2703

Abstract

Squirrel Cage Induction Motors are the widely used motors in Industries due to its simple construction, robust design and low operational costs. The utilization of Squirrel Cage Induction Motors with electronic inverters present greater advantages on cost and energy efficiency, compared with other industrial solutions for varying speed applications. The induction motor with inverters gives excellent speed torque control characteristics. In this paper, a transient behavior of a 3HP, 4 Pole, 50 Hz, 1430 rpm Squirrel Cage Induction Motor has been analyzed. The open and closed loop induction motor is fed Into Pulse Width modulation (PWM) inverter model developed in the recent Matlab/Simulink environment. The Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) variable speed drives are increasing these days and used in various industrial applications with superior performance. Since the developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have led to improvements in power electronic systems, consequently variable voltage and variable frequency control is obtained by Voltage Source Inverters (VSC). In Induction motor drives, SPWM inverters make it possible to control both frequency and magnitude of the voltage and current applied to the motor. As a result, PWM inverter- powered motor drives are more variable and offer in a wide range better efficiency and higher performance when compared to the fixed frequency motor drives. These inverter fed-motors are recently gathering great popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications. In this present paper, the open and closed loop induction motor fed with PWM inverter model has been discussed and focused on transient characteristics of the motor. The direct torque control method is used to control the induction motor in closed loop.

References

[1]. Krause, P.C., Wasynczuk, O, & Sudhoff, S. D., (1995). Analysis of Electric Machinery, IEEE Press.

[2]. Krause, P. C., (1995). “Simulation of symmetrical induction machinery”, IEEE Trans. Power apparatus Systems, 84(11), 1038–1053,

[3]. Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M., & Robbins, W.P,(1995). Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

[4]. Krishnan, R., (2001). Electric Motor Drives Modelling, Analysis, and Control, Prentice Hall.

[5]. Bose, B.K., (2002). Modern Power Electronics and AC drives, Prentice-Hall, N.J.

[6]. Ghani, S. N., (1988). Digital computer simulation of Three- Phase Induction Machine dynamics a generalized approach, IEEE Trans Industry Appl., 24(1), 106–114.

[7]. Wade, S., Dunnigan, M. W., & Williams, B. W., (1997). Modelling and simulation of induction machine vector control and rotor resistance identification, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, 12(3), 495–505.

[8]. Shi, K. L., Chan, T. F., & Wong, Y. K.,(1997). Modeling of the three-phase induction motor using SIMULINK, Record of the 1997 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, USA, 3-6.

[9]. Shi, K. L., Chan, T. F., & Wong, Y. K.,(1998). Modeling and simulation of direct self control system, IASTED International Conference: Modeling and Simulation, Pittsburgh, USA, 231–235

[10]. Soe, N. N., Yee, H. T. T., & Aung, S. S., (2008). Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Three phase Small Power Induction Motor", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 421-424.

[11]. Fritzson, P., (2004). Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press..

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Research Paper

Sensorless Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor using Extended Kalman Filter

B. Arundhati* , 0, Surya Kalavathi M*, Thota. Raghavendra****

Associate .Professor and HOD-EEE, Vignan's Institute of Information & Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.

Professor and Principal of Vignan's Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam.

Professor, EEE Dept,JNTUH,Hyderabad

****M.TECH Student, Vignan's Institute of Information & Technology,, Visakhapatnam, JNTUK, India.

Arundhati, B., Mary, K. A., Kalavathi, M. S., and Raghavendra, T. (2014). Sensorless Speed Control Of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Using Extended Kalman Filter. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2705

Abstract

This paper proposes the Sensorless Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor (PMLSM) using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Linear Speed and position of PMLSM is estimated using EKF. The mathematical model for PMLSM & EKF is established. The simulation model for sensor and sensor-less speed control of PMLSM using EKF is constructed using MATLAB/ SIMULINK. The linear motor speed and position are compared for both sensor and sensorless using EKF. It is observed that the estimated speed and position values are almost similar to actual values. Though it has disadvantages such as complex algorithm and larger matrix operations, sensorless speed control eliminates the requirement of mechanical sensor and hence reduces the drive cost and enhances reliability.

References

[1]. Y. G. Guo, J. X. Jin, J. G. Zhu,and H. Y. Lu. (2007). Design and analysis of a prototype linear motor driving system for HTS maglev transportation, IEEE Trans.App. Super, 17(2), 2087-2090.

[2]. Jacek F. Gieras, Zbigniew J. Piech Bronislaw Tomcz, (2000). Linear Synchronous Motors: Transportation and Automation Systems, CRC press.

[3]. K.-Y. Cheng and Y.-Y. Tzou, (2003). Design of a sensorless commutation IC for BLDC motors, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 18(6), 1365–1375,

[4]. G.-J. Su and J. W. McKeever, (2004). Low- cost sensorless control of brushless DC motors with improved speed range, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 19(2), 296–302.

[5]. T.-H. Kim and M. Ehsani, ( 2004). Sensorless control of the BLDC motors from near-zero to high speeds, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 19(6), 1635–1645,.

[6]. Jun Zhu, Baoyu Xu, Xudong Wang (2013).The Research of sensor less vector control of PMLSM Academy Publisher, Journal of computers, Vol. 8, No. 5.

[7]. B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, F. Meibody-Tabar, and F. M. Sargos, (2007). Back EMF estimation- based sensorless control of PMSM: robustness with respect to measurement errors and inverter irregularities, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 43(2), 485–494.

[8]. Wu Guang Yu,Fan Qing YiJiang Fu Xing (1987). System identification and adaptive control. Harbin Harbin Institute of Technology Press.

[9]. François Auger, Joseph Guerrero&Eric Monmasson (2010). Industrial Applications of the Kalman Filter: A Review.

[10]. Extended Kalman filters in the control structure of twomass drive system bulletin of the Polish academy of sciences , technical sciences, Vol. 54, No. 3,2006

[11]. Shao Yu Bo,Ying Shu Di &Zhang Wei (2012). Speed Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Motors Based on Extended Kalman Filter, International Conference on Materials, Mechatronics and Automation, Vol.15

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Research Paper

A Modified Unbalanced Load flow solution using Branch Incidence Matrix

N. Visali* , M. Satish Kumar Reddy, M Surendranatha Reddy*

* Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUACEP, Pulivendula, Andhra pradesh

-*Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science, Proddatur

Visali, N., Reddy, M. S. K., and Reddy, M. S. (2014). A Modified Unbalanced Load Flow Solution Using Branch Incidence Matrix. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2706

Abstract

Distribution system is the system which supplies electrical power from generating station to consumers. But the practical loads in the radial distribution systems are generally unbalanced in nature. For analysing the system condition and also to forecast the load, the study of power flows is essential. The presence of high R/X ratio of the distribution system poses a challenge to the convergence criteria of commercial load flows such as Newton Raphson Method, Gauss Seidel method and Fast Decoupled methods. For this type of systems, some changes have been incorporated in above methods so as to obtain better convergence which are named as modified Newton Raphson Method, modified Gauss Seidel Method and Forward/Backward Sweep Methods. The pre-assumption of flat node voltage is essential to carry out the load flow solution in all these methods. A new method has been proposed to determine the solution without any preassumptive flat node voltage and also the unbalanced system is modelled as a balanced system using symmetrical components. The solution is obtained by incorporating relationship between node currents and branch currents using a concept of Branch Incidence matrix and thereby eliminating the need for flat voltage profile. The proposed method has been presented in three sections. In First section 1 the formation of the branch incidence matrix by modelling of unbalanced Radial Distribution System comprising of transformers, switches, capacitors etc. using symmetrical components, In section 2 node voltages and power losses are calculated using branch incidence matrix and system parameters. Finally in section 3, the results obtained are compared with the existing methods. The proposed method is solved for three different unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems such as IEEE 13 node, 19 node and 25 node systems and the results are presented.

References

[1]. D. Das, D. P. Kothari, and A. Kalam, (1995). Simple and efficient method for load flow solution of radial distribution networks, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 17(5):335-346.

[2]. S. Ghosh, D. Das, (1999). Method for load flow solution of radial distribution networks, IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 146(6):641-648.

[3]. P. Aravindhababu, (2003). A new fast decoupled power flow method for distribution systems, Electric Power Components and Systems, 31(9):869-878.

[4]. R. D. Zimmerman and H. D. Chiang, (1995). Fast decoupled power flow for unbalanced radial distribution systems, IEEE-PES Winter Meeting, paper no. 95, New York.

[5]. S. K. Goswami and S. K. Basu, (1991). Direct solution of distribution systems, IEE Proc. C, 188(1):78-88.

[6]. D. Thukaram, H. M. Wijekoon Banda, and J. Jerome, (1999). A Ronodet three phase power flow algorithm for radial distribution systems, Electric Power System Research, 50(3):227-236.

[7]. W. M. Lin, Y. S. Su, H. C. Chin, and J. H. Teng, (1999). Three-Phase unbalanced distribution power flow solutions with minimum data preparation, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 14(3):1178-1183

[8] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, S. Carnerio, V. M. da Costa, and N. Martins, (2000). Three-Phase power flow calculations using the current injection method, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 15(2):508-514.

[9] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, and S. Carneiro, Jr., (2001). Voltage control devices models for distribution power flow analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 16(4):586-594

[10]. P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, and S. Carneiro, Jr., (2004). Improvements in the representation of PV nodes on three-phase distribution power flow, IEEE Trans. Power Del., 19(2):894-896.

[11]. K. N. Mui and H. D. Chiang, (2000). Existence, uniqueness and monotonic properties of the feasible power flow solution for radial three phase distribution networks, IEEE Trans. Circuit and Syst., 47(10):1502-1514.

[12]. W. M. Lin and J. H. Teng, (2000). Three-Phase distribution networks fast decoupled power flow solutions, Electric Power and Energy Systems, 22(5):375-380

[13]. T. H. Chen, M. S. Chen, K. J. Hwang, P. Kotas, and E. A. Chebli, (1991). Distribution system power flow analysis-a rigid approach, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 6(3):1146-1153

[14]. J. H. Teng, (2002). A Modified Gauss-seidel algorithm of three-phase power flow analysis in distribution network, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 24(2):97-102.

[15]. J. H. Teng, (2000). A Network-Topology-based Three- Phase Load Power Flow for Distribution Systems, Proceedings of National Science Council ROC (A), 24(4):259-264.

[16]. L. L. Grgsby: (1999). Editor-in-Chief, The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, CRC Press , pages 6-53 to 6- 62.

[17]. W. H. Kersting,(2002) ( Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC Press, chapter 9.

[18]. J. Nagarath and D. P. Kothari, (1998). Power system Engineering, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publications, 2nd edition.

[19]. D. Shirmohammadi and Carol S. Cheng, (1995). A Three phase power flow method for real time distribution system analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power System, 10(2):671-679.

[20]. IEEE Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee, (1991). Radial distribution test feeders, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 6(3):975- 985. Radial Distribution test feeders.

[21]. web:http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/ testfeeders.html.

[22]. R.M. Saloman Danaraj, S.F. Kodad and Tulsi Ram Das, “An efficient software to solve distribution power flow in complex mode ” Research report AEC/R&D/DPF1,Electrical depar tment, Aurora's Technological Research Institute, Hyderabad

[23]. M. Ahmadigorji, A. Abbaspour, A. Rajabi- Ghahnavieh, M. Fotuhi- Firuzabad, (2009). “Optimal DG Placement in Distribution systems using Cost/Worth Analysis”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49, pp. 746-753.

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Research Paper

Cascaded Operation of Buck Converter

R. Premalatha* , Dr. P. Murugesan**

* Research Scholar Sathyabama University, Chennai, India.

** Professor & Head ,S.A Engineering College, Chennai, India.

Premalatha, R., and Murugesan, P. (2014). Cascaded Operation of Buck Converter. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2707

Abstract

This paper deals with the simulation of Cascaded Interleaved Buck Converter (IBC) with open source operation having low switching losses, less ripple and improved step-down conversion ratio, which is suitable for the application where the input voltage is high. A series of active switches with coupling capacitor are employed in the power circuit. This paper deals with Cuk, Sepic and Zeta converters. All active switches are only stressed with half of the input voltage before turning on or after turning off the proposed IBC. The capacitive discharging and switching losses can be reduced considerably to have higher efficiency, higher step-down conversion ratio, higher switching frequency and a smaller output ripple compared with a conventional IBC. The model of cascaded Interleaved buck converter system are presented.

References

[1]. P.L.Wong, P.Yang and F.C.Lee, (2001). “Performance improvements of interleaving VRMs with coupling inductors, ''IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , Vol. 168, No. 4, pp.499 to 507.

[2]. R.L.Lin , C.C. Hsu , and S.K. Changchien, (2009). ''Interleaved four phase buck based current source with isolated energy recovery scheme for electrical discharge machine , ''IEEE Trans. Power electron ., Vol. 24, No. 7pp. 2249 to 2258.

[3]. C. Garcia, P. Zumel, A.D. Castro, and J.A. Cobos, (2006). ''Automotive DC to DC bidirectional converter made with many interleaved buck stages, ''IEEE Trans. Power electron., vol. 21, no. 21. pp.578 to 586.

[4]. J.H. Lee, H.S Bac, and B . H. Cho, (2008). ''Resistive control for a photovoltaic battery charging system using a microcontroller , ''IEEE Trans. Ind Elec to iron ., Vol. 55 , No. 7, pp. 2767 to2775.

[5]. Y.C. Chuang (2010). '' High efficiency ZCS buck converter for rechargeable batteries.' 'IEEE trans. Ind. Electron.. Vol. 57, No. 7. pp. 2463 to 2472.

[6]. C.S. Moo,Y.J.Cinen, H.L.Cheng, and Y.C.Hiseh. (2011). ''Twin buck converter with Zero to voltage to transition. ''IEEE TRANS . IND. Electron.. Vol . 58 , No. 6, pp. 2366 to 2371.

[7]. X.Du and H.M.Tai, (2009). “Double-frequency buck converter.” IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron., Vol.56, No. 54, pp. 1690-1698.

[8]. K.Jin and X.Ryan, (2007). “Zero-voltage-switchingmultiresonant three-level converters .” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol.54, No.3, pp. 1705-1715.

[9]. J.P.Rodrigues, S.A.Mussa, M.L.Heldwein, and A.J.Perin. (2009). ”Three level ZVS active clamping PWM for the DC-DC buck converter.” IEEE Trans.Power Electron., Vol.24, No. 10. pp. 2249-2258.

[10]. X.Ruan, B.Li, Q.Chen, S.C.Tan, and C.K.Tse, (2008). “Fundamental considerations of three-level DC-DC converters: Topologies,analysis,and control,” IEEE Trans.Circuit Syst., Vol.55, No.11, pp. 3733-3743.

[11]. Y.M.Chen, S.Y.Teseng, C.T.Tsai, and T.F.Wu, (2004). “Interleaved buck converters with a single-capacitor turnoff snubber,” IEEE Trans.Aerosp.Electronic Syst., Vol.40, No.3. pp. 954-967.

[12]. C.T.Tsai and C.L.Shen, (2009). “Interleaved softswitching coupled-buck converter with active-clamp circuits,” in Proc.IEEE Int.Conf.Power Electron. and Drive Systems., pp. 1113-1118.

[13]. J.Y.Lee, Y.S.Jeong, and B.M.Han, (2011). “An isolated DC/DC converter using high-frequency unregulated LLC resonant converter for fuel cell applications,” IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron., Vol.58, No.7, pp. 2926-2934,.

i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

Current Issue Vol. 18 Issue 1

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 7 Issue 3 January - March 2014

Importance of Energy Conservation, Energy Management and their Opportunities

Shekhappa G. Ankaliki *

Professor, E & E Engineering, SDM College of Engineering and Technology (SDMCET), Dhavalagiri, Dharwad-, Karnataka, India

Ankaliki, S. G. (2014). Importance Of Energy Conservation, Energy Management and their Opportunities. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2702

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Simulation and Transient Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives

Khadim Moin Siddiqui* , Kuldeep Sahay**, V. K. Giri***

Siddiqui, K. M., Sahay, K., and Giri, V. K. (2014). Simulation And Transient Analysis Of Pwm Inverter Fed Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2703

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Sensorless Speed Control of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor using Extended Kalman Filter

B. Arundhati* , 0**, Surya Kalavathi M***, Thota. Raghavendra****

Arundhati, B., Mary, K. A., Kalavathi, M. S., and Raghavendra, T. (2014). Sensorless Speed Control Of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Using Extended Kalman Filter. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2705

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

A Modified Unbalanced Load flow solution using Branch Incidence Matrix

N. Visali* , M. Satish Kumar Reddy**, M Surendranatha Reddy***

* Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUACEP, Pulivendula, Andhra pradesh **-***Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science, Proddatur

Visali, N., Reddy, M. S. K., and Reddy, M. S. (2014). A Modified Unbalanced Load Flow Solution Using Branch Incidence Matrix. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2706

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Cascaded Operation of Buck Converter

R. Premalatha* , Dr. P. Murugesan**

* Research Scholar Sathyabama University, Chennai, India. ** Professor & Head ,S.A Engineering College, Chennai, India.

Premalatha, R., and Murugesan, P. (2014). Cascaded Operation of Buck Converter. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering , 7(3), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.7.3.2707

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Khadim Moin Siddiqui* , Kuldeep Sahay, V. K. Giri*

B. Arundhati* , 0, Surya Kalavathi M*, Thota. Raghavendra****

N. Visali* , M. Satish Kumar Reddy, M Surendranatha Reddy*

* Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUACEP, Pulivendula, Andhra pradesh

-*Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vaagdevi Institute of Technology and Science, Proddatur

* Research Scholar Sathyabama University, Chennai, India.

** Professor & Head ,S.A Engineering College, Chennai, India.