Direction as a Form of Energy: A Conceptual and Mathematical Link between Vectors, Scalars, and Particle Dynamics
Exploring Students' Perceptions about the Formation and Structure of the Earth
XRD Characterization of Kaolin's Phase Composition & Crystallinity for Thermal Applications
Surface Roughness Enhancement of FFF-Printed Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid using Metallic and Ceramic Coatings
Phase Analysis and Structural Characterization of SS 316L Stainless Steel Powder by XRD
Investigation of Temperature Sensitive Electrical Properties of Manganese-Zinc Ferrites
Effect of TiO2 Modifier Oxide on a B2O3 Glass System
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and DC Conductivity Study of (PMMA+PEG) Polymer Blend Films
Erbium Rare-Earth Metal Schottky Contact to P-Type Si and its Temperature-Dependent Current-Voltage Characteristics
Study of Moderate Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Inconel 601 Alloy
Study of Moderate Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Inconel 601 Alloy
Exact Solution of an Unsteady Buoyancy Force Effects on MHD Free Convective Boundary Layer Flow of Non-Newtonian Jeffrey Fluid
Analysis for Confinement Loss in Advance V-Shaped PCF Based Au-SPR Biosensor
Surface Roughness Enhancement of FFF-Printed Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid using Metallic and Ceramic Coatings
Mapping and Forecasting the Land Surface Temperature in Response to the Land Use and Land Cover Changes using Machine Learning Over the Southernmost Municipal Corporation of Tamilnadu, India
This paper investigates the conceptual and mathematical relationship between direction, energy, vector quantities, and scalar quantities in physical systems. Unlike a purely geometric interpretation, direction is treated as an energy- dependent outcome governed by environmental conditions and force fields. Using vector mechanics and vector calculus-specifically gradients, divergence, curl, and line integrals-we demonstrate how directional behavior emerges from scalar energy distributions and how scalar energy values are obtained from vector interactions. This manuscript presents a structured and mathematically justified framework for researchers.
Numerous studies indicate that students frequently struggle to understand the geosphere, particularly the Earth's formation and structure. The study focuses on how curriculum presented to children ages 11-14 led to an improved understanding of the formation and structure of the Earth using stratigraphic columns. Overall, 8th grade students (age 13-14) performed better on the task than 6th grade students (ages 11-12), suggesting a developmental advantage in their interpretations of the columns. Researchers observed that both classes of students had trouble with the concepts of scale, time, and size as they completed the activity. Even after receiving instruction, younger students continued to struggle with the Principle of Superposition, which explains the relative ages of rock layers based on their sequential arrangement. In general, age and experience impacted the students' ability to explain the Principle of Superposition and accurately label stratigraphic column models. There is still a need for more classroom studies to prepare teachers to scaffold students' sense of geologic scale as it relates to time and size.
Kaolin, a naturally occurring aluminosilicate clay, was tested to assess its structural characteristics and as a candidate for high-temperature heat insulation and ceramic building systems. The structural assessment was conducted by a non- destructive X-ray Diffraction (XRD), which provides phase composition and crystallinity analysis. XRD managed to see multiple phase compositions and internal changes in the crystallographic structure. It is a non-destructive technique used for analysis of the materials' chemical and physical properties. This test was performed using Cu Kα (λ = 1.5406 Å) radiation and was the continuous scanning operating mode, ranging in 2θ from 5° to 80°. The diffraction pattern exhibited sharp, intense peaks and strongly indicated a crystalline structure and phase identification in the kaolin sample. The highest intensity peak (7630 a.u.) was recorded at (2θ = 29.31°), which indicates the kaolinite phase (002) or (111) crystallographic planes. Further (also indicated basal spacing) peaks were recorded at 2θ = 9.79°, 19.49° and 26.90°. The kaolin structure indicated minor impurities in the kaolin structure and indicated minor phases of impurities, including quartz and illite. Based on the narrow peak widths and high peak intensities, very little amorphous content was observed and confirmed the material's structural integrity and structural stability. The structural mineralogy characteristics, especially the ordered layer structure and high phase purity, account for kaolin's stability and better thermal resistance properties. Therefore, this study has assessed and supports that kaolin can be developed further for development as a high-temperature application as refractory linings, insulating bricks, and energy-efficient building systems.
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has gained widespread acceptance for producing polymer components due to its low cost, design flexibility, and ease of processing. However, surface roughness remains a major limitation, particularly for applications requiring enhanced functional and aesthetic performance. In the present study, surface modification of FFF-printed polymers was investigated using two different coating approaches. Polylactic acid (PLA) specimens were coated with stainless steel 316L using the electric arc spray technique, while polypropylene (PP) specimens were coated with a ceramic enamel layer applied through a spray coating process. Square specimens were fabricated using optimized printing parameters to obtain smooth baseline surfaces prior to coating. Surface roughness measurements were carried out using a stylus-based profilometer, and the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) was evaluated for both coated and uncoated samples. The results demonstrated a clear reduction in surface roughness after coating in both materials. The ceramic-coated PP samples showed a significant improvement in surface finish, achieving sub-micron roughness values, whereas the metallic coating on PLA also reduced surface irregularities compared to uncoated specimens. The findings confirm that suitable coating techniques can effectively enhance the surface quality of FFF- printed polymer components, thereby expanding their potential use in biomedical, industrial, and functional applications.
Utilizing X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), this study analyzed phase compositions and structural legitimacy of SS316L stainless steel powder. SS316L exhibits superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and thermal tolerance, making it a universal choice across demanding environments. XRD determined the crystallographic structure of SS316L powder and also detected any undesired secondary phases, which could adversely affect its ability to perform in real-world applications. The XRD spectrum of the powder consisted of three distinct peaks at 2θ = 43.5°, 50.6°, and 74.6°, corresponding to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, confirming it is in the austenitic phase (γ-Fe). The three prominent peaks also suggest no unwanted secondary phases (ferrite, sigma phase, or chromium carbides) were present, indicating a high level of structural integrity in the powder. The structural integrity of the SS316L powder is important, given its added value in terms of corrosion resistance, mechanical sustainability across a diverse service performance, and performance reliability for applications such as biomedical implants and aerospace components. The XRD findings corroborate that the SS316L powder can and will perform for additive manufacturing and other high-end fabrication performance-based processes where structural integrity is paramount. Therefore, XRD analysis provides itself as a valuable tool for verification of powder phases and quality assurance for high-performance engineering metal powders as additive manufacturing grows in popularity.
