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i-manager's Journal on Nursing (JNUR)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 4

A Study to Assess the Awareness of Assisted Reproductive Technology among Infertile Couples through a Video- Assisted Teaching Program in a Selected Hospital in Kanyakumari District
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Lifestyle Modification for Obesity Prevention among Women in Urban Areas of Vadodara City
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Attitude Regarding Management of Aggressive Patient among the Staff Nurses
The Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Enhancing Nursing Pedagogy: A Comparative Study of Kolb and VAK Learning Theories
A Comparative Analysis of Dorothy Orem's Self- Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
Fibroid Uterus: A Case Study

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Volume 10 Issue 3 August - October 2020

Research Paper

An HPV Vaccination Protocol to Increase Rates

Christy A. Blount * , Joanie C. Jackson , Jason T. Sasser *

* The University of Tennessee, Martin, Tennessee.

The University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee.

* Loewenberg College of Nursing, Memphis, Tennessee.

Blount, C. A., Jackson, J. C., and Sasser, J. T. (2020). An HPV Vaccination Protocol to Increase Rates. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17041

Abstract

Human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States with 14 million persons newly diagnosed each year. Approximately 79 million people in the US currently have HPV with the majority of the cases in persons under 25 years old. Despite proven vaccine effectiveness in the reduction of HPV associated complications, adherence to recommended vaccination guidelines remains low. The purpose of this study was to identify the variables identified in the literature that can increase vaccination guideline compliance rates. The purpose of the HPV vaccine protocol was to positively affect HPV vaccine administration and HPV vaccine series completion. The study design was retrospective and quasi-experimental. The sample included voluntary participants in a privately owned family practice clinic with a patient population encompassing the life span in a rural area. Participants included healthcare providers, physicians, physician assistants and family nurse practitioners in a primary care setting. Methodology of the study included a pre-survey, educational intervention and post-surveys at timed intervals. A HPV vaccine protocol was implemented in the clinical setting using variables which included addressing lack of provider knowledge of HPV, failure of providers to recommend the vaccination series, the use of automated electronic reminders in achieving vaccination series compliance, and the importance of consistent provider recommendation to patients. At study completion, HPV vaccine series completion had increased from a baseline rate of 2.3% to 8.9%. Based on these findings, predetermined outcomes of a 10% increase in HPV vaccine administration and a 25% increase in HPV vaccine series initiation were achieved. In the first three months of the translational study, HPV vaccine administration (n=16 to n=35) increased by 118.75%. A 50% increase in knowledge among providers was not met despite statistically significant (p=.000) results between pre-survey and the second post-survey knowledge scores. A 50% increase in protocol utilization was not achieved among all providers during the study. Protocol utilization was measured at 18% at study completion. Study findings included that utilization of the HPV vaccine protocol did positively impact the HPV vaccine administration. The key finding of the study was that consistent provider recommendation is critical in HPV vaccine acceptance. The most significant results were related to knowledge gained in the clinical setting regarding HPV and the HPV vaccine. There was also a large increase in the number of HPV vaccines administered compared to the previous year within the clinical setting.

References

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Research Paper

Using Smartphone Technology in HIV Prevention among On-Campus Residents

Victoria Foster * , Comfort Obi , Lisa Smiley *, Kimberly Campbell **, Elicia S. Collins , Rebecca Morgan , Grace Nteff , Nancy Capponi , Leslie De Vera ***

- Clayton State University, Morrow, Georgia, United States.

Tanner Health System School of Nursing, University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia.

*** Flexcare Medical Staffing Agency in Roseville, California.

Foster, V., Obi, C., Smiley, L., Campbell, K., Collins, E. S., Morgan, R., Nteff, G., Capponi, N., and Vera, L. D. (2020). Using Smartphone Technology in HIV Prevention among On-Campus Residents . i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17317

Abstract

It is estimated that 1 in 500 college students are HIV positive. In 2017, youths (age 13-24) were 21% (8,164) of the 38,739 new HIV diagnoses in the United States. Several prevention challenges are noted in the literature such as low perception of risks, low rates of testing and low rates of condom use. The purpose of this study is to explore new teaching modalities that may increase HIV prevention in this population. The study used a pretest/posttest design. The non-random sample included 35 college students (≥ 18 years of age) living on-campus housing with access to smart phones. Participants were recruited via flyers placed around campus. HIV knowledge and HIV risky behaviors were measured at baseline and at two months using the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire and sex History Questionnaire. The intervention consisted of participants listening to two informational lectures, one month apart, using smart phones and QR codes. Upon completion, HIV literature was given to all participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies and independent t-tests. Participants’ age ranged from 18-24 (M = 20.2, SD = 1.57), who were mostly females (65.7%), African Americans (77.1%) and heterosexuals (85.7%). Almost two thirds (65.7%) of the sample had not been tested for HIV and 1 participant thought that he had been exposed to HIV, although 91% had reported to having unprotected sex. Pre-test HIV knowledge scores ranged from 9-18 (M =13.32, SD = 2.32). Post-test HIV knowledge scores were significantly different from pretest scores with a range of 16-48 (M = 17.88, SD = .42). The findings of this study support the need for innovative ways to deliver HIV prevention information to this population. Continued research is needed to help decrease risk behaviors among college students.

References

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Research Paper

Factors (Risk) Contributing to Tobacco use among Undergraduate University Students (18-25 Years) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan

Amir Abdullah * , Tazeen Saeed Ali, Kashmira Nanji*, Saleema Allana**, Hizbullah Khan*, Bilal Ahmed****

* Shaukat Khanam Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

* Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

** School of Nursing and Midwifery & Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

* Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, Pakistan.

**** Planning & Monitoring Specialist - MNTE, UNICEF, USA.

Abdullah, A., Ali, T. S., Nanji, K., Allana, S., Khan, H., and Ahmed, B. (2020). Factors (Risk) Contributing to Tobacco use among Undergraduate University Students (18-25 Years) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17109

Abstract

Tobacco use is considered as one of the leading causes of lung cancer and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The use of tobacco is dependent upon many factors, such as age, sex, social class, education and income. Therefore, the trend of tobacco consumption is shifting from the developed to the developing countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the contributing factors which lead to tobacco use among undergraduate university students (18-25 years). A retrospective Case-Control study was carried out on 560 (280 Cases and 280 Controls) undergraduate students in three universities of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Data was collected through a self-filled structured questionnaire, which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential Odd Ratio (OR) statistics, via SPSS Version 19. The data revealed that tobacco use is significantly associated with brothers (OR: 1.81), and other family members (father in law, grandfather, nephew, relatives) (OR: 3.62) who are addicted to tobacco use. Tobacco using friends (OR: 15.39), use of tobacco in university (OR: 4.37), hostel (OR: 3.79), and public places (OR: 1.49) are also significantly associated with tobacco use. Staying in social gatherings (OR: 2.23) where people use tobacco and offer it to others (OR: 7.43) is also linked with tobacco use. Getting impressed by media promotion advertisements (OR: 1.81), and beliefs about the beneficial effects of tobacco use (OR: 2.19) are also significantly related to tobacco use. Furthermore, having personal problems (OR: 1.78), physical / medical diseases (OR: 1.78), and financial problems (OR: 1.57) were also found significantly associated with tobacco use. The study concluded that there are many factors like tobacco using family members, peer pressure, social gatherings where tobacco is used and offered freely, and promotion of tobacco by media, etc., are positively associated with tobacco use among undergraduate university students (18-25 years) in KP, Pakistan.

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[26]. Sinha, D. N., Gupta, P. C., Ray, C. S., & Singh, P. K. (2012). Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among adults in WHO South-East Asia. Indian Journal of Cancer, 49(4), 342-345.

[27]. Thankappan, K. R., & Thresia, C. U. (2007). Tobacco use & social status in Kerala. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 126(4), 300-308.

[28]. Valliani, A., Ahmed, B., Nanji, K., Valliani, S., Zulfiqar, B., Fakih, M., & Arjan, S. (2012). Use of smoke-less tobacco amongst the staff of tertiary care hospitals in the largest city of Pakistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(5), 2315-7.

[29]. Warren, C. W., Riley, L., Asma, S., Eriksen, M. P., Green, L., Blanton, C., & Yach, D. (2000). Tobacco use by youth: A surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78(7), 868-876.

[30]. Zaman, M., Irfan, U., & Irshad, E. (2002). Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Peshawar University students. Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine, 8, 9-18.

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Review Paper

The Evidence about Nursing Supplies and Infection: An Evidence-Based Project

Amanda Bedel * , Megan Mcclusky , Heidi Patsios *

* Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska.

Invasive and Non-invasive Cardiovascular Services, Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska.

* Central Community College in Kearney, Nebraska.

Bedel, A., Mcclusky, M., and Patsios, H. (2020). The Evidence about Nursing Supplies and Infection: An Evidence-Based Project. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17471

Abstract

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) continue to be a problem for hospitals and patients around the world. However, there is little to no focus on the day-to-day transfer of bacteria that cause these types of infections. Supplies used by healthcare professionals such as stethoscopes, phones and tablet computers can serve as a vehicle of transmission for bacteria that cause HAIs, yet few healthcare facilities have policies addressing the routine cleaning of these supplies. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the evidence related to the cleaning of supplies and its effect on the rate of HAIs. The following PICO question was used to guide the research: In hospitalized patients, does sanitizing of supplies used by nurses between each patient compared to no sanitizing (or inconsistent sanitizing) affect healthcare-associated infections? Six articles were reviewed to determine whether a relationship between cleaning supplies and HAIs exists. Studies examined the frequency in which supplies were cleaned, the types of disinfecting solutions used and the common bacteria found on a variety of supplies. Bacteria capable of producing different types of HAIs were found on all supplies used by healthcare workers. Disinfecting supplies even once a shift reduces the number of bacteria found. Results suggest that policies directed toward routinely disinfecting supplies should be enforced in all healthcare facilities as a measure to improve patient safety. Routinely disinfecting supplies can reduce the number of bacteria capable of producing HAIs and prevent the transfer between healthcare workers' supplies and patients.

References

[1]. Bham, G., Bhandari, J., Neupane, M., Dawadi, R., & Pradhan, P. (2015). Aerobic bacteria in the diaphragmatic portion of the stethoscope of medical professionals of tertiary care hospital. Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 53(199), 168-70.

[2]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2019). Current HAI progress report. Retrieved from https:// www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/progress-report.html

[3]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2020). Healthcare-associated infections. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/index.html

[4]. Fay, B. (2020). Hospital and surgery costs. Paying for medical treatment. Retrieved from https://www.debt.org/ medical/hospital-surgery-costs/

[5]. Foong, Y., Green, M., Zargari, A., Siddique, R., Tan, V., Brain, T., & Ogden, K. (2015). Mobile phones as potential vehicle of infection in a hospital setting. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,12, 232-235.

[6]. Frey, P. M., Marti, G. R., Droz, S., von Arx, M. D. R., Suter- Riniker, F., Aujesky, D., & Brugger, S. D. (2019). Bacterial colonization of handheld devices in a tertiary care setting: A hygiene intervention study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756- 019-0546-y

[7]. Holleck, J. L., Merchant, N., Lin, S., & Gupta, S. (2017). Can education influence stethoscope hygiene? American Journal of Infection Control, 45(7), 811-812. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.004

[8]. Jia, H., Li, L., Li, W., Hou, T., Ma, H., Yang, Y., ..., & Luo, X. (2019). Impact of healthcare-associated infections on length of stay: A study in 68 hospitals in China. Biomed Research International, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/ 2590563

[9]. Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (Eds.). (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

[10]. Raghubanshi, B. R., Sapkota, S., Adhikari, A., Dutta, A., Bhattarai, U., & Bhandari, R. (2017). Use of 90% ethanol to decontaminate stethoscopes in resource limited settings. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0224-x

[11]. Thapa, S. & Sapkota, L, B. (2017). Bacteriological assessment of stethoscopes used by healthcare workers in a tertiary care centre of Nepal. BMC Research Notes, 10, 1-6.

[12]. Uneke, C. J., Ndukwe, C. D., Nwakpu, K. O., Nnabu, R. C., Ugwuoru, C. D., & Prasopa-Plaizier, N. (2014). Stethoscope disinfection campaign in a Nigerian teaching hospital: Results of a before-and-after study. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 8(01), 086-093. https:// doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2696

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Review Paper

A Review of HIV Projects in India and their Impact: Key Learnings that can Guide Future Projects in other Epidemics

Laxmi Verma * , Sanjiv Kumar**

*-** International Institute of Health Management & Research, Delhi, India.

Verma, L., and Kumar, S. (2020). A Review of HIV Projects in India and their Impact: Key Learnings that can Guide Future Projects in other Epidemics . i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17026

Abstract

The first AIDS case in India was reported in 1986, and as the epidemic was spreading, there was a need for nationwide efforts. Over time several successful Projects have been operated to control the epidemic. HIV Projects have successfully evolved over a timeline of last 25 years. This paper attempts to review a few such projects to assess their evolution with time and to evaluate their impact to guide other disease intervention projects for other infectious epidemics, especially in Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV TB co-infections. Effective evaluation of these projects has provided the evidence based foundation for projects over time. The methodology used for the analysis of projects was done through an exhaustive literature search, from peer-reviewed articles and international/national and Government/Non-Government Organizations' (NGO) reports. These projects have previously been successful in increasing awareness, literacy rate and effecting socio- economic empowerment of the key population. Assessing these projects has provided the best practices and approaches as key learning as compiled in this paper. Taking lessons from the HIV–AIDS projects and applying them in other projects could shorten the learning curve for other disease prevention and control.

References

[1]. Aamir, S. Latif, N., & Basit, A. (2016). Role of counselling to facilitate compliance to the dots for the treatment of tuberculosis. Arch Pulmonol Respir Care, 2(1), 28-31.

[2]. Armstrong, G., Humtsoe, C., & Kermode, M. (2011). HIV risk behaviours among injecting drug users in Northeast India following scale-up of a targeted HIV prevention project. BMC Public Health, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/ 1471-2458-11-S6-S9

[3]. Connect for Life™ (2017). Empowering Patients & Health Systems. Beerse: Janssen Pharmaceutica NV.

[4]. Dandona, L., & Benotsch, E. G. (2011). Evaluation of the Avahan HIV prevention initiative in India. BMC Public Health, 11(6), I1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S6-I1

[5]. HIV/AIDS Alliance India, (2013). Pehchan Training Curriculum: MSM, Transgender and Hijra community Systems Strengthening. New Delhi, India: HIV/AIDS Alliance.

[6]. HIV/AIDS Alliance India, (2016). Hridaya. Retrieved from https://www.allianceindia.org

[7]. Jain A. K., Saggurti, N., Mahapatra, B., Sebastian, M. P., Modugu, H. R., Halli, S. S., & Verma, R. K. (2011). Relationship between reported prior condom use and current self-perceived risk of acquiring HIV among mobile female sex workers in southern India. BMC Public Health, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S6-S5

[8]. Joint United Nations Project on HIV/AIDS. (2017). UNAIDS DATA. Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.unaids. org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20170720_Data_book _2017_en.pdf

[9]. Laga, M., & Vuylsteke, B. (2011). Evaluating AVAHAN's design, implementation and impact: Lessons learned for the HIV prevention community. BMC Public Health, 11(S6), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S6-S16

[10]. Narayan, K. V., Ali, M. K., del Rio, C., Koplan, J. P., & Curran, J. (2011). Global noncommunicable diseaseslessons from the HIV–AIDS experience. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(10), 876-878. https://doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMp1107189

[11]. Rewari, B. B. (2013). HIV/AIDS in India: Journey So Far and the Road Ahead. Human Immuno deficiency Virus (pp. 54-62).

[12]. Shaikh, S., Mburu, G., Arumugam, V., Mattipalli, N., Aher, A., Mehta, S., & Robertson, J. (2016). Empowering communities and strengthening systems to improve transgender health: Outcomes from the Pehchan programme in India. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.3.20809

[13]. Sharma, V., Saggurti, N., & Bharat, S. (2015). Health care coverage among long-distance truckers in India: An evaluation based on the Tanahashi model. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N. Z.), 7, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S76 416

[14]. United States Agency for International Development. (2017). USAID/INDIA Final Performance Evaluation of the HIV/AIDS Partnership: Impact Through Prevention, Private Sector and Evidence-Based Projectming (PIPPSE). Washington, DC: USAID.

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Case Study

Concept Analysis: Presence

Laura K. Phillips*

THS School of Nursing, University of West Georgia Carrollton, Georgia.

Phillips, L. K. (2020). Concept Analysis: Presence. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17349

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to apply Walker and Avant's (2011) method of concept analysis to develop a definition of presence to help identify the importance of faculty presence to nursing students in improving student motivation and learning. The concept of presence is complex, difficult to define and fragmented. Presence is often confused with other concepts such as caring, empathy, support and nurturing which adds to the difficulty of defining presence. The concept of presence can also be applied when describing the relationship between nursing faculty and their students. The concept of presence was chosen to explore students' perceptions of faculty presence in terms of enhancing student motivation and learning. While numerous research studies on nursing presence can be found, very few studies focusing on presence related to faculty/teacher presence were discovered. A pattern of three attributes emerged related to the characteristics of the concept of presence: attentiveness, listening and connectedness. Antecedents included a conducive and encouraging environment, adequate time, communication skills and faculty self-awareness. Consequences of presence appeared to be related to relationships, rewards and encouragement. Through this concept analysis, presence has been defined as a reciprocal exchange between the faculty member and the student that involves a sincere connection through active listening and attentiveness to improve student learning and motivation. Due to the substantial benefits of both the educator and the student, a greater understanding and knowledge on this concept is suggested.

References

[1]. Chase, S. K. (2001). Response to "the concept of nursing presence: State of the science". Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice: An International Journal, 15, 323-327.

[2]. Childs, D. (2007). Mindfulness and the psychology of presence. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80(3), 367-376. https://doi.org/10. 1348/147608306X162600

[3]. Cohn, K. H. (2007). Developing effective communication skills. Journal of Oncology Practice, 3, 314-317. https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.0766501

[4]. Doona, M. E., Chase, S. K., & Haggerty, L. A. (1999). Nursing presence: As real as a milky way bar. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 17, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980 1019901700105

[5]. Doona, M. E., Haggerty, L. A., & Chase, S. K. (1997). Nursing presence: An existential exploration of the concept. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice: An International Journal, 11, 3-16.

[6]. Easter, A. (2000). Construct analysis of four modes of being present. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 18, 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801010001800407

[7]. Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2006). Meta-synthesis of presence in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 708- 714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03961.x

[8]. Fingeld-Connett, D. (2008). Qualitative convergence of three nursing concepts: Art of nursing, presence and caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63, 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04622.x

[9]. Gardner, D. (1985). Presence. In G. Bulechek, & J. McCloskey (Eds.). Nursing interventions: Treatments for nursing diagnosis (pp. 316-324). Philadelphia: Saunders.

[10]. Hessel, J. A. (2009). Presence in nursing practice: A concept analysis. Holistic nursing practice, 23(5), 276-281. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0b013e318b66cb5

[11]. Hines, D. R. (1992). Presence: Discovering the artistry in relating. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 10, 294-305. https://doi. org/10.1177/089801019201000403

[12]. Hoffman, M., Wilkinson, J. E., Xu, J., & Wiecha, J. (2014). The perceived effects of faculty presence vs. absence on small-group learning and group dynamics: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Medical Education, 14, 1-7.

[13]. Kostovich, C. T. (2012). Development and psychometric assessment of the presence of nursing scale. Nursing Science Quarterly, 25, 167-175. https://doi. org/10.1177/0894318412437945

[14]. Kourkouta, L., & Papathanasiou, I. V. (2014). Communication in nursing practice. Mater Sociomed, 26(1), 65-67. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2014.26.65-67

[15]. Kuis, E. E., Goossensen, A., van Kijke, J., & Baart, A. J. (2014). Self-report questionnaire for measuring presence: Development and validation. Scandinavian Journal of Caring, 29, 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1011/scs/12130

[16]. McKivergin, M. J., & Daubenmire, M. J. (1994). The healing process of presence. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 12, 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801019401200111

[17]. McMahon, M. A., & Christopher, K. A. (2011). Toward a mid-range theory of nursing presence. Nursing Forum, 46, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2011.00215.x

[18]. Melnechenko, K. L. (2003). To make a difference: Nursing Presence. Nursing Forum, 38, 18-24. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2003.tb01207.x

[19]. Merriam Webster. (n.d.). Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster. com/dictionary/divinepresence

[20]. Osterman, P. (1996, April). Presence: Four ways of being there. In Nursing Forum (Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 23-30). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111 /j.1744-6198.1996.tb00490.x

[21]. Parse, R. R. (1992). Human becoming: Parse's theory of nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5, 35-42. https://doi. org/10.1177/089431849200500109

[22]. Platt, C. B. (2007). Presence, poetry and the collaborative right hemisphere. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14, 36-53.

[23]. Rodgers, C. R., & Raider-Roth, M. B. (2006). Presence in teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 12, 265-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13450600500467548

[24]. Rogers, C. R. (2007). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 44, 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.44.3.240

[25]. Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.

[26]. Watson, J. (2006). Jean Watson's theory of human caring. In M. E. Parker (Ed.). Nursing theories & nursing practice (pp. 295-308). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company

[27]. Williams, B., Ventola, A., & Wilson, M. (n.d.). Apparitional Experiences: A Primer on Parapsychological Research and Perspectives. Retrieved from https://www. publicparapsychology.org/Public%20Parapsych/Apparitio nal%20Experiences%20Primer%20Final.pdf

[28]. Zyblock, D. M. (2010). Nursing presence in contemporary nursing practice. Nursing Forum, 45, 120- 124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00173.x

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Case Study

Effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral Therapy in Schizophrenia

Anoshah Ashiq Ali*

The Aga Khan University School of Nursing, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ali, A. A. (2020). Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Schizophrenia. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 63-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17008

Abstract

CBT is a psychosocial intervention to treat schizophrenia. it aims to empower the patient to function with the maximum capacity. Cognitive model for mental illness states that person perception is responsible for their behaviors and emotions. The therapist unfolds three levels of cognition; core belief, dysfunctional assumption and negative automatic thoughts to understand and shape the patient's cognition. Studies have shown positive impact of CBT on patient, yet in Pakistan several barriers line up to restrict the patient to avail the treatment. To increase its effectiveness, several steps must be taken at respective levels to ensure its availability and accessibility to everyone.

References

[1]. Fenn, K., & Byrne, M. (2013). The key principles of cognitive behavioural therapy. InnovAiT: Education and Inspiration for General Practice, 6(9), 579-585. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1755738012471029

[2]. Griffiths, K. M., Carron-Arthur, B., Parsons, A., & Reid, R. (2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 161- 175. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20129

[3]. Haq, R. (2017). Literacy rate in Pakistan slips by 2%. The Express Tribune. Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/stor y/1419396/economic-survey-literacy-rate-pakistan-slips-2/

[4]. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608- 012-9476-1

[5]. Naeem, F., Gobbi, M., Ayub, M., & Kingdon, D. (2010). Psychologists experience of cognitive behaviour therapy in a developing country: A qualitative study from Pakistan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-2

[6]. Taylor, R. (2006). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Illness and Disability. New York: Springer.

i-manager's Journal on Nursing (JNUR)

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Volume 10 Issue 3 August - October 2020

An HPV Vaccination Protocol to Increase Rates

Christy A. Blount * , Joanie C. Jackson **, Jason T. Sasser ***

* The University of Tennessee, Martin, Tennessee. ** The University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee. *** Loewenberg College of Nursing, Memphis, Tennessee.

Blount, C. A., Jackson, J. C., and Sasser, J. T. (2020). An HPV Vaccination Protocol to Increase Rates. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17041

Abstract

References

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Using Smartphone Technology in HIV Prevention among On-Campus Residents

Victoria Foster * , Comfort Obi **, Lisa Smiley ***, Kimberly Campbell ****, Elicia S. Collins *****, Rebecca Morgan ******, Grace Nteff *******, Nancy Capponi ********, Leslie De Vera *********

*-******* Clayton State University, Morrow, Georgia, United States. ******** Tanner Health System School of Nursing, University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia. ********* Flexcare Medical Staffing Agency in Roseville, California.

Foster, V., Obi, C., Smiley, L., Campbell, K., Collins, E. S., Morgan, R., Nteff, G., Capponi, N., and Vera, L. D. (2020). Using Smartphone Technology in HIV Prevention among On-Campus Residents . i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17317

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Factors (Risk) Contributing to Tobacco use among Undergraduate University Students (18-25 Years) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan

Amir Abdullah * , Tazeen Saeed Ali**, Kashmira Nanji***, Saleema Allana****, Hizbullah Khan*****, Bilal Ahmed******

Abstract

References

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The Evidence about Nursing Supplies and Infection: An Evidence-Based Project

Amanda Bedel * , Megan Mcclusky **, Heidi Patsios ***

* Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska. ** Invasive and Non-invasive Cardiovascular Services, Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska. *** Central Community College in Kearney, Nebraska.

Bedel, A., Mcclusky, M., and Patsios, H. (2020). The Evidence about Nursing Supplies and Infection: An Evidence-Based Project. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17471

Abstract

References

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A Review of HIV Projects in India and their Impact: Key Learnings that can Guide Future Projects in other Epidemics

Laxmi Verma * , Sanjiv Kumar**

*-** International Institute of Health Management & Research, Delhi, India.

Verma, L., and Kumar, S. (2020). A Review of HIV Projects in India and their Impact: Key Learnings that can Guide Future Projects in other Epidemics . i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17026

Abstract

References

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Concept Analysis: Presence

Laura K. Phillips*

THS School of Nursing, University of West Georgia Carrollton, Georgia.

Phillips, L. K. (2020). Concept Analysis: Presence. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17349

Abstract

References

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Effectiveness of Cognitive behavioral Therapy in Schizophrenia

Anoshah Ashiq Ali*

The Aga Khan University School of Nursing, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ali, A. A. (2020). Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Schizophrenia. i-manager's Journal on Nursing, 10(3), 63-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.10.3.17008

Abstract

References

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Christy A. Blount * , Joanie C. Jackson , Jason T. Sasser *

* The University of Tennessee, Martin, Tennessee.

The University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee.

* Loewenberg College of Nursing, Memphis, Tennessee.

Victoria Foster * , Comfort Obi , Lisa Smiley *, Kimberly Campbell **, Elicia S. Collins , Rebecca Morgan , Grace Nteff , Nancy Capponi , Leslie De Vera ***

- Clayton State University, Morrow, Georgia, United States.

Tanner Health System School of Nursing, University of West Georgia in Carrollton, Georgia.

*** Flexcare Medical Staffing Agency in Roseville, California.

Amir Abdullah * , Tazeen Saeed Ali, Kashmira Nanji*, Saleema Allana**, Hizbullah Khan*, Bilal Ahmed****

Amanda Bedel * , Megan Mcclusky , Heidi Patsios *

* Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska.

Invasive and Non-invasive Cardiovascular Services, Nebraska Methodist Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska.

* Central Community College in Kearney, Nebraska.