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i-manager's Journal on Material Science (JMS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 3

A Technical note on Optimization of performance parameters for carbonaceous material for Lithium-ion batteries by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering (DIBS) Technology
Sugar adsorption on nanoporous carbon fabricated from rice husk
Thermal stability of high-pressure phase of SrO:Ce phosphor
Enhanced Light Yield in Organic Plastic Scintillators- Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polymer Systems
Optimizing Froth Flotation Techniques for Sustainable Beneficiation of Spodumene and Lepidolite in Zimbabwe: Enhancing Lithium Recovery for Battery-Grade Material Production

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Volume 12 Issue 2 July - September 2024

Research Paper

Enhancing Steel Cleanliness VIA Calcium Wire Ladle Treatment: A Study on Centrifugally Cast Products

Edith Martinez*

University of Havana, Havana, Cuba.

Martinez, E. (2024). Enhancing Steel Cleanliness VIA Calcium Wire Ladle Treatment: A Study on Centrifugally Cast Products. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21640

Abstract

Centrifugal casting offers unique advantages, combining large centrifugal forces with directional solidification to minimize non-metallic inclusions in steel. This study investigates how calcium wire ladle treatment modifies and reduces these inclusions to improve machinability and mechanical performance. Using samples collected at various stages of treatment and final casting, inclusion analysis and mechanical testing were conducted. Results highlight that calcium addition after argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) is optimal for inclusion modification. However, centrifugal forces played a more dominant role in inclusion distribution, demonstrating the complementary effects of these processes. The findings indicate that a combination of chemical and mechanical treatments can significantly enhance steel cleanliness and mechanical reliability. Furthermore, recommendations are made for optimizing process parameters to achieve consistent production of high-quality steel.

References

[1]. Birat, J. P. (2016). Steel cleanliness and environmental metallurgy. Metallurgical Research & Technology, 113(2), 201.

[2]. Campbell, J. (2011). Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design. Elsevier.

[3]. Choudhary, S. K. (2011). Influence of modified casting practice on steel cleanliness. ISIJ International, 51(4), 557-565.

[4]. Dianwen, L. (2024). Filtrating Equipment. In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy (pp. 672-673). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

[5]. Gao, J. W., & Wang, C. Y. (2000). Modeling the solidification of functionally graded materials by centrifugal casting. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 292(2), 207-215.

[6]. Jia, L., Xu, D., Li, M., Guo, J., & Fu, H. (2012). Casting defects of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vertical centrifugal casting processes with graphite molds. Metals and Materials International, 18, 55-61.

[7]. Jiang, M., & Zhang, L. (2012). Calcium treatment of alumina inclusions. Iron and Steel Research, 19(3), 245-252.

[8]. Jianqing, Z. (2024). Corrosion Protection for Metal. In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy (pp. 405-407). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

[9]. Lekakh, S. N., & Peaslee, K. D. (2014). Toughness improvement via inclusion control. Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, 97, 842-855.

[10]. Louhenkilpi, S. (2024). Continuous casting of steel. In Treatise on Process Metallurgy (pp. 343-383). Elsevier.

[11]. Lu, D. Z. D. (1992). Kinetics, Mechanisms and Modelling of Calcium Treatment of Steel (Doctoral dissertation, McMaster University, Canada).

[12]. Mohapatra, S., Sarangi, H., & Mohanty, U. K. (2020). Effect of processing factors on the characteristics of centrifugal casting. Manufacturing Review, 7, 26.

[13]. Peaslee, K. D., & Lekakh, S. N. (2011). Influence of centrifugal casting on inclusion segregation. Metallurgical Research, 110(2), 212-225.

[14]. Richards, V. L., & Singh, V. (2015). Calcium retention mechanisms in molten steel. Journal of Metallurgical Engineering, 12(4), 412-426.

[15]. Shengzhi, Z. (2024). Steel bonded carbide. In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy (pp. 2029-2029). Springer Nature Singapore.

[16]. Silva, E. Y. M. (2011). Calcium Wire Ladle Treatment to Improve Cleanliness of Centrifugal Cast Steel (Master's theses, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Missouri)

[17]. Singh, V., & Richards, V. L. (2010). Defect analysis in centrifugal casting. Steel Foundry Journal, 22(1), 87-102.

[18]. Tomita, Y. (1993). Improved fracture toughness of ultrahigh strength steel through control of non-metallic inclusions. Journal of Materials Science, 28(4), 853-859.

[19]. Wang, A. G., Gao, Z. H., Zhang, L., Feng, C. J., Yang, Y. P., Lou, Y. C., & Jiang, Z. H. (2025). Review on Technology Progress of Electroslag Casting Products. International Journal of Metalcasting, 1-16.

[20]. Wang, K., Tang, H., Wang, H., Jia, X., & Zhang, J. (2024). Formation mechanism and control of a kind of pit- shaped defect in Cf53 rolled products. Chemical Engineering Journal, 495, 153273.

[21]. Way, L. D. (2001). Cleanness, castability, and surface quality of formable sheet steels. Materials Science and Technology, 17(10), 1175-1190.

[22]. Zhang, L., & Ren, Y. (2025). Index of steel cleanliness and inclusions. In Handbook of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels (pp. 37-72). Springer Nature Singapore.

[23]. Zhang, L., & Thomas, B. G. (2003, November). Inclusions in continuous casting of steel. In XXIV National Steelmaking Symposium, Morelia, Mich, Mexico, 26, 138-183.

[24]. Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2012). Modeling the entrapment of nonmetallic inclusions in steel continuous- casting billets. JoM, 64, 1063-1074.

[25]. Zhang, T., Li, Y., Liu, C., & Jiang, M. (2018). Transient behavior and thermodynamics of inclusions in Al-Ti- deoxidized and Ca-treated steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 49, 3534-3543.

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Research Paper

Advanced In-Mold Decoration for Composite Manufacturing: Sustainable Solutions for High-Performance Applications

Sman Nhim*

Cambodia University of Management and Technology, Cambodia.

Nhim, S. (2024). Advanced In-Mold Decoration for Composite Manufacturing: Sustainable Solutions for High-Performance Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21666

Abstract

The increasing demand for aesthetic, durable, and high-performance composite materials has led to significant advancements in In-Mold Decoration (IMD) techniques. This study investigates the integration of thermoformable polycarbonate paint films with the Resin Infusion between Double Flexible Tooling (RIDFT) process to enhance surface quality, durability, and production efficiency. A combination of computational modeling, experimental validation, and process optimization is applied to improve resin adhesion, thermal stability, and environmental sustainability. Key advancements include the implementation of convection heating, enhanced vacuum infusion systems, and machine learning-based process control. Experimental results demonstrate a 30% reduction in surface defects, a 25% improvement in mechanical performance, and an 85% reduction in VOC emissions compared to conventional post- mold finishing. This study establishes a scalable and sustainable pathway for next-generation composite manufacturing.

References

[1]. Akampumuza, O., Wambua, P. M., Ahmed, A., Li, W., & Qin, X. H. (2017). Review of the applications of biocomposites in the automotive industry. Polymer Composites, 38(11), 2553-2569.

[2]. Beltrão, M., Duarte, F. M., Viana, J. C., & Paulo, V. (2022). A review on in-mold electronics technology. Polymer Engineering & Science, 62(4), 967-990.

[3]. Chai, B. X., Eisenbart, B., Nikzad, M., Fox, B., Blythe, A., Blanchard, P., & Dahl, J. (2021). Simulation-based optimisation for injection configuration design of liquid composite moulding processes: A review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 149, 106540.

[4]. Chang, H., Zhang, G., Sun, Y., Lu, S., & Wang, R. (2023). Barrel Rifling Node Offset Detection and Subsequent Optimization Based on Thin Film IMD Characteristics Johnson-Cook Model. Resaerch Square.

[5]. Chen, Z., Chen, X., Wang, H., Cai, Z., Xiong, M., Hao, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024). A Novel Double-Sided Etching and Electroplating Fabrication Scheme for Coaxial Through- Silicon-Vias in 3-D Integration. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[6]. Costanza, D. N. (2016). Fibrous Tectonics: A rethinking of composite production through innovation and exploration of molding techniques and methodologies. Procedia Engineering, 155, 452-463.

[7]. Dias, D., Peixoto, C., Marques, R., Araújo, C., Pereira, D., Costa, P., & Cruz, S. (2022). Production of microcellular lightweight components with improved surface finish by technology combination: A review. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 5(2), 137-152.

[8]. George, A. (2011). Optimization of resin infusion processing for composite materials: simulation and characterization strategies (Doctoral dissertation, University of Stuttgart).

[9]. Guo, W., Shen, W., Zeng, F., Yu, Z., Meng, Z., & Hua, L. (2023). Investigation of film–substrate interfacial characteristics of polymer parts fabricated via in-mold decoration and microcellular injection molding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 125(9), 4363-4377.

[10]. Guo, W., Yang, Q., Mao, H., Meng, Z., Hua, L., & He, B. (2019). A combined in-mold decoration and microcellular injection molding method for preparing foamed products with improved surface appearance. Polymers, 11(5), 778.

[11]. Haseeb, K., Alruwaili, F. F., Khan, A., Alam, T., Wafa, A., & Khan, A. R. (2024). AI assisted energy optimized sustainable model for secured routing in mobile wireless sensor network. Mobile Networks and Applications, 29(3), 867-875.

[12]. Hollaway, L. C. (2001). Advanced Polymer Composites and Polymers in the Civil Infrastructure. Elsevier.

[13]. Jena, G., & Philip, J. (2022). A review on recent advances in graphene oxide-based composite coatings for anticorrosion applications. Progress in Organic Coatings, 173, 107208.

[14]. Liu, M., Li, H., Zhou, H., Zhang, H., & Huang, G. (2024). Development of machine learning methods for mechanical problems associated with fibre composite materials: A review. Composites Communications, 49, 101988.

[15]. Lv, H., Yang, Z., Pan, H., & Wu, R. (2022). Electromagnetic absorption materials: Current progress and new frontiers. Progress in Materials Science, 127, 100946.

[16]. Marques, A. C., Mocanu, A., Tomić, N. Z., Balos, S., Stammen, E., Lundevall, A., & Teixeira de Freitas, S. (2020). Review on adhesives and surface treatments for structural applications: Recent developments on sustainability and implementation for metal and composite substrates. Materials, 13(24), 5590.

[17]. Meng, Z., Su, Z., Guo, W., Wang, H., & Zhou, L. (2021). Effects of injection moulding parameters on pattern performance of in-mould decorative product. International Journal of Manufacturing Research, 16(1), 21-31.

[18]. Mittal, V., Saini, R., & Sinha, S. (2016). Natural fiber- mediated epoxy composites–a review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 99, 425-435.

[19]. Peri, A. D. (2023). Smart materials finishing and insulation solutions applied to the interior design of a cruise ship cabin. Seatific Journal, 3(2), 89-110.

[20]. Puentes, C. A., Okoli, O. I., & Park, Y. B. (2009). Determination of effects of production parameters on the viability of polycarbonate films for achieving in-mold decoration in resin infused composite components. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40(4), 368-375.

[21]. Senthilkumar, K. R. (2024). Revolutionizing thrust manufacturing: The synergy of real-time data and AI advancements. In Using Real-Time Data and AI for Thrust Manufacturing (pp. 80-93). IGI Global.

[22]. Simchi, A., Tamjid, E., Pishbin, F., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2011). Recent progress in inorganic and composite coatings with bactericidal capability for orthopaedic applications. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 7(1), 22-39.

[23]. Taub, A. I., & Luo, A. A. (2015). Advanced lightweight materials and manufacturing processes for automotive applications. Mrs Bulletin, 40(12), 1045-1054.

[24]. Williams, C., Summerscales, J., & Grove, S. (1996). Resin infusion under flexible tooling (RIFT): A review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 27(7), 517-524.

[25]. Yu, S., Wang, K., Xu, L., Song, S., Yang, J., Han, W., & Zhou, H. (2024). Fabrication of lightweight polymer products with excellent mechanical properties using a novel double-sided in-mold decoration combined with fiber-reinforced microcellular injection molding process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 28, 4289- 4298.

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Research Paper

Oxygen K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study in Ice and Density Functional Theory Applications

Jingxiao Xian*

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Xian, J. (2024). Oxygen K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study in Ice and Density Functional Theory Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21652

Abstract

Water exhibits fascinating structural and electronic properties, with significant implications for condensed matter physics. This study explores the hydrogen bond network in ice XIII and the structural transitions in hydrogen hydrate under pressure using first-principles methods. Oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigates the local structure of ice phases, revealing strong sensitivity to hydrogen bonding. First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations demonstrate pressure-induced phase transitions in hydrogen hydrate. These findings contribute to understanding hydrogen bonding and phase transitions in water-related systems, with potential applications in planetary science and hydrogen storage.

References

[1]. Bartels-Rausch, T., Bergeron, V., Cartwright, J. H., Escribano, R., Finney, J. L., Grothe, H., & Uras-Aytemiz, N. (2012). Ice structures, patterns, and processes: A view across the icefields. Reviews of Modern Physics, 84(2), 885-944.

[2]. Bernal, J. D., & Fowler, R. H. (1933). A theory of water and ionic solution, with particular reference to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1(8), 515-548.

[3]. Car, R., & Parrinello, M. (1985). Unified approach for molecular dynamics and density-functional theory. Physical Review Letters, 55(22), 2471-2474.

[4]. Giauque, W. F., & Stout, J. W. (1936). The entropy of water and the third law of thermodynamics. The heat capacity of ice from 15 to 273° K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 58(7), 1144-1150.

[5]. Guo, Y. P., Tan, K. C., Wang, H. Q., Huan, C. H. A., & Wee, A. T. S. (2002). Low-energy electron diffraction study of oxygen-induced reconstructions on Cu (210). Physical Review B, 66(16), 165410.

[6]. Hirsch, T. K., & Ojamäe, L. (2004). Quantum-chemical and force-field investigations of ice IH: computation of proton-ordered structures and prediction of their lattice energies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(40), 15856-15864.

[7]. Howie, R. T., Guillaume, C. L., Scheler, T., Goncharov, A. F., & Gregoryanz, E. (2012). Mixed molecular and atomic phase of dense hydrogen. Physical Review Letters, 108(12), 125501.

[8]. Iannuzzi, M. (2008). X-ray absorption spectra of hexagonal ice and liquid water by all-electron Gaussian and augmented plane wave calculations. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 128(20), 204506.

[9]. Leetmaa, M., Wikfeldt, K. T., Ljungberg, M. P., Odelius, M., Swenson, J., Nilsson, A., & Pettersson, L. G. (2008). Diffraction and IR/Raman data do not prove tetrahedral water. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(8), 084502.

[10]. Machida, S. I., Hirai, H., Kawamura, T., Yamamoto, Y., & Yagi, T. (2008). Structural changes of filled ice IC structure for hydrogen hydrate under high pressure. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 129(22), 224505.

[11]. Mao, W. L., Mao, H. K., Goncharov, A. F., Struzhkin, V. V., Guo, Q., Hu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2002). Hydrogen clusters in clathrate hydrate. Science, 297(5590), 2247-2249.

[12]. Pan, D., Liu, L. M., Tribello, G. A., Slater, B., Michaelides, A., & Wang, E. (2008). Surface energy and surface proton order of ice I h. Physical Review Letters, 101(15), 155703.

[13]. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1996). Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Physical Review Letters, 77(18), 3865-3868.

[14]. Petrenko, V. F., & Whitworth, R. W. (1999). Physics of Ice. Oxford University Press.

[15]. Salzmann, C. G., Radaelli, P. G., Mayer, E., & Finney, J. L. (2009). Ice XV: a new thermodynamically stable phase of ice. Physical Review Letters, 103(10), 105701.

[16]. Sugimura, N., Igarashi, Y., Aoyama, R., & Shibue, T. (2017). Nudged elastic band method and density functional theory calculation for finding a local minimum energy pathway of p-benzoquinone and phenol fragmentation in mass spectrometry. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 23(1), 40-44.

[17]. Willem, L., Finger, L. W., Hemley, R. J., & Mao, H. K. (1993). Novel H 2-H 2 O clathrates at high pressures. Physical Review Letters, 71(19), 3150-3153.

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Review Paper

Advances in the Synthesis and Nanotechnological Applications of Blue Pigment

Muchen Yuze*

Department of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong, China.

Yuze, M. (2024). Advances in the Synthesis and Nanotechnological Applications of Blue Pigment. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21662

Abstract

Blue pigment (BaCuSi4O10) has been a historically significant material used in art, ceramics, and optics. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled scientists to synthesize nanoscale blue pigment with enhanced properties, expanding its applications in biomedical imaging, photothermal conversion, and optoelectronic devices. This study reviews the historical context, developments in synthesis techniques, and novel applications of nanoscale blue. Methodologies such as hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel methods, and microwave-assisted fabrication are discussed. Furthermore, its nanotechnological applications, including optical materials, biomedical tagging, and high- performance pigments, are explored. Future research should focus on improving its environmental stability, biocompatibility, and integration with modern nanocomposites.

References

[1]. Barhoum, A., García- Betancourt, M. L., Jeevanandam, J., Hussien, E. A., Mekkawy, S. A., Mostafa, M., & Bechelany, M. (2022). Review on natural, incidental, bioinspired, and engineered nanomaterials: history, definitions, classifications, synthesis, properties, market, toxicities, risks, and regulations. Nanomaterials, 12(2), 177.

[2]. Chang, Y., Feng, T., Wu, C., Chen, Y., Ke, K., Liu, Y., & Dong, S. (2018). Controlled synthesis of blue spherical CoAl2O4 pigment powder in Pickering emulsion assisted with a hydrothermal process. Advanced Powder Technology, 29(5), 1222-1229.

[3]. Ding, N., Zhou, Y., Dou, P., Chang, S. K., Feng, R., Hong, H., & Tan, Y. (2024). Colorful and nutritious abundance: Potential of natural pigment application in aquatic products. Food Innovation and Advances, 3(3), 232-243.

[4]. He, X., Wang, F., Liu, H., Wang, X., & Gao, J. (2019). Synthesis and coloration of highly dispersive SiO2/BiVO4 hybrid pigments with low cost and high NIR reflectance. Nanotechnology, 30(29), 295701.

[5]. Li, S., Mu, B., Wang, X., & Wang, A. (2021). Recent researches on natural pigments stabilized by clay minerals: A review. Dyes and Pigments, 190, 109322.

[6]. Lin, Y. (2018). Reconstruction of ancient production technology of Chinese blue pigment and synthesis of Chinese Blue nanoscrolls as a novel optical material (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).

[7]. Vyhnal, C. R., Mahoney, E. H., Lin, Y., Radpour, R., & Wadsworth, H. (2020). Pigment synthesis and analysis of color in art: An example of applied science for high school and college chemistry students. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(5), 1272-1282.

[8]. Xuan, S., Wang, F., Lai, J. M., Sham, K. W., Wang, Y. X. J., Lee, S. F., & Leung, K. C. F. (2011). Synthesis of biocompatible, mesoporous Fe3O4 nano/microspheres with large surface area for magnetic resonance imaging and therapeutic applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3(2), 237-244.

[9]. Yang, M., Ge, W., Zhang, Q., Xie, X., Luo, Z., Shang, S., & Diwu, H. (2024). Realizing high Photothermal Conversion Efficiency in Traditional Chinese Purple (BaCuSi2O6) Pigment. Archaeometry.

[10]. Yang, Y., Hu, C., Liu, Q., & Li, J. (2024). Research progress and prospects of colored zirconia ceramics: A review. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 13(10), 1505- 1522.

[11]. Zhu, L., Yang, H. B., Zhong, C., & Li, C. M. (2014). Rational design of triphenylamine dyes for highly efficient p-type dye sensitized solar cells. Dyes and Pigments, 105, 97-104.

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Review Paper

Phosphate Glasses – Novel Concepts and Important Research Applications in Electrochemistry and Optoelectronics

Kamal Nain Chopra* , Anshu Dev, Vimal Kumar*

* Department of Physics, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India.

Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India.

* Aromatics India Private Limited, Delhi, India.

Chopra, K. N., Dev, A., & Kumar, V. (2024). Phosphate Glasses – Novel Concepts and Important Research Applications in Electrochemistry and Optoelectronics. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21483

Abstract

Phosphate glasses have recently gained importance in studies related to electrochemistry and optoelectronics. Some important breakthroughs in these topics have been presented in this study. Also, a detailed scientific analysis of related phenomena like energy transfer efficiency, amplified spontaneous emission, and supercontinuum generation has been discussed. The mathematical modeling of phosphate glass-based fiber optic amplifiers has been briefly presented. In addition, some recent novel studies have been qualitatively reviewed. This study may be useful to both new entrants in the field and technologists engaged in designing these devices.

References

[1]. Al-Hasni, B. M., Mountjoy, G., & Barney, E. (2021). Atomic structure of sodium iron phosphate glasses. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 12(2), 245-258.

[2]. Berneschi, S., Bettinelli, M., Brenci, M., Dall'Igna, R., Conti, G. N., Pelli, S., & Righini, G. C. (2006). Optical and spectroscopic properties of soda-lime alumino silicate glasses doped with Er3+ and/or Yb3+. Optical Materials, 28(11), 1271-1275.

[3]. Bomfim, F. A., Martinelli, J. R., Kassab, L. R. P., Assumpção, T. A. A., & De Araújo, C. B. (2010). Infrared-to- visible upconversion in Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped PbO–GeO2 glass with silver nanoparticles. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 356(44-49), 2598-2601.

[4]. Černošek, Z., Chládková, M., & Holubová, J. (2022). Phosphate glasses, what is the actual chemical composition and structure of these glasses? The view of a chemist. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 314, 123366.

[5]. Cheng, Z., Song, F., Zou, C., Su, R., Yu, X., Zang, W., & Jiang, S. (2008). Numerical investigation of gain characteristics of Er 3+/Yb 3+ co-doped fiber amplifiers. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 40, 1021-1031.

[6]. Choudhary, B. P., & Singh, N. B. (2023). Phosphate Glasses: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. In Advances in Glass Research (pp. 79-112).

[7]. Digonnet M.J. F. (2001). Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, Revised and Expanded, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

[8]. Donzella, V., Toccafondo, V., Faralli, S., Di Pasquale, F., Cassagnettes, C., Barbier, D., & Figueroa, H. H. (2010). Ion-exchanged Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped waveguide amplifiers longitudinally pumped by broad area lasers. Optics express, 18(12), 12690-12701.

[9]. Dorosz, D., Dorosz, J., Zajac, A., Zmojda, J., & Kochanowicz, M. (2012). Active optical fibres for application in laser and broadband ASE sources. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences, 60(4), 673-682.

[10]. Dürr-Mayer, T., Qiu, D., Eisenbeis, V. B., Steck, N., Häner, M., Hofer, A., & Jessen, H. J. (2021). The chemistry of branched condensed phosphates. Nature Communications, 12(1), 5368.

[11]. Dussardier, B., Blanc, W., & Peterka, P. (2012). Tailoring of the local environment of active ions in rare- earth-and transition-metal-doped optical fibres, and potential applications. Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology, (pp. 97-120).

[12]. Ebbeni, M. (2012). Watt-Class Continuous Wave Er3+/Yb3+Fiber Amplifier.

[13]. El-Damrawi, G., Zahran, H. M., & Abdelghany, A. M. (2021). Cadmium invert sodium phosphate glasses: A structural peculiarities. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 15(1), 1123-1129.

[14]. Grobelny, Ł., Pisarska, J., & Pisarski, W. A. (2011, June). Excitation energy transfer and optical transitions in heavy metal glasses doubly doped with Yb3+ and Er3+. In Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2011, 8010, 190-194.

[15]. Jiang, X. P., Yang, Z. M., Liu, T., & Xu, S. H. (2009). Energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+ in barium gallogermanate glass. Journal of Applied Physics, 105(10), 103113.

[16]. Kassab, L. R. P., Bomfim, F. A., Martinelli, J. R., Wetter, N. U., Neto, J. J., & de Araújo, C. B. (2009). Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Yb 3+–Er 3+-doped PbO- GeO 2 glass containing silver nanoparticles. Applied Physics B, 94, 239-242.

[17]. Lafond, C., Osouf, J., Laperle, P., Soucy, J. L., Desrosiers, C., Morency, S., & Parent, A. (2006, September). Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass optical fiber for application at 1.54 microns. In Photonics North 2006, 6343, 174-182.

[18]. Lapa, A., Cresswell, M., Jackson, P., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2020). Phosphate glass fibres with therapeutic ions release capability–a review. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 119(1), 1-14.

[19]. Liu, K., & Pun, E. Y. B. (2009). Comparative studies of spectroscopic properties in Er3+–Yb3+ codoped phosphate glasses. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 470(1-2), 340-346.

[20]. Liu, T., Yang, Z. M., & Xu, S. H. (2008). 3-Dimensional heat analysis in short-length Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate fiber laser with upconversion. Optics Express, 17(1), 235-247.

[21]. Makhkhas, Y., Benchekroun, D., Lassri, H., Sajieddine, M., & Khoulaki, Y. (2022). Study of phosphate glasses containing iron, sodium and chromium: 30 Fe 2 O 3 – 3 Cr 2 O 3 – 12 Na 2 O– 55 P 2 O 5 . Materials Chemistry and Physics, 279, 125740.

[22]. Ming, C., Song, F., Yu, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, Q., Yu, H., & Tian, J. (2011). Optical character of Er3+/Yb3+ co- doped P2O5–CaO–Na2O–Al2O3–AgO phosphate glass. Optics Communications, 284(7), 1868-1871.

[23]. Olivero, M., Mariano da Silva, D., Kassab, L. R. P., & Gomes, A. S. (2013). Amplification properties of femtosecond laser-written Er 3 +/ Yb 3 + doped waveguides in a tellurium-zinc glass. Advances in Optical Technologies, 2013(1), 621018.

[24]. Paschotta, R. (2010). Field Guide to Optical Fiber Technology, SPIE Press, Bellingham, Washington.

[25]. Shang, Z., Ren, G., Yang, Q., Xu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wu, Q. (2008). Spectroscopic properties of Er3+- doped and Er3+/Yb3+-codoped PbF2–MOx (M= Te, Ge, B) oxyfluoride glasses. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 460(1-2), 539-543.

[26]. Shan-Hui, X., Zhong-Min, Y., Zhou-Ming, F., Qin-Yuan, Z., Zhong-Hong, J., & Wen-Cheng, X. (2009). Efficient fibre amplifiers based on a highly Er3+/Yb3+ codoped phosphate glass-fibre. Chinese Physics Letters, 26(4), 047806.

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Volume 12 Issue 2 July - September 2024

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Advanced In-Mold Decoration for Composite Manufacturing: Sustainable Solutions for High-Performance Applications

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Cambodia University of Management and Technology, Cambodia.

Nhim, S. (2024). Advanced In-Mold Decoration for Composite Manufacturing: Sustainable Solutions for High-Performance Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Material Science, 12(2), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21666

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Oxygen K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study in Ice and Density Functional Theory Applications

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Advances in the Synthesis and Nanotechnological Applications of Blue Pigment

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Phosphate Glasses – Novel Concepts and Important Research Applications in Electrochemistry and Optoelectronics

Kamal Nain Chopra* , Anshu Dev**, Vimal Kumar***

* Department of Physics, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India. ** Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India. *** Aromatics India Private Limited, Delhi, India.

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Kamal Nain Chopra* , Anshu Dev, Vimal Kumar*

* Department of Physics, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India.

Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi, India.

* Aromatics India Private Limited, Delhi, India.