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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

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Design and Development of Patient Care Voice Actuated Bed in Hospital
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A Miniaturized Dual L Shaped with Truncated Ground Rectangular Monopole Antenna for 5G and Wireless Communications
A Centre C-Shaped Dual Band Rectangular Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi and Wireless Communication
Impact of Subchannel Symbol Rates on WSS Filtering Penalty in Elastic Optical Networks: A Comparative Study

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Volume 8 Issue 3 May - July 2019

Research Paper

Ring Shaped Patch With CPW-Fed for 5G Application

Ribhu Abhusan Panda* , Debasish Mishra, Harihar Panda*

- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, VSS University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India.

Department of Physics, S. K. C. G Autonomous College, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India.

Panda, R. A., Mishra, D., and Panda, H. (2019). Ring Shaped Patch With CPW-Fed for 5G Application. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.3.16857

Abstract

In this research paper, the alteration of conventional circular patch with coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna, commonly used for wireless communication is discussed. Ground plane is modified and implemented on the substrate with specific dimensions. The substrate is having the dimensions 20 mm × 20 mm with a height of 1.6 mm. FR4 epoxy dielectric material is chosen for the substrate. The design has been done for the 26 GHz application which includes 5G mobile network. ANSYS HFSS is used for simulating the designed antenna. Focus has been made on the S₁₁ plot (<10dB) to find out the resonant frequency. S₁₁ -Parameter, VSWR, Antenna Gain, Directivity, Radiation Efficiency, and Surface Current have been found out from the simulation results. Along with sharpness at the resonant frequency of 26 GHz, the CPW can increase the value almost 30% more than the value without it. The proposed structure has S₁₁ value -26.9 dB at the desired frequency of 26 GHz with a high directivity of 6.94 dB.

References

[1]. Al-Zoubi, A., Yang, F., & Kishk, A. (2009). A broadband center-fed circular patch-ring antenna with a monopole like radiation pattern. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 57(3), 789-792. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP. 2008.2011406

[2]. Balanis, C. A. (2005). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (3rd ed.). Wiley.

[3]. Balanis, C. A. (2012). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. Wiley.

[4]. Dimitrijević, T., Joković, J., Dončov, N., & Milovanović, B. (2015, October). TLM modelling of an annular ring coupled to a circular patch with a shorting pin. In 2015, 12th International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS) (pp. 200-204). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TELSKS.2015.7357769

[5]. Guo, Y. J., Paez, A., Sadeghzadeh, R. A., & Barton, S. K. (1997). A circular patch antenna for radio LAN's. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 45(1), 177- 178. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.554256

[6]. Iwasaki, H. (1996). A circularly polarized small-size microstrip antenna with a cross slot. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 44(10), 1399-1401. https:// doi.org/10.1109/8.537335

[7]. Kokotoff, D. M., Waterhouse, R. B., Birtcher, C. R., & Aberle, J. T. (1997). Annular ring coupled circular patch with enhanced performance. Electronics Letters, 33(24), 2000-2001. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19971411

[8]. Panda, R. A., Mishra, D., & Panda, H. (2016a, October). Biconvex patch antenna with circular slot for 10 GHz application. In 2016 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES) (pp. 1927-1930). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOPES.2016.7955782

[9]. Panda, R. A., Mishra, S. N., & Mishra, D. (2016b). Perturbed elliptical patch antenna design for 50 GHz application. In Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications (pp. 507-518). Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2728-1_47

[10]. Panda, R. A., Mishra, D., & Panda, H. (2018). Biconcave lens structured patch antenna with circular slot nd for Ku-band applications. In Proceedings of 2 International Conference on Micro -Electronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications (pp. 73-83). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10- 4280-5_8

[11]. Panda, R. A., Dash, P., Mandi, K., & Mishra, D. (2019a, March). Gain enhancement of a biconvex patch antenna using metallic rings for 5G application. In 2019, 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN) (pp. 840-844). IEEE. https://doi. org/10.1109/SPIN.2019.8711581

[12]. Panda, R. A., Panda, M., Nayak, S., Das, N., & Mishra, D. (2019b). Gain enhancement using complimentary split ring resonator on biconcave patch for 5G application. In International Conference on Sustainable Computing in Science, Technology & Management (SUSCOM-2019) (pp. 994-1000), Rajastan, Jaipur, India. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356261

[13]. Sanyal, G., & Vyas, K. (2013). A CPW fed circular microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure. International Journal of Microwave Applications, 2(4), 113-116.

[14]. Sung, Y. J., & Kim, Y. S. (2004). Circular polarised microstrip patch antennas for broadband and dual-band operation. Electronics Letters, 40(9), 520-522. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20040379

[15]. Vyas, K., & Singhal, P. K. (2014). Bandwidth Enhancement in CPW fed compact rectangular patch antenna. International Journal of Electrical, Computer Electronics and Communication Engineering, 8(2), 378-381.

[16]. Zhang, Y., Hong, W., Yu, C., Kuai, Z. Q., Don, Y. D., & Zhou, J. Y. (2008). Planar ultra wide band antennas with multiple notched bands based on etched slots on the patch and/or split ring resonators on the feed line. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(9), 3063- 3068. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2008.928815

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Research Paper

Compact Dumbbell Shape Antenna for S-Band Communication

P. Jothilakshmi * , Mohana Sundaram R.**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jothilakshmi, P. and Sundaram, M. R. (2019). Compact Dumbbell Shape Antenna for S-Band Communication. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(3), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.3.16523

Abstract

This manuscript details the fabrication and the characterization of Dumbbell shape antenna with numerical analysis. 3 The overall dimension of the dumbbell shaped antenna is 50 x 50 x 1.6 mm , the insulating substrate material FR4 is used due to its low cost and easy availability. The thickness of the dielectric substrate is 1.6 mm, which has relative permittivity of 4.4, and loss tangent of 0.025. This research work characterizes antenna parameters such as radiation losses, radiation gain, field pattern, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). The results prove that the gain and radiation characteristics of the proposed radiator are excellent. The geometrical optimization of this study uses numerical solver CST Studio Suite 2017, which is based on Finite Integration Technology (FIT), an excellent tool for designing, simulating and optimizing electromagnetic systems with accuracy. It preserves basic topological properties of the continuous equations such as conservation of charge and energy. This printed patch antenna is designed to work at around frequency of 2.916 GHz in communication systems especially for shipborne interrogator transponder and maritime radio-navigation services. Due to its small size, cost effectiveness and other characteristics, this antenna could be preferred in future applications.

References

[1]. Adhitya, G., Abishek, V., Sundaram, R. M. & Jothilakshmi, P. (2019). Design of microstrip antenna for X band satellite communications. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2), 342-344.

[2]. Al-Alem, Y., Albasha, L., & Mir, H. (2016). Highresolution on-chip S-band radar system using stretch processing. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(12), 4749-4759. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2550099

[3]. Bailey, M., & Deshpande, M. (1982). Integral equation formulation of microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 30(4), 651-656. https://doi. org/10.1109/TAP.1982.1142880

[4]. Baudha, S., Garg, H., & Yadav, M. V. (2019). Dumbbell shaped microstrip broadband antenna. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, 18(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179- 10742019v18i11371

[5]. Carver, K., & Mink, J. (1981). Microstrip antenna technology. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 29(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP. 1981.1142523

[6]. Cheng, T., Jiang, W., Gong, S., & Yu, Y. (2019). Broadband SIW cavity-backed modified dumbbellshaped slot antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 18(5), 936-940. https://doi.org/10. 1109/LAWP.2019.2906119

[7]. Chopra, R., & Kumar, G. (2017, November). Compact dumbbell shaped microstrip antenna with suppressed harmonics. In 2017 Progress in Electro magnetics Research Symposium-Fall (PIERS-FALL) (pp. 2838-2843). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PIERS-FALL.2017.8293618

[8]. Howell, J. W. (1975). Microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 23(1), 90–93.

[9]. Imbriale, W. A., Gao, S. S., & Boccia, L. (2012). Space Antenna Handbook. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

[10]. Min, X. L., & Zhang, H. (2017). Compact filtering antenna based on dumbbell-shaped resonator. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, 69, 51-57. https://doi.org/ 10.2528/PIERL17042803

[11]. Munir, A., & Pratiwi, N. A. (2016, August). Circular sector printed antenna array for S-band radar application. In 2016, 22nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) (pp.609 - 612). IEEE. https://doi. org/10.1109/APCC.2016.7581508

[12]. Pozar, D. M. (1992). Microstrip antennas, Proceedings of the IEEE, 80(1), 79-91. https://doi.org/10. 1109/5.119568

[13]. Salma, K. S. & Jothilakshmi, P. (2016). Design of multiband stacked microstrip patch antenna for RFID and radar system. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4(1), 131- 134.

[14]. See, T. S. P., & Chen, Z. N. (2003). Design of dual‐polarization stacked arrays for ISM band applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 38(2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.10998

[15]. Skolnik, M. I. (2008). Radar Handbook (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/ content/book/9780071485470

[16]. Straw, R. D. (2007). Antenna Book (21st ed). The American Radio Relay League (ARRL).

[17]. Vijayalakshmi, S., & Jothilakshmi, P. (2017). Design and implementation of wideband antenna using semi elliptical ground plane for ultra-wideband application. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 117(16), 417- 425.

[18]. Yadav, A. K., Pandey, V. K., & Agarwal, S. (2013). Slotted dumbbell shaped microstrip patch antenna for Wimax frequency band of 3.4-3.69 GHZ. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2(6), 119-121.

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Research Paper

Software Defined Radio Based Beacon Receiver

Vulavabeti Raghunath Reddy* , Ravindra Reddy K.**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Reddy, V. R., and Reddy, R. K. (2019). Software Defined Radio Based Beacon Receiver. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(3), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.3.16779

Abstract

The Software Defined Radio (SDR) is an advance type of radio communication system. This paper proposes development of a beacon receiver using software defined radio for processing Ka band satellite signals. GNU radio, a free software tool kit, will be used to develop the beacon receiver functionality. The beacon receiver would be used to detect and measure the signal strength of a transmitted beacon signal. The beacon signals are well suitable for propagation measurement due to stable transmitted power and frequency, and also measures the weather data and radio meter. The hardware components needed for this research are parabolic antenna, a low noise block converter, an ETTUS Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and Linux PC. This beacon receiver would have low cost compared to commercially available analog receivers. Low Noise Block Converter (LNB) is used to convert the incoming Ka band radio frequency signal to L band intermediate frequency. Ka band suffers attenuation due to rain. Beacon receiver is a high performance receiver and it is used to track the power density of the satellite beacon in real time applications. The signal processing blocks are written in C++ and Python to realize SDR.

References

[1]. Anusha, S., Lahari, T, N., Bhavana, G. S. N., & Pradeep, H. S. (2017). GNU Radio based real time data transmission and reception. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(7),110- 115.

[2]. Hrovat, A., Kandus, G., Kuhar, U., Kelmendi, A., & Vilhar, A. (2016). A Ka-band satellite beacon receiver for propagation experiment. Informacije MIDEM, 46(1), 13- 23.

[3]. Hussein, M. A. (2009). Scintillation effect on satellite communications within standard atmosphere. Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2(2), 17-27.

[4]. Kikkert, C. J., Bowthorpe, B. J., & Ong, J. T. (1999, December). Improvements to a DSP based satellite beacon receiver and radiometer. In ICICS99. 2nd International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing (pp. 7-10).

[5]. Kikkert, C. J., & Kenny, O. P. (2008, December). A digital signal processing based Ka band Satellite Beacon Receiver/Radiometer. In 2008 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems, (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

[6]. Kushnure, D., Jiniyawala, M., Molawade, S., & Patil, S. (2017). Implementation of FM transceiver using software defined radio (SDR). International Journal of Engineering Development and Research IJEDR, 5(2), 225-233.

[7]. Liu, W., & Michelson, D. G. (2010). Effect of turbulence layer height and satellite altitude on tropospheric scintillation on Ka-band Earth–LEO satellite links. IEEE transactions on vehicular technology, 59(7), 3181-3192. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2043272

[8]. Machado, F., Villar, E., Marino, P., Fontan, F. P., Blarzino, G., Carrie, G., Castanet, L., & Lemorton, J. (2008, April). Beacon receiver developments at U. Portsmouth-U. Vigo and ONERA. In 2nd SatNex Workshop, Germany.

[9]. Mikkelsen, E. B. (2009). The Design of a Low Cost Beacon Receiver System using Software Defined Radio. (Postgraduate Thesis), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

[10]. Rai, M., & Nigam, A. (2012). Analysis of performance improvement using GMSK modulation technique in wireless DS-CDMA communication systems. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), 4(5), 1871-1875.

[11]. Sala, J., Lamarca, M., López, J. A., Rey, F., Riba, J., Vázquez, G., Villares, X., & Rodriguez, P. (2008). A rain and scintillation Ka-band channel simulator. 10th International Workshop on Signal Processing for Space Communications, (pp. 1-4). https://doi.org/10.1109/ SPSC.2008.4686738

[12]. Tervonen, J. K., van de Kamp, M. M., & Salonen, E. T. (1998). Prediction model for the diurnal behavior of the tropospheric scintillation variance. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 46(9), 1372-1378. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.719982

[13]. Yamamoto, M. (2008). Digital beacon receiver for ionospheric TEC measurement developed with GNU Radio. Earth, Planets and Space, 60(11), e21-e24. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03353137

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Review Paper

Review on Navigation Assistance Devices for the Visually Challenged

Krithiga R.* , Prasanna S. C.**

*-** Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Krithiga, R., and Prasanna, S. C. (2019). Review on Navigation Assistance Devices for the Visually Challenged. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(3), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.3.16765

Abstract

With the rapidly growing technology, people have started finding ways to enhance their quality of life. This paper mainly focuses on the recent trends which are developed for assisting the visually impaired in navigation in both indoor and outdoor environments. This paper analyzed the working methodology, hardware, various algorithms and software tools employed by researchers across the globe to develop cost-effective prototype to assist in the navigation of the visually challenged persons. The devices that are used to help in the navigation of visually impaired people are called Electronic Travel Aid (ETA),and are discussed in detail in this paper.

References

[1]. Ganz, A., Schafer, J. M., Tao, Y., Wilson, C., & Robertson, M. (2014, August). PERCEPT-II: Smartphone th based indoor navigation system for the blind. In 2014, 36 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (pp. 3662-3665). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944417

[2]. Harsur, A., & Chitra, M. (2017). Voice based navigation system for blind people using ultrasonic sensor. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 3, 4117-4122.

[3]. Kaminski, L., Kowalik, R., Lubniewski, Z., & Stepnowski, A. (2010, June). “VOICE MAPS”—portable, dedicated GIS for supporting the street navigation and self-dependent movement of the blind. In 2010, 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, (2010 ICIT) (pp. 153-156). IEEE.

[4]. Kantawong, S. (2007, October). Road traffic signs detection and classification for blind man navigation system. In 2007, International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (pp. 847-852). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAS.2007.4407019

[5]. Krishnan, A., Deepakraj, G., Nishanth, N., & Anandkumar, K. M. (2016, December). Autonomous walking stick for the blind using echo location and image processing. In 2016, 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I) (pp. 13- 16). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC3I.2016.7917927

[6]. Ma, J., & Zheng, J. (2017, June). High precision blind navigation system based on haptic and spatial cognition. In 2017, 2nd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC) (pp. 956-959). IEEE. https://doi. org/10.1109/ICIVC.2017.7984696

[7]. Owayjan, M., Hayek, A., Nassrallah, H., & Eldor, M. (2015, September). Smart assistive navigation system for blind and visually impaired individuals. In 2015, International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME) (pp. 162-165). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ICABME.2015.7323277

[8]. Tapu, R., Mocanu, B., & Zaharia, T. (2013, November). A computer vision system that ensure the autonomous navigation of blind people. In 2013 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https:// doi.org/10.1109/EHB.2013.6707267

[9]. Yang, C. H., Hwang, S. L., & Wang, J. L. (2014, May). The design and evaluation of an auditory navigation system for blind and visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 2014, IEEE 18th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD), (pp. 342-345). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/C SCWD.2014. 6846866

[10]. Yang, X., He, H., Wang, S., & Fang, L. (2011, April). Communication satellite location/cell location integrated navigation system for all-blind war. In 2011, International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering, (pp. 2044-2046). IEEE. https://doi. org/10.1109/ICEICE.2011.5777530

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Review Paper

A Comprehensive Study on Wireless Optical Space Communication Techniques

G. Karpagarajesh* , Helen Vedanayagi Anita R.**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India.

Karpagarajesh, G., and Anita, H. V. R. (2019). A Comprehensive Study on Wireless Optical Space Communication Techniques. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(3), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.3.16997

Abstract

After the advent of telephone communication, the quest of mankind for wireless mobile communication through free space started evolving as a field of innovation. Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is a growing technology which propagates the light waves to transmit and receive the data wirelessly. This paper emphasizes the study of optical wireless communication through space for high speed data transmission, improving the quality factor, minimizing bit error rate (BRT), maximizing SNR, and the ways for preventing all type of losses occurred due to atmospheric turbulence. 5G communication is almost growing in all countries and the ways 5G network influences in today's market is higher. A detailed review on signal modulation and space turbulence models for good power efficiency and data security is also considered in this paper.

References

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[2]. Alam, S. J., Alam, M. R., Hu, G., & Mehrab, M. Z. (2011). Bit error rate optimization in fiber optic communications. International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, 1(5), 435-440.

[3]. Alatawi, K., Almasoudi, F., & Matin, M. A. (2013). Performance study of 1 tbits/s wdm coherent optical ofdm system. Optics and Photonics Journal, 3(5), 330- 335. https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2013.35051

[4]. Al-Habash, A., Andrews, L. C., & Phillips, R. L. (2001). Mathematical model for the irradiance probability density function of a laser beam propagating through turbulent media. Optical Engineering, 40(8), 1554-1563. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1386641

[5]. Ali, M. A. A., & Ali, A. (2015). Performance analysis of fog effect on free space optical communication system. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, 7(2), 16-24. https://doi. org/10.9790/4861-07211624

[6]. Anita, R. H. V. (2019). Implementation of 5G In guided and unguided optical communication system with cellular frequency bands. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 3(6), 414- 416. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd28117

[7]. Anita, H. V., Princy, S. L. & Jenefer, W. (2020). Assessment of RZ and NRZ coders in free space multiplexing system with reduced attenuation effect and increased Q factor. Our Heritage Journal, 68(1), 8930- 8936. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.35316274

[8]. Arain, S., Shaikh, M. N., Waqas, A., Chowdhry, B. S., & Themistos, C. (2016, July). Performance analysis of advance modulation schemes for free space optical networks. In 2016, 18th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2016.7550491

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[10]. Badar, N., & Jha, R. K. (2017). Performance comparison of various modulation schemes over free space optical (FSO) link employing Gamma–Gamma fading model. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 49(5), 192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-017-1025-4

[11]. Belmonte, A., & Kahn, J. M. (2009). Capacity of coherent free-space optical links using diversitycombining techniques. Optics Express, 17(15), 12601- 12611. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012601

[12]. Beri, B., & Kamal, N. (2014). WDM based FSO link optimizing for 180km using bessel filter. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(03), 110-115.

[13]. Bloom, S., Korevaar, E., Schuster, J., & Willebrand, H. (2003). Understanding the performance of free-space optics. Journal of optical Networking, 2(6), 178-200. https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.2.000178

[14]. Bohata, J., Komanec, M., Spáčil, J., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvánovec, S., & Slavík, R. (2018). 24–26 GHz radioover- fiber and free-space optics for fifth-generation systems. Optics Letters, 43(5), 1035-1038. https://doi. org/10.1364/OL.43.001035

[15]. Cai, J., Cai, Y., Davidson, C., Foursa, D., Lucero, A., & Sinkin, O., Patterson, W. W., Pilipetskii, A. N., Mohs, G., & Bergano, N. S. (2011). Transmission of 96 x 100-Gb/s bandwidth-constrained PDM-RZQPSK channels with 300% spectral efficiency over 10610 km and 400% spectral efficiency over 4370 km. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 29(4), 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT. 2010.2093931

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[18]. Chávez-Santiago, R., Szydełko, M., Kliks, A., Foukalas, F., Haddad, Y., Nolan, K. E., Kelly, M. Y., Masonta, M. T. & Balasingham, I. (2015). 5 G: The convergence of wireless communications. Wireless Personal Communications, 83(3), 1617-1642 https://doi. org/10.1007/s11277-015- 2467-2

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[20]. Dar, A. B., & Jha, R. K. (2017). Chromatic dispersion compensation techniques and characterization of fiber Bragg grating for dispersion compensation. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 49(3), 108. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11082-017-0944-4

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