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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 2

Most Cited

Volume 9 Issue 2 July - December 2020

Article

Automation in Decision OODA: Loop, Spiral or Fractal

Anupam Tiwari * , Adarsh Tiwari **

* Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, New Delhi, India.

** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineeering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Tiwari, A., and Tiwari, A. (2020). Automation in Decision OODA: Loop, Spiral or Fractal. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18116

Abstract

Decision is a process which is dependent on environment, knowledge which includes cognitive domain and technology. Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) for decision has been first given by Fighter Pilot John “Boyd” of US in 1942. In Boyd OODA loop the “Time” of the loop is very important, which means that the OODA loop time should be faster than the opponent OODA loop time to win the conflict/game. Other domains of the decision theory includes game theory, fuzziness, chaos theory, cognitive science, computational data analytics and big data with Artificial Intelligence (AI), etc. The improvised OODA loop also has feedback and feed-forward loops. There are various variants improvised of Boyd's OODA like Team- OODA (T- OODA), Cognitive-OODA (C-OODA), etc. This paper is proposing Fractal-OODA concept which means that each phase like Observe, Orient, Decide and Act has its own internal OODA loop with different timings. At the end as time progresses it will become Fractal-OODA. The Fractal Dimension (FD) of OODA will give the complexity of decision, low FD of OODA (easy or simple decision) and high FD (complex decision). Modern decisions are enabled with AI technologies with Human out-of-the-loop so that decisions are scientific based on AI and probability of errors are less.

References

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[2]. Angerman, W. S. (2004). Coming full circle with Boyd's OODA loop ideas: An analysis of innovation diffusion and evolution (Postgraduate Thesis). Air Force Institute of Technology, Ohio, USA.

[3]. Boyd, J. R. (1976). Destruction and creation. Retrieved from http://goalsys.com/books/documents/DESTRUCTI ON_AND_CREATION.pdf

[4]. Breton, R., & Rousseau, R. (2005, June). The C-OODA: A cognitive version of the OODA loop to represent C2 activities. In Proceedings of the 10^th International Command and Control Research Technology Symposium.

[5]. Dreier, A. S. (2012). Strategy, planning and litigating to win: orchestrating trial outcomes with systems theory, psychology, military science and utility theory. Telos Press.

[6]. Kelly, C. M. G. (2016). The F-35 New OODA loop. US Naval Institute Proceedings, 142(3), 24-28.

[7]. Osinga, F. P. (2007). Science, strategy and war: The strategic theory of John Boyd. Routledge.

[8]. Render, P. M. (2010). Maneuver of fixed‐wing combat aircraft. In Blockley, R., & Shyy, W. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. John Wiley & Sons.

[9]. Richards, C. (2004). Certain to win: The strategy of John Boyd, applied to business. Xlibris Corporation.

[10]. Senne, K. D., & Condon, G. R. (2007). Integrated sensing and decision support. Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 16(2), 237-243. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/ pdfs/AD1014846.pdf

[11]. Stephens, D. (2013, September 19). Understanding the OODA loop. POLICE Magazine. Retrieved from https:// www.policemag.com/341024/understanding-the-oodaloop

[12]. Yu, S. (2019). Lessons Learned in Automated Decision Making / How to delay building Skynet. In RSA Conference 2019 (March 4-6, 2019), Moscone Center, San Francisco, USA.

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Research Paper

Design of Double U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Rachna Prabha*

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Prabha, R. (2020). Design of Double U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.17798

Abstract

In the presented paper, the printed patch antenna is used for the various applications in the wireless communication systems. Printed patch antenna has several negatives for the use of microwave frequency as low efficiency, low gain and low bandwidth. The parameters of this antenna are very complex in tuning. Due to this, various slots is used for improvement of antenna performance. The variety of slots is used in microstrip patch antenna for the high frequency applications which makes the antenna suitable for the wireless communication systems. This paper provides a double U-slot and a defected ground structure for the improvement of bandwidth, gain and various other parameters.

References

[1]. Balani, C. A. (2005). Antenna theory analysis & design (3^rd Ed.). Wiley Interscience.

[2]. Brar, G. S., Singh, J., & Sidhu, E. (2016). High gain rectangular microstrip patch antenna employing FR4 substrate for Wi-MAX, LMDS and MMDS applications. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6, 49-51.

[3]. Cao, Y. F., Cheung, S. W., & Yuk, T. I. (2015). A multiband slot antenna for GPS/WiMAX/WLAN systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 63(3), 952- 958. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2015.2389219

[4]. Colburn, J. S., & Rahmat-Samii, Y. (1999). Patch antennas on externally perforated high dielectric constant substrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 47(12), 1785-1794. https://doi.org/10.1109/ 8.817654

[5]. Ha, S. J., & Jung, C. W. (2011). Reconfigurable beam steering using a microstrip patch antenna with a U-slot for wearable fabric applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 1228-1231. https://doi.org/10.110 9/LAWP.2011.2174022

[6]. Kumar, C., & Guha, D. (2011). Nature of cross-polarized radiations from probe-fed circular microstrip antennas and their suppression using different geometries of defected ground structure (DGS). IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60(1), 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP. 2011.2167921

[7]. Li, B., Hong, J., & Wang, B. (2012). Switched bandnotched UWB/dual-band WLAN slot antenna with inverted S-shaped slots. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 572-575. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2012.22 00228

[8]. Liu, W. C., Wu, C. M., & Dai, Y. (2011). Design of triplefrequency microstrip-fed monopole antenna using defected ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 59(7), 2457-2463. https://doi.org/10.1 109/TAP.2011.2152315

[9]. Moosazadeh, M., & Kharkovsky, S. (2014). Compact and small planar monopole antenna with symmetrical Land U-shaped slots for WLAN/WiMAX applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 13, 388-391. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.2306962

[10]. Qin, P. Y., Weily, A. R., Guo, Y. J., & Liang, C. H. (2010). Polarization reconfigurable U-slot patch antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 58(10), 3383- 3388. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2010.2055808

[11]. Shimu, N. J., & Ahmed, A. (2016, May). Design and performance analysis of rectangular microstrip patch antenna at 2.45 GHz. In 2016, 5^th International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV) (pp. 1062- 1066). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEV.2016.7760161

[12]. Sran, S. S., & Sivia, J. S. (2015). Rectangular microstrip patch antenna with triangular slot. International Journal of Computer Applications, 975, 27-29.

[13]. Yadav, A., & Pahwa, K. (2014). Design & parametric study of rectangular slot microstrip patch antenna for UWB applications. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJEEE), 1(3), 4-8.

[14]. Yun, S., Kim, D. Y., & Nam, S. (2012). Bandwidth and efficiency enhancement of cavity-backed slot antenna using a substrate removal. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 1458-1461. https://doi.org/10.110 9/LAWP.2012.2230392

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Research Paper

Performance Comparison of Uniform and Nonuniform Pulse Repetition Interval for PCW and LFM Signal

Naga Venkateswara Rao P.* , Raja Rajeswari K. , Prabhakara Rao B. *

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University College of Engineering, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Rao, P. N. V., Rajeswari, K. R., and Rao, B. P. (2020). Performance Comparison of Uniform and Nonuniform Pulse Repetition Interval for PCW and LFM Signal. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.17986

Abstract

In radar, uniform side lobe pattern is useful for detection of weak targets. Important radar characteristic function, i.e., ambiguity function, a two-dimensional function of time delay χ(τ,f_d) and Doppler frequency that portrays the distortion of a returned pulse induced by the receiver matched filter due to the Doppler shift of the return radar signal from the moving target, is useful for identification of poor targets. Nonuniform PRI LFM (ascending and descending order) with length 11 as well as uniform Pulse Repetition Interval LFM with length 11 has been considered here. The ambiguity diagram, which defines the radar's precision, is used to quantify PSLR (Peak Side Lobe Ratio) and ISLR (Integrated Side Lobe Ratio). To minimise side lobes, this paper proposes a new paradigm for PCW (Pulse Continuous Wave) and LFM signals. Several applications are discussed that are specifically related to the strengths and limitations of nonuniform PRI waveforms.

References

[1]. Kumar, V., Sahoo, A. K., & Panda, G. (2011). A new pulse compression technique for polyphase codes in radar signals. International Symposium on Devices MEMS, Intelligent Systems & Communication (ISDMISC), 2(4), 15-17.

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[6]. Manmadharao, G., & Rajarajeswari, K. (2012). Performance evolution of non-uniform PRI LFM signal. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(5), 1949-1955.

[7]. Rawat, C., & Sarate, A. D. (2014). High resolution low power radar pulse compression techniques. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE), 3(4), 8928- 8935.

[8]. Reddy, D. H. R., Krishna, P. P. M., & Kumar, K. R. Reduction of side lobes by using complementary codes for radar application. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), 27-30.

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Review Paper

A Review on Underwater Acoustic/Optical Modems: Design Issues, Recent Developments and Challenges in Underwater Communication

Ch. Pallavi * , G. Sreenivasulu **

* Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

** Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Pallavi, Ch., and Sreenivasulu, G. (2020). A Review on Underwater Acoustic/Optical Modems: Design Issues, Recent Developments and Challenges in Underwater Communication. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18042

Abstract

Underwater communication (UWC) has become an important data transmission technology for commercial and military marine applications in the past couple of decades. Besides regular communication inside the water, other applications include Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV), Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN), Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), underwater sports, coastal surveillance systems, environmental research, oil-rig maintenance, linking submarines to land, etc. The main limitations of Underwater Acoustic Communication are frequency-dependent attenuation, short range of communication, very low bandwidth, and very low data rates for monitoring applications because of velocity of sound in water. To beat the restrictions of acoustic communication is to use optical communication whose wavelength lies within the visible region. Consistent with our survey on the properties of acoustic and optical communication, results have shown significant trade-offs between bandwidth, propagation delay, power consumption, SNR, BER and effective communication range. We propose a hybrid solution that mixes the uses of both acoustic and optical communication with the assistance of opto-acoustic modems. Hence, this hybrid approach leads to high data rates, low latency, and an energy-efficient system. Thus, an underwater opto-acoustic modem plays an important role for long distance signal transmission in underwater. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the recent developments and challenges in various underwater modems and also addresses the gaps in development of modems for long distance under water communication. This paper not only provides exhaustive research in underwater acoustic/optical communication using opto-acoustic modems but also aims to provide the development of new ideas that would help in the growth of future underwater communication using fifth generation (5G) communication techniques.

References

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Review Paper

Cyber Physical System Security by Splunk

Kundankumar Rameshwar Saraf* , P. Malathi **

* Capgemini Technology Services India Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

** Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Saraf, K. R., and Malath, P. (2020). Cyber Physical System Security by Splunk. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18115

Abstract

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is an integration of sensing, monitoring and analyzing devices connected with each other and establishes communication through internet. This system is prone to many cyber-attacks such as Man-In-The-Middle Attack, Denial of Service Attack, Cross-Site Scripting Attack, SQL Injection Attack, Password Cracking Attack, etc. Present security measures to protect CPS against cyber-attacks includes use of Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Firewalls, Anti-Malware, Anti-Virus, Anti-Spyware, HTTPS/SSH Encryption, Faradays Cage, Password Policy with periodic password change, Least Privileges, Strong Code, Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), etc. All these security measures have one or more challenges in their implementation such as reduced performance, higher power consumption, high transmission delays, huge cost, etc. Also, firewall, IPS, antivirus can only prevent the known threats. Today, many threats have no fixed pattern and their pattern are adaptable. Hence, all these intrusion prevention and protection systems becomes ineffective to protect the CPS against cyber-attacks. This paper reviews how Splunk Enterprise Security (Splunk ES) can be used to secure the CPS against all known, unknown and adaptable cyber threats with minimum user efforts and cost. Operation Technology Option in Splunk ES provides real time predictive analysis of cyber-attacks. By using artificial intelligence, machine learning and behavioral analysis, Splunk can predict any cyber-threat to CPS, 30 to 45 minutes in advance. Splunk can trigger the alert to CPS administrator who can implement the precautionary measures and protect the CPS before the actual occurrence of cyber-attack. This research performs the demonstration of cyber-attack on CPS and shows the result generated by Splunk ES.

References

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[5]. Chen, D. D., Woo, M., Brumley, D., & Egele, M. (2016, February). Towards automated dynamic analysis for Linuxbased embedded firmware. In The Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. https://doi.org/ 10.14722/ndss.2016.23415

[6]. Chen, T. M. (2010, April). Survey of cyber security issues in smart grids. In Cyber Security, Situation Management, and Impact Assessment II; and Visual Analytics for Homeland Defense and Security II (Vol. 7709). International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/ 12.862698

[7]. Chun, I., Park, J., Kim, W., Kang, W., Lee, H., & Park, S. (2010, February). Autonomic computing technologies for cyber-physical systems. In 2010, The 12th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) (Vol. 2, pp. 1009-1014). IEEE.

[8]. Davi, L., Dmitrienko, A., Sadeghi, A. R., & Winandy, M. (2010). Privilege escalation attacks on android. In International Conference on Information Security (pp. 346–360). Springer.

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[10]. Gudivada, V. N., Ramaswamy, S., & Srinivasan, S. (2018). Data management issues in cyber-physical systems. In Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 173- 200). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814295- 0.00007-1

[11]. Haidegger, T., Virk, G. S., Herman, C., Bostelman, R., Galambos, P., Györök, G., & Rudas, I. J. (2020). Industrial and medical cyber-physical systems: Tackling user requirements and challenges in robotics. In Recent Advances in Intelligent Engineering (pp. 253-277). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-143 50-3_13

[12]. Hu, H., Shinde, S., Adrian, S., Chua, Z. L., Saxena, P., & Liang, Z. (2016, May). Data-oriented programming: On the expressiveness of non-control data attacks. In 2016, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (pp. 969-986). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2016.62

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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 2

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 9 Issue 2 July - December 2020

Automation in Decision OODA: Loop, Spiral or Fractal

Anupam Tiwari * , Adarsh Tiwari **

* Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, New Delhi, India. ** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineeering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Tiwari, A., and Tiwari, A. (2020). Automation in Decision OODA: Loop, Spiral or Fractal. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18116

Abstract

References

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Design of Double U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Rachna Prabha*

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Prabha, R. (2020). Design of Double U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.17798

Abstract

References

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Performance Comparison of Uniform and Nonuniform Pulse Repetition Interval for PCW and LFM Signal

Naga Venkateswara Rao P.* , Raja Rajeswari K. **, Prabhakara Rao B. ***

Rao, P. N. V., Rajeswari, K. R., and Rao, B. P. (2020). Performance Comparison of Uniform and Nonuniform Pulse Repetition Interval for PCW and LFM Signal. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.17986

Abstract

References

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A Review on Underwater Acoustic/Optical Modems: Design Issues, Recent Developments and Challenges in Underwater Communication

Ch. Pallavi * , G. Sreenivasulu **

Pallavi, Ch., and Sreenivasulu, G. (2020). A Review on Underwater Acoustic/Optical Modems: Design Issues, Recent Developments and Challenges in Underwater Communication. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18042

Abstract

References

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Cyber Physical System Security by Splunk

Kundankumar Rameshwar Saraf* , P. Malathi **

* Capgemini Technology Services India Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India. ** Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Saraf, K. R., and Malath, P. (2020). Cyber Physical System Security by Splunk. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 9(2), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.9.2.18115

Abstract

References

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* Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers, New Delhi, India.

** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineeering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Naga Venkateswara Rao P.* , Raja Rajeswari K. , Prabhakara Rao B. *

* Capgemini Technology Services India Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

** Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India.