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Volume 12 Issue 4 September - November 2022

Research Paper

Stabilized Pond Ash Barrier in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

Bidula Bose* , Sudeep Kumar Chand, Maheswar Maharana*

* S'O'A University, Orissa, India.

-* Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Odisha, India.

Bose, B., Chand, S. K., and Maharana, M. (2022). Stabilized Pond Ash Barrier in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19050

Abstract

The bottom liner is placed at the bottommost layer of an engineered landfill. To eradicate the swelling effect of traditionally used clay as liner material, in this research, pond ash is stabilized by using lime and gypsum. In the laboratory, experimental tests such as unconfined compressive strength and falling head permeability are performed to examine the engineering properties of pond ash and make it suitable for use as a construction material in landfill bottom liners. After 180 days of curing, the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of stabilized pond ash increased significantly, reaching 4.9 MPa and 5.4 MPa for the S6 and S7 samples, respectively. With stabilized pond ash barriers, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills are considered for this analysis. A significant negative correlation was seen for the relationship between curing time and permeability value of stabilized samples, irrespective of the variety of permeants. Effluent leachate coming out of cured samples was studied for metal concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, and the inorganic component magnesium. The metal ions studied in Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) indicated that the retention of metal ions like copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, and the inorganic component magnesium was increased by the adsorption of trace elements in the liner layer of the landfill. The effluent concentration of trace metals was observed to be well below the permissible limit of inland surface water disposal as per the notification given by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (2000) India, regarding the standard of inland surface water disposal, and less than the allowable limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) in water quality standards.

References

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Research Paper

Cubic B-Splines to Perform Topology Optimization with Buckling Load on Carbon Fiber Nano Reinforced Simply Supported Cross Ply Laminated Composite Square Plates using Inverse Buckling Formulation

K. N. V. Chandrasekhar* , V. Bhikshma**

* Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology, Vyasapuri, Keshavagiri, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

** University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Chandrasekhar, K. N. V., and Bhikshma, V. (2022). Cubic B-Splines to Perform Topology Optimization with Buckling Load on Carbon Fiber Nano Reinforced Simply Supported Cross Ply Laminated Composite Square Plates using Inverse Buckling Formulation. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 11-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.18976

Abstract

Composite laminates are widely used in several civil engineering structures. Composite laminates are used in bridges, aircraft, and construction because of their light weight and high strength. The study on the behavior of these laminates is very important now. The main focus of this research is to propose a new method to perform topology optimization of nano-reinforced composite laminates carrying buckling loads. The goal is to present the optimal layout of the material, stress distribution at the optimal state, buckling load factors at the optimal state, and most importantly, the deformed profile of the composite laminate at the optimal state. The elastic stiffness matrix and the geometric stiffness matrix can be used to determine the buckling load. The reason for taking the reciprocal of the buckling load is that during optimization, the number of elements that are not participating in carrying the load increases, and hence the stress carried by these elements is minimal. Hence, we have considered the inverse value of the buckling load factor. The design domain is modelled using cubic b-splines. Higher-order shear deformation theory is used, and isogeometric analysis is performed to determine the buckling load. The deformed profile of the plate at the optimal state, the optimal layout of the material, stress distribution, buckling load factors, and the corresponding mode shapes are given as well. Only carbon fiber nano-reinforced, cross-ply square plates with a simple support structure have been considered. Three different types of loading conditions, namely uniaxial compressive loading, bi-axial compressive loading, and pure shear loading, are considered. Coding is done in MatLab®, and the buckling load factors are determined. Several examples from the literature are considered with different moduli ratios, laminae, and span to thickness ratios, and the non-dimensional buckling load is determined for each. The results obtained are in good agreement with those given in the literature.

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Research Paper

Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection using Remote Sensing and GIS based Techniques for Solani River Basin, Uttarakhand

Ashish Aggarwal* , Rishabh, Ekta Singh*

*-*** Department of Petroleum & Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Aggarwal, A., Rishabh, and Singh, E. (2022). Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection using Remote Sensing and GIS based Techniques for Solani River Basin, Uttarakhand. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19070

Abstract

Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) change detection was performed in the Solani river watershed area using multi-temporal remote sensing images (Landsat 8 ETM+ image of year 2014 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS) image of year 2021). Image classification and change detection were carried out for both images using Arc Geographic Information System (GIS) 10.1 and Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine 2016 software. High-resolution Google Earth imagery and Land Remote-Sensing Satellite (LANDSAT) images were used for the accuracy assessment of the classification. The results showed major increments of agricultural fallow land and build-up land of 25.19% and 20.69%, respectively, with the highest decrease in forest cover of 29.27%. Also, to analyze the impact of varying spatial resolution on the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), two digital elevation models (DEMs) of different spatial resolutions (SRTM, 90m, and Cartosat, 30 m) were used. The results of the study indicated that the mean TWI value increases with an increase in grid size.

References

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[6]. Patel, S. K., Verma, P., & Singh, G. S. (2019). Agricultural growth and land use land cover change in peri-urban India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(9), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7736-1

[7]. Rawat, J. S., & Kumar, M. (2015). Monitoring land use/cover change using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Hawalbagh block, district Almora, Uttarakhand, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 18(1), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.02.002

[8]. Saah, D., Johnson, G., Ashmall, B., Tondapu, G., Tenneson, K., Patterson, M., ... & Chishtie, F. (2019). Collect earth: An online tool for systematic reference data collection in land cover and use applications. Environmental Modelling & Software, 118, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.05.004

[9]. Sörensen, R., Zinko, U., & Seibert, J. (2006). On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-101-2006

[10]. Thakur, T. K., Patel, D. K., Bijalwan, A., Dobriyal, M. J., Kumar, A., Thakur, A., ... & Bhat, J. A. (2020). Land use land cover change detection through geospatial analysis in an Indian biosphere reserve. Trees, Forests and People, 2, 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100018

[11]. Verma, P., Singh, R., Singh, P., & Raghubanshi, A. S. (2020). Chapter 1 - Urban ecology – current state of research and concepts. In Urban Ecology (pp. 3-16). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820730-7.00001-X

[12]. Weng, Q. (2001). A remote sensing? GIS evaluation of urban expansion and its impact on surface temperature in the Zhujiang Delta, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22(10), 1999-2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/713860788

[13]. Yu, H., Joshi, P. K., Das, K. K., Chauniyal, D. D., Melick, D. R., Yang, X. U. E. F. E. I., & Xu, J. (2007). Land use/cover change and environmental vulnerability analysis in Birahi Ganga sub-watershed of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology, 48(2), 241.

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Research Paper

Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Susmita Kulagod* , G. B. Megeri**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.

Kulagod, S., and Megeri, G. B. (2022). Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19002

Abstract

Municipal wastewater can include many pollutants that have an effect on the environment, so treatment is very necessary before discharge into water bodies and for further recycling in recreation and agriculture. As a result, in this study, municipal wastewater is treated using Electro Coagulation (EC) and Chemical Coagulation (CC), with comparisons of both processes. For EC, aluminum electrodes and iron electrodes were used at different voltages and times. Aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride were used in the CC, along with coagulant dosage and contact time. After treating the municipal wastewater for electrocoagulation, the maximum removal efficiency of COD, TOC, TDS, and BOD is 85%, 87%, 82%, and 81% for the aluminum electrode, respectively and 92%, 92%, 84%, and 88% for the iron electrode, respectively. For chemical coagulation, the maximum removal efficiency of COD, TOC, TDS, and BOD is 81.66%, 80.09%, 84.67%, and 77.08% for aluminum sulphate as a coagulant, and 86%, 83.90%, 87.73%, and 81.8% for ferric chloride as a coagulant. Electrocoagulation was found to be superior to chemical coagulation in this study. And Fe is a very promising electrode compared to Al.

References

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[2]. Alshawabkeh, A. N., Shen, Y., & Maillacheruvu, K. Y. (2004). Effect of DC electric fields on COD in aerobic mixed sludge processes. Environmental Engineering Science, 21(3), 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1089/109287504323066969

[3]. Andrade, M. (2009). Heavy Metal Removal from Bilge Water by Electrocoagulation Treatment (Doctoral Thesis, University of New Orleans).

[4]. Arambarri, J., Abbassi, B., & Zytner, P. (2019). Enhanced removal of phosphorus from wastewater using sequential electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 230(12), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4367-7

[5]. Assadi, A., Soudavari, A., & Mohammadian, M. (2016). Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation processes in removing reactive red 196 from aqueous solution. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion, 1(3), 172-182.

[6]. Bechtold, T., Mader, C., & Mader, J. (2002). Cathodic decolourization of textile dyebaths: tests with full scale plant. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 32(9), 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020966801807

[7]. Bensadok, K. S., Benammar, S., Lapicque, F., & Nezzal, G. (2008). Electrocoagulation of cutting oil emulsions using aluminium plate electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(1), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.121

[8]. Cañizares, P., Jiménez, C., Martínez, F., Rodrigo, M. A., & Sáez, C. (2009). The pH as a key parameter in the choice between coagulation and electrocoagulation for the treatment of wastewaters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(1), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008. 06.073

[9]. Emara, M. M., Farid, N. A., Eltalawy, A. G. (2018). Treatment of municipal wastewater by using electrocoagulation at gharbyia govenorate, Egypt. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(1), 1815-1820.

[10]. Hussein, T. K., & Jasim, N. A. (2021). A comparison study between chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation processes for the treatment of wastewater containing reactive blue dye. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 1946-1950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.240

[11]. Mollah, M. Y., Morkovsky, P., Gomes, J. A., Kesmez, M., Parga, J., & Cocke, D. L. (2004). Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 114(1-3), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.009

[12]. Öztürk, T., & Özcan, Ö. F. (2021). Effectiveness of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation methods on paper industry wastewaters and optimum operating parameters. Separation Science and Technology, 56(12), 2074-2086. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2020.1805465

[13]. Padmaja, K., Cherukuri, J., & Reddy, M. A. (2020). A comparative study of the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods in the treatment of pharmaceutical effluent. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 34, 101153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101153

[14]. Tchamango, S. R., Kamdoum, O., Donfack, D., & Babale, D. (2017). Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation processes in the treatment of an effluent of a textile factory. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 21(7), 1317-1322. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v21i7.17

[15]. Tchamango, S., Kamdoum, O., Donfack, D., Babale, D., & Ngameni, E. (2016). Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation in the treatment of artisanal tannery effluents. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 35(1), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i1.29

[16]. Tlaiaa, Y. S., Naser, Z. A. R., & Ali, A. H. (2020). Comparison between coagulation and electrocoagulation processes for the removal of reactive black dye RB-5 and COD reduction. Desalination and Water Treatment, 195, 154-161. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25914

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[18]. Ukiwe, L. N., Ibeneme, S. I., Duru, C. E., Okolue, B. N., Onyedika, G. O., & Nweze, C. A. (2014). Chemical and electro-coagulation techniques in coagulationflocculation in water and wastewater treatment-a review. Journal of Advances in Chemistry, 9(3), 1988-1999.

[19]. Verma, M., & Kumar, R. N. (2018). Coagulation and electrocoagulation for co-treatment of stabilized landfill leachate and municipal wastewater. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 8(2), 234-243. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.102

[20]. Zaleschi, L., Teodosiu, C., Cretescu, I., & Rodrigo, M. A. (2012). A comparative study of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation processes applied for wastewater treatment. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 11(8), 1517-1525. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2012.190

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Effect of Coconut Coir Fiber on Black Cotton Soil for Lalitpur Area in Uttar Pradesh

Abhishek * , Nitin Kumar Shukla, Ayush Mittal*, Ramendra Pandey****

, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

- Department of Civil Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Singh, A. K., Shukla, N. K., Mittal, A., and Pandey, R. (2022). Effect of Coconut Coir Fiber on Black Cotton Soil for Lalitpur Area in Uttar Pradesh. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19057

Abstract

Black cotton soil is weak soil, possessing undesirable characteristics like shrinkage and swelling. Before undertaking any civil engineering project on such land, it must be rehabilitated before construction. Various work has been done by researchers to overcome these problems by using different types of soil stabilization, such as cement soil stabilization, lime soil stabilization, bitumen soil stabilization, etc. The present study includes the determination of the geotechnical properties of soil obtained from Lalitpur, Uttar Pradesh, and coir fiber (% of black cotton soil samples) in terms of soil strength.

References

[1]. Abu-Farsakh, M., Chen, Q., & Sharma, R. (2013). An experimental evaluation of the behavior of footings on geosynthetic-reinforced sand. Soils and Foundations, 53(2), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.01.001

[2]. Anggraini, V., Asadi, A., Huat, B. B., & Syamsir, A. (2015). Numerical simulation of cement-treated soil reinforced with coir fiber subjected to flexural loading. In Forensic Engineering (pp. 924-940).

[3]. Arathi, K. U., Arhulya, K. M., Vinaya, V., Pooja, P. V., & Athira, V. V. (2022). Stabilization of black cotton soil using coconut fiber. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V10N1-art2547

[4]. Beena, K. S. (2013). Case studies on application of coir geotextiles for soil stabilization. In International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 7, 1-7.

[5]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1973). Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of Water Content IS: 2720(Part 2), New Delhi, India.

[6]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1980). Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of Specific Gravity IS: 2720(Part3/Sec-1), New Delhi, India.

[7]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1980). Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of Water Content, Dry Density Relation using Light Compaction IS: 2720 (Part 7), New Delhi, India.

[8]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1985). Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of Grain Size Analysis IS: 2720 (Part 4), New Delhi, India.

[9]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1991). Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of Unconfined Compression Strength IS: 2720 (Part 10), New Delhi, India.

[10]. Chakraborty, S., Mukherjee, S. P., Chakrabarti, S., & Chattopadhyay, B. C. (2014). Improvement of subgrade by lime and rice husk ash admixtures. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(4), 11034-11040.

[11]. Devdatt, S., Shikha, R., Saxena, A. K., & Jha, A. K. (2015). Soil stabilization using coconut coir fibre. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 3(9), 305-309.

[12]. Hejazi, S. M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Abtahi, S. M., & Zadhoush, A. (2012). A simple review of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.045

[13]. Modak, P. R., Nangare, P. B., Nagrale, S. D., Nalawade, R. D., & Chavhan, V. S. (2012). Stabilization of black cotton soil using admixtures. International Journal of Engineering and innovative Technology, 1(5), 1-3.

[14]. Moraci, N., & Recalcati, P. (2006). Factors affecting the pullout behaviour of extruded geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24(4), 220-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.03.001

[15]. Nikiforova, A. A. (2019). Soil classification. Knowledge Organization: KO, 46(6), 467.

[16]. Ramesh, H. N., Manoj Krishna, K. V., & Mamatha, H. V. (2010). Compaction and strength behavior of lime-coir fiber treated black cotton soil. Geomechanics & Engineering, 2(1), 19-28.

[17]. Shukla, S., Shukla, S., Mittal, A., & Singh, T. (2022). A review on use of coir fibre in road construction. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65, 1839-1845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.017

[18]. Singh, R. R., & Mittal, E. S. (2014). Improvement of local subgrade soil for road construction by the use of coconut coir fiber. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(5), 707-711.

[19]. Upadhyay, P., & Singh, Y. (2017). Soil stabilization using naural fiber coir. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(12), 1808-1812.

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

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Volume 12 Issue 4 September - November 2022

Stabilized Pond Ash Barrier in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill

Bidula Bose* , Sudeep Kumar Chand**, Maheswar Maharana***

* S'O'A University, Orissa, India. **-*** Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Odisha, India.

Bose, B., Chand, S. K., and Maharana, M. (2022). Stabilized Pond Ash Barrier in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19050

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Cubic B-Splines to Perform Topology Optimization with Buckling Load on Carbon Fiber Nano Reinforced Simply Supported Cross Ply Laminated Composite Square Plates using Inverse Buckling Formulation

K. N. V. Chandrasekhar* , V. Bhikshma**

* Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology, Vyasapuri, Keshavagiri, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. ** University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection using Remote Sensing and GIS based Techniques for Solani River Basin, Uttarakhand

Ashish Aggarwal* , Rishabh**, Ekta Singh***

*-*** Department of Petroleum & Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Aggarwal, A., Rishabh, and Singh, E. (2022). Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection using Remote Sensing and GIS based Techniques for Solani River Basin, Uttarakhand. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19070

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Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Susmita Kulagod* , G. B. Megeri**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.

Kulagod, S., and Megeri, G. B. (2022). Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19002

Abstract

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Effect of Coconut Coir Fiber on Black Cotton Soil for Lalitpur Area in Uttar Pradesh

Abhishek * , Nitin Kumar Shukla**, Ayush Mittal***, Ramendra Pandey****

*,**** Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. **-*** Department of Civil Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Singh, A. K., Shukla, N. K., Mittal, A., and Pandey, R. (2022). Effect of Coconut Coir Fiber on Black Cotton Soil for Lalitpur Area in Uttar Pradesh. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 12(4), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.4.19057

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Bidula Bose* , Sudeep Kumar Chand, Maheswar Maharana*

* S'O'A University, Orissa, India.

-* Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Odisha, India.

* Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology, Vyasapuri, Keshavagiri, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

** University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Ashish Aggarwal* , Rishabh, Ekta Singh*

Abhishek * , Nitin Kumar Shukla, Ayush Mittal*, Ramendra Pandey****

, Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

- Department of Civil Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.