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i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

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Design and Analysis of Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization Tuned PID and FOPID Controllers for PV MPPT System
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Empowering Hybrid EVS with Bidirectional DC - DC Converter for Seamless V2G and G2V Integration
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Advancements in Multilevel Inverter Technologies for Photovoltaic-Z-Source Based EV Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis and Future Directions

Most Cited

Volume 11 Issue 1 July - September 2017

Research Paper

Effect Of Stochastic Nature Of Wind EnergyOn Power System

Ann Hesham Ahmed* , Ahmed M. Asim, Mahmoud Abdallah Attia*

* Project Engineer, Electrical Power System Company, Cairo, Egypt.

Teacher Assistant and MSc Student, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

* Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Ahmed, A., Asim, A. M., and Attia, M. A. (2017). Effect of Stochastic Nature Of Wind Energy On Power System. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering,11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13671

Abstract

As the utilization of wind energy grows larger and larger, the need for technical improvement and theoretical understanding becomes significant. Wind energy has been used for many years, however the central questions regarding turbulence are still to be answered. In this complex situation, it is important to analyze the phenomena involved in wind energy extraction. This work presented a stochastic analysis of the power output for a wind turbine based on a Monte Carlo simulation to see how fluctuations in the wind speed will affect the power performance characteristics. It is shown in the presented work by means of a simple model that the probability of power characteristics determined varies with different turbulent wind fields. Then this model is applied on an IEEE 9 bus network.

References

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[2]. BTM Consult Aps. (2009). World Market Update 2008. Forecast 2009-2013.

[3]. BTM Consult Aps. (2010). World Market Update BTM Projects 1,000 GW of Wind Power by 2019.

[4]. Diaa, I. M., Badra, N. M., & Attia, M. A. (2016). Harmony Search and Nonlinear Programming based Hybrid approach to enhance Power System performance with Wind Penetration, International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ), 7(7), 2323-2330.

[5]. European Commission (2008). 2020 by 2020 Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, Brussels.

[6]. Grid delay hits Dutch mega-farm. (2017). reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. Retrieved 21 September 2017, from http://renews.biz/106749/grid-delay-hits-dutchmega- farm/

[7]. First IEA Regional Technology Study Plots Carbonneutral Nordic Energy. (2017). In Iea.org. Retrieved 21 September 2017, from https://www.iea.org/newsroom /news/2013/january/first-iea-regional-technology-studyplots- carbon-neutral-nordic-energy.html

[8]. Krohn, S., Morthorst, P. E, & Awerbuch, S. (2009). The Economics of Wind Energy, The European Wind Energy Association Report (EWEA) .

[9]. Meibom, P., Barth, R., Hasche, B., Brand, H., Weber, C., & O'Malley, M. (2011). Stochastic optimization model to study the operational impacts of high wind penetrations in Ireland. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(3), 1367- 1379.

[10]. Robert, C. P. (2004). Monte Carlo Methods. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[11]. Saber, A. Y., & Venayagamoorthy, G. K. (2011). Plugin vehicles and renewable energy sources for cost and emission reductions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial electronics, 58(4), 1229-1238.

[12]. Shafiullah, G. M., Oo, A. M., Ali, A. B. M., & Stojcevski, A. (2013). Influences of wind energy integration into the distribution network. Journal of Wind Energy, 2013, Article ID 903057.

[13]. Singh, B. (2012). Introduction to FACTS controllers in wind power farms: A technological review. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 2(2), 166- 212.

[14]. Tavner, P. (2012). Offshore Wind Turbines: Reliability. Availability and Maintenance. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, UK.

[15]. Tavner, P. J., Xiang, J., & Spinato, F. (2007). Reliability analysis for wind turbines. Wind Energy, 10(1), 1-18.

[16]. Taylor, H. M., & Karlin, S. (2014). An Introduction to Stochastic Modeling. Academic Press.

[17]. Wind farm - ESL Resources. (2017). In Michellehenry.fr. Retrieved 21 September 2017, from http://www.michelle henry.fr/windfarm.htm

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Research Paper

Loss Reduction, Voltage Improvement and ReliabilityOptimization in Distribution Systems Using NetworkReconfiguration with Loss Sensitivity Factor Method

G. Sasikumar* , S.Sarat Kumar, S.V. Jayaram Kumar*

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, M.V.G.R College of Engineering, VZM, India.

* Former Professor, JNTUH, Adjunct Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GRIET, Hyderabad, India.

Kumar, G. S., Kumar, S. S., and Kumar, S. V. J. (2017). Loss Reduction, Voltage Improvement and Reliability Optimization in Distribution Systems Using Network Reconfiguration with Loss Sensitivity Factor Method. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 11(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13672

Abstract

Network reconfiguration is an operation strategy, which alters the topological structure of the distribution feeders by rearranging the status of switches in order to obtain an optimal configuration, minimise system losses, improve voltage profile, and reliability. In this paper, Loss Sensitivity Factor based Network Reconfiguration Algorithm is proposed to decide the switching combinations and to find the best combination of switches for minimum active power loss, improvement of voltage profile, and reliability. The proposed algorithm has been applied to 33-bus Radial Distribution System and the obtained results are analysed.

References

[1]. Billiton, R., & Allan, R. N. (2007). Reliability Evaluation ofPower Systems, Second Edition. Springer International Edition, Reprinted in India, BS Publications, pp. 229-231.

[2]. Brown, R. E. (2003, July). Network reconfiguration for improving reliability in distribution systems. In Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2003, IEEE (Vol. 4, pp. 2419-2424). IEEE.

[3]. Civanlar, S., Grainger, J. J., Yin, H., & Lee, S. S. H. (1988). Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 3(3), 1217- 1223.

[4]. Huddleston, C. T., Broadwater, R. P., & Chandrasekaran, A. (1990). Reconfiguration algorithm for minimizing losses in radial electric distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 18(1), 57-66.

[5]. Imran, A. M., & Kowsalya, M. (2014). A new power system reconfiguration scheme for power loss minimization and voltage profile enhancement using Fireworks Algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 62, 312-322.

[6]. Kansal, S., Sai, B. B. R., Tyagi, B., & Kumar, V. (2011). Optimal placement of distributed generation in distribution networks. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3(3), 47-55.

[7]. Kazemi, A., & Sadeghi, M. (2009, March). Sitting and sizing of distributed generation for loss reduction. In Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009. APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacific (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

[8]. Kumar, G. S., Kumar, S. S., & Kumar, S. J. (2017). LSF Based Network Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction in Radial Distribution System. International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 10(16), 181-189.

[9]. Lantharthong, T., & Phanthuna, N. (2012). Techniques for reliability evaluation in distribution system planning. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6, 392-395.

[10]. Merlin, A. (1975). Search for a minimum-loss operating spanning tree configuration for an urban power th distribution system. Proc. of 5 PSCC 1975, 1, 1-18.

[11]. Nara, K., Shiose, A., Kitagawa, M., & Ishihara, T. (1992). Implementation of genetic algorithm for distribution systems loss minimum re-configuration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 7(3), 1044-1051.

[12]. Peponis, G. J., Papadopoulos, M. P., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (1995). Distribution network reconfiguration to minimize resistive line losses. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 10(3), 1338-1342.

[13]. Raju, G. V., & Bijwe, P. R. (2008). Efficient reconfiguration of balanced and unbalanced distribution systems for loss minimisation. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2(1), 7-12.

[14]. Rao, R. S., Narasimham, S. V. L., & Ramalingaraju, M. (2008). Optimization of distribution network configuration for loss reduction using Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems Engineering, 1(2), 116-122.

[15]. Rao, R. S., Narasimham, S. V. L., Raju, M. R., & Rao, A. S. (2011). Optimal network reconfiguration of large-scale distribution system using harmony search algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(3), 1080-1088.

[16]. Sankar, V. (2015). System Reliability Concepts. Himalaya Publishing House.

[17]. Vitorino, R. M., Jorge, H. M., & Neves, L. M. (2009, March). Network reconfiguration using a genetic approach for loss and reliability optimization in distribution systems. In Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, 2009. POWERENG'09. International Conference on (pp. 84-89). IEEE.

[18]. Zhang, D., Fu, Z., & Zhang, L. (2007). An improved TS algorithm for loss-minimum reconfiguration in large-scale distribution systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 77(5), 685-694.

[19]. Zhu, J. Z. (2002). Optimal reconfiguration of electrical distribution network using the refined genetic algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research, 62(1), 37-42.

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Research Paper

ANT Colony Optimization Based Shunt Active Power FilterFor Harmonic Compensation

Shubhendra Yadav* , Satyendra Singh**

* PG Scholar, Institute of Engineering and Technology, an Autonomous Constituent College of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, an Autonomous Constituent College of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India.

Yadav, S., and Singh, S. (2017). ANT Colony Optimization Based Shunt Active Power Filter For Harmonic Compensation. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 11(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13673

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the performance of Shunt Active Harmonic Filter (SAHF) for harmonic compensation, where Ant Colony Optimization technique is used for optimization purpose. This optimization technique operates for the optimal PI control parameters which regulate the DC link voltage. Instantaneous real and reactive power (p-q) theory is used for calculating compensating currents. The simulation results show that Shunt Active Harmonic Filter (SAHF) for six pulse controlled rectifier proves to be very effective in mitigation of the harmonics present for various firing angles. The simulation is carried out with the help of MATLAB-SIMULINK tool box.

References

[1]. Akagi, H., Kanazawa, Y., and Nabae, A. (1984). Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage components. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 3, 625-630.

[2]. Akagi, H., Kanazawa, Y., Fujita, K., and Nabae, A. (1983). Generalized theory of the instantaneous reactive power and its application. The Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. B, 103(7), 483-490.

[3]. Bollen, M. H. J. (2003). What is Power Quality? Electric Power Systems Research, 6(1), pp. 5-14.

[4]. Chiang, S. J., and Chang, J. M. (1999, August). Design and implementation of the parallelable active power filter. In Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1999. th PESC 99. 30 Annual IEEE (Vol. 1, pp. 406-411). IEEE.

[5]. Dorigo, M., and Gambardella, L. M. (1997). Ant colony system: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1(1), 53-66.

[6]. Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., and Colorni, A. (1996). Ant system: Optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), 26(1), 29-41.

[7]. Emanuel, A. E., Orr, J. A., Cyganski, D., and Gulchenski, E. M. (1995). A survey of harmonics voltages, currents at the customer's bus. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 8, 411–421.

[8]. Etezadi-Amoli, M., and Florence, T. (1990). Voltage and current harmonic content of a utility system-A summary of 1120 test measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 5(3), 1552-1557.

[9]. Fujita, H., and Akagi, H. (1991). A practical approach to harmonic compensation in power systems-series connection of passive and active filters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 27(6), 1020-1025.

[10]. Hamadi, A., Rahmani, S., and Al-Haddad, K. (2010). A hybrid passive filter configuration for VAR control and harmonic compensation. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 57(7), 2419-2434.

[11]. Kale, M., and Özdemir, E. (2005). Harmonic and reactive power compensation with shunt active power filter under non-ideal mains voltage. Electric Power Systems Research, 74(3), 363-370.

[12]. Karuppanan, P., and Mahapatra, K. K. (2014). Active harmonic current compensation to enhance power quality. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 62, 144-151.

[13]. Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M., and Robbins, W. P. (1995). Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

[14]. Parthasarathy, S., Rahini, S., and Kumar, S. K. (2015, March). Performance evaluation of Shunt Active Harmonic filter under different control techniques. In Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

[15]. Peng, F. Z., Akagi, H., and Nabae, A. (1990). A new approach to harmonic compensation in power system - A combined system of series active and shunt passive filters. IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 27(6), 983-990.

[16]. Peng, F. Z., Ott, G. W., and Adams, D. J. (1998). Harmonic and reactive power compensation based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase four-wire systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 13(6), 1174-1181.

[17]. Singh, B., Al-Haddad, K., and Chandra, A. (1999). A review of active filters for power quality improvement. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 46(5), 960-971.

[18]. Soares, V., Verdelho, P., and Marques, G. D. (2000). An instantaneous active and reactive current component method for active filters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 15(4), 660-669.

[19]. Zaveri, N., and Chudasama, A. (2012). Control strategies for harmonic mitigation and power factor correction using shunt active filter under various source voltage conditions. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 42(1), 661-671.

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Research Paper

A Simulation Platform for Permanent MagnetSynchronous Motor Drives: Matlab/Simulink Simulation

S. Sakunthala* , R. Kiranmayi, P. Nagaraju Mandadi*

* Adhoc Lecturer & Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUACEK â€“ Kalikiri, JNTUA University, Ananthapuram, AP, India.

Professor and Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, AP, India.

* Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SITIAMS, Chittoor, AP, India.

Sakunthala, S., Kiranmayi, R., and Mandadi, P. N. (2017). A Simulation Platform for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives: Matlab/Simulink Simulation. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 11(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13674

Abstract

In the present circumstances, industries are highly increasing and demanding process in all sectors. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor gives better results in quality, increased production, and reduced costs. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive plays a vital role in each and every industry. There is a necessity to upgrade the models of the electric motors and drives for a better simulation. This paper introduces the design and evolution of a simulation platform of PM Synchronous Motor drive. This paper provides advanced modeling and Matlab simulation tools for PM Synchronous Motor drive to designers and the developers of electric motor drive control systems allowing them to model the independent components using the appropriate software. This paper shows the methodology to interface PMSM Motor on a single simulation platform. In this work, the electric machine model is developed using MATLAB software. Whereas the power electronic converter and PMSM drive control models are designed using mathematical equations in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

References

[1]. Apostoaia, C. M. (2012). Co-simulation platform for AC drives control systems. In WASET 2012-ICEMDS International Conference on Electric Machines and Drive Systems (No. 71, pp. 1879-1886).

[2]. Apostoaia, C. M. (2013, May). AC machines and drives simulation platform. In Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2013 IEEE International (pp. 1295- 1299). IEEE.

[3]. Bose, B. K. (2002). Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives. Prentice Hall Inc.

[4]. Bose, B. K. (1986). Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice Hall Inc.

[5]. Krause, P. C. (1986). Analysis of Electric Machinery. McGraw Hill, New York.

[6]. Krause, P. C., Sudhoff, O. S. D. (2002). Analysis of nd Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, 2 Ed.IEEE Press.

[7]. Mathlab-Works-Support. Basic Simulation Workflow. Re t r i e v e d f r om h t t p s : / / i n.ma t h w o r k s. c om/ h e l p / simulink/gs/basic-simulation-workflow.html

[8]. Mathlab-Works-Support. Model-Based Design. Re t r i e v e d f r om h t t p s : / / i n.ma t h w o r k s. c om/ h e l p / simulink/gs/model-based-design.html

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[10]. Mathlab-Works-Support. PM Synchronous Motor. Re t r i e v e d f r om h t t p s : / / i n.ma t h w o r k s. c om/ h e l p / physmod/sps/examples/ac6-pm-synchronous-3hpmotor- drive.html

[11]. Mathlab-Works-Support. PMSM simulation. Retrieved from https://in.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/file exchange/38804-pmsm-simulation

[12]. MATLAB®/Simulink®. In Mathworks, Inc.

[13]. Pillay, P., & Krishnan, R. (1988). Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 35(4), 537-541.

[14]. SIMULINK, Model-based, and system-based design, using Simulink. In MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, 2000.

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Research Paper

Analysis of Vector Controlled Permanent MagnetSynchronous Motor Using Matlab/Simulink Approach

Preeti Singh* , Ankit Srivastava**

* Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, AXIS Colleges, Kanpur, India.

** Guest Faculty, Department of Electrical Engineering, H.B.T.U., Kanpur, India.

Singh, P., and Srivastava, A. (2017). Analysis of Vector Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Matlab/Simulink Approach. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 11(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13675

Abstract

In this paper, a mathematical model of PMSM is analysed using the dominant simulation modelling capabilities of MATLAB/SIMULINK. One of the most efficient control strategies of PMSM is Vector control. There are several independent functional module, such as coordinate transformation module, PMSM body module, inverter module, controller modules, and some other modules which play an important role in controlling of PMSM. The combination of these modules results in simulation model of the PMSM control system. The model has many advantages in simulation. The detailed structure of the simulation model in MATLAB/SIMULINK is presented. Finally, a simulation example is proposed to verify the feasibility.

References

[1]. Arroyo, E. L. C. (2006). Modeling and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System. University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus.

[2]. Boby, K., Kottalil, A. M., & Ananthamoorthy, N. P. (2013). Mathematical modelling of pmsm vector control system based on SVPWM with pi controller using Matlab. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 2(1).

[3]. Bose, B. K., (Eds.). (1997). Modern Power Electronics and AC Drive. Prentice Hall Inc.

[4]. Jash, K., Saha, P. K., & Panda, G. K. (2013). Vector Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor based on Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter with Proportional Integral Controller. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 3(5), 913-917.

[5]. Kim, J. S., & Sul, S. K. (1995). High performance PMSM drives without rotational position sensors using reduced order observer. In Industry Applications Conference, 1995. Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, IAS'95., Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE (Vol. 1, pp. 75-82). IEEE.

[6]. Štulrajter, M., Hrabovcova, V., & Franko, M. (2007). Permanent magnets synchronous motor control theory. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 58(2), 79-84.

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Research Paper

Modelling and Analysis of D-Facts Device: EnhancedPower Flow Controller

Dheeraj Kumar Dhaked* , Mahendra Lalwani**

* PG Scholar, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India.

Dhaked, D. K., Lalwani, M. (2017). Modelling and Analysis of D-Facts Device: Enhanced Power Flow Controller. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 11(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.11.1.13676

Abstract

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers control the power flowing through transmission lines to improve utilization of power system, transmission loop flow control, reliability and relieve congestion. High cost, reliability and land restriction issues have limited their use in the power system. The Distributed-FACTS (D-FACTS) controller is presented as a new approach to recognize economic power flow control through compound, small, fixed series impedance injections. A new device which is distributed version of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) controller, Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC), connects directly to the existing high voltage or extra high voltage lines. It can be manufactured at a lower price than FACTS controllers from conventional low-grade components. This EPFC is distributed over whole transmission line as modules at every short span of length of transmission lines to attain the required power flow control functionality by changing the transmission line reactance dynamically or statically. It uses the concept of DFACTS to control the power flow. The results from an EPFC MATLAB/Simulink model are presented in this paper on a transmission system which is connected with EPFC controller modules.

References

[1]. Baby, M., & Thilepa, R. (2011). Power flow control in a transmission line using D-FACTS devices. International Journal of Power Control Signal and Computation, 2(1), 38-44.

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[3]. Canizares, C. A., & Faur, Z. T. (1999). Analysis of SVC and TCSC controllers in voltage collapse. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 14(1), 158-165.

[4]. Dhaked, D. K., & Lalwani, M. (2017). A comprehensive review Paper on a D-FACTS Controller: Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC). International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, 10(1), 84-92.

[5]. Divan, D. (2005, June). Improving power line utilization and performance with D-FACTS devices. In Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005 (pp. 2419- 2424), IEEE.

[6]. Divan, D. M., Brumsickle, W. E., Schneider, R. S., Kranz, B., Gascoigne, R. W., Bradshaw, & Grant, I. S. (2007). A distributed static series compensator system for realizing active power flow control on existing power lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 22(1), 642-649.

[7]. Divan, D., & Johal, H. (2007). Distributed FACTS-A new concept for realizing grid power flow control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 22(6), 2253-2260.

[8]. Eslami, M., Shareef, H., Mohamed, A., & Khajehzadeh, M. (2012). A survey on flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS). Przeglad Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review.), 1(2), 1-11.

[9]. Fang, D. Z., Xiaodong, Y., Wennan, S., & Wang, H. F. (2003). Oscillation transient energy function applied to the design of a TCSC fuzzy logic damping controller to suppress power system inter area mode oscillations. IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 150(2), 233-238.

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[12]. Hingorani, N. G., Gyugyi, L., & El-Hawary, M. (2000). Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, (Vol. 2). IEEE Press, New York.

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[15]. Johal, H., & Divan, D. (2007). Design considerations for series-connected distributed FACTS converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 43(6), 1609-1618.

[16]. Jovcic, D., & Pillai, G. N. (2005). Analytical modeling of TCSC dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20(2), 1097-1104.

[17]. Khederzadeh, M., Ghorbani, A., & Salemnia, A. (2009, July). Impact of SSSC on the digital distance relaying. In Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009. PES'09. IEEE, 2(1), 1-8.

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[21]. Mokhtari, M., Khazaie, J., Nazarpour, D., & Farsadi, M. (2013). Interaction Analysis of Multi-Function FACTS and D-FACTS Controllers by MRGA. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 21(6), 1685-1702.

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