i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Electrical Engineering (JEE)

Current Issue Vol. 17 Issue 4

Design and Analysis of Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization Tuned PID and FOPID Controllers for PV MPPT System
Performance Analysis of Power System Dynamics with Facts Controllers: Optimal Placement and Impact of SSSC and STATCOM
Empowering Hybrid EVS with Bidirectional DC - DC Converter for Seamless V2G and G2V Integration
Solar Wireless Charging of Battery in Electrical Vehicle
Advancements in Multilevel Inverter Technologies for Photovoltaic-Z-Source Based EV Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis and Future Directions

Most Cited

Volume 17 Issue 4 April - June 2024

Research Paper

Design and Analysis of Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization Tuned PID and FOPID Controllers for PV MPPT System

Hemachandran Veerasamy* , Arounassalame Mouttou, Rathidevi U.*

*-*** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, India.

Veerasamy, H., Mouttou, A., and Rathidevi, U. (2024). Design and Analysis of Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization Tuned PID and FOPID Controllers for PV MPPT System. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.20985

Abstract

The solar photovoltaic (PV)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) systems have gained popularity in recent times. This work proposes the improvement and implementation of a newly introduced optimization technique, the Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization (IMGO) algorithm, for tuning the Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for the MPPT control strategy. The performances of the controllers were evaluated with reference to error criteria and settling time of the response. The performance parameters mentioned above are compared with those of PID and FOPID controllers tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Grey-Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithms. The simulation study was carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The analysis found that the FOPID controller tuned using the Improved Mountain Gazelle Optimization algorithm provides better results in terms of settling time and error when compared to the PID controller.

References

[1]. Abdollahzadeh, B., Gharehchopogh, F. S., Khodadadi, N., & Mirjalili, S. (2022). Mountain gazelle optimizer: A new nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for global optimization problems. Advances in Engineering Software, 174, 103282.

[2]. Adhul, S. V., & Ananthan, T. (2020). FOPID controller for buck converter. Procedia Computer Science, 171, 576-582.

[3]. Afrasyabi, P., Mesgari, M. S., El-sayed, M., Kaveh, M., Ibrahim, A., & Khodadadi, N. (2023). A crossover-based multi-objective discrete particle swarm optimization model for solving multi-modal routing problems. Decision Analytics Journal, 9, 100356.

[4]. Chen, H., Xu, Y., Wang, M., & Zhao, X. (2019). A balanced whale optimization algorithm for constrained engineering design problems. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 71, 45-59.

[5]. Elgendy, M. A., Zahawi, B., & Atkinson, D. J. (2012). Assessment of the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 4(1), 108-117.

[6]. Fernández-Bustamante, P., Calvo, I., Villar, E., & Barambones, O. (2023). Centralized MPPT based on sliding mode control and XBee 900 MHz for PV systems. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 153, 109350.

[7]. Glasner, I., & Appelbaum, J. (1996, November). Advantage of boost vs. buck topology for maximum power point tracker in photovoltaic systems. In Proceedings of 19th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel (pp. 355-358). IEEE.

[8]. González, P., Prado-Rodriguez, R., Gábor, A., Saez-Rodriguez, J., Banga, J. R., & Doallo, R. (2022). Parallel ant colony optimization for the training of cell signaling networks. Expert Systems with Applications, 208, 118199.

[9]. Gupta, A. K., Pachauri, R. K., Maity, T., Chauhan, Y. K., Mahela, O. P., Khan, B., & Gupta, P. K. (2021). Effect of various incremental conductance MPPT methods on the charging of battery load feed by solar panel. IEEE Access, 9, 90977-90988.

[10]. Joseph, S. B., Dada, E. G., Abidemi, A., Oyewola, D. O., & Khammas, B. M. (2022). Metaheuristic algorithms for PID controller parameters tuning: Review, approaches and open problems. Heliyon, 8(5), E09399.

[11]. Manoharan, P., Subramaniam, U., Babu, T. S., Padmanaban, S., Holm-Nielsen, J. B., Mitolo, M., & Ravichandran, S. (2020). Improved perturb and observation maximum power point tracking technique for solar photovoltaic power generation systems. IEEE Systems Journal, 15(2), 3024-3035.

[12]. Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S. M., & Lewis, A. (2014). Grey wolf optimizer. Advances in Engineering Software, 69, 46-61.

[13]. Mohammadi-Balani, A., Nayeri, M. D., Azar, A., & Taghizadeh-Yazdi, M. (2021). Golden eagle optimizer: A nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 152, 107050.

[14]. Mostafa, R. R., Gaheen, M. A., Abd ElAziz, M., Al-Betar, M. A., & Ewees, A. A. (2023). An improved gorilla troops optimizer for global optimization problems and feature selection. Knowledge-Based Systems, 269, 110462.

[15]. Shadoul, M., Al Abri, R., Yousef, H., & Masoud, M. (2017, May). Dc-dc boost converter controller design for pv applications. In 2017 9th IEEE-GCC Conference and Exhibition (GCCCE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[16]. Sundareswaran, K., & Sreedevi, V. T. (2008). Boost converter controller design using queen-bee-assisted GA. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 56(3), 778-783.

[17]. Ullah, K., Ishaq, M., Tchier, F., Ahmad, H., & Ahmad, Z. (2023). Fuzzy-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for photovoltaic power generation system. Results in Engineering, 20, 101466.

[18]. Vanchinathan, K., & Selvaganesan, N. (2021). Adaptive fractional order PID controller tuning for brushless DC motor using artificial bee colony algorithm. Results in Control and Optimization, 4, 100032.

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Research Paper

Performance Analysis of Power System Dynamics with Facts Controllers: Optimal Placement and Impact of SSSC and STATCOM

Vijay Prashant Yadaraju* , Siva Kumar M.**

* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Seshadri Rao Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Yadaraju, V. P., and Kumar, M. S. (2024). Performance Analysis of Power System Dynamics with Facts Controllers: Optimal Placement and Impact of SSSC and STATCOM. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(4), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.21138

Abstract

This paper explores the impact of integrating Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers, specifically the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), on power system performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate how these controllers can enhance various aspects of power system operation, including voltage regulation, power flow stability, and overall system efficiency. The methodology involves simulating power systems with and without the deployment of SSSC and STATCOM and analyzing their effects on voltage profiles, power flow characteristics, and system losses. The findings reveal that both SSSC and STATCOM significantly improve voltage stability and power flow control, leading to reduced system losses and enhanced operational efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach by comparing the performance enhancements provided by SSSC and STATCOM in different operational scenarios, offering valuable insights into their effectiveness. The results underscore the potential of FACTS technology in advancing power system stability and efficiency, making a substantial contribution to the field of power system optimization.

References

[1]. ADahane, A. S., & Sharma, R. B. (2024). Hybrid AC-DC microgrid coordinated control strategies: A systematic review and future prospect. Renewable Energy Focus, 49, 100553.

[2]. Ahmed, H. M., Eltantawy, A. B., & Salama, M. M. A. (2017). A generalized approach to the load flow analysis of AC–DC hybrid distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 33(2), 2117-2127.

[3]. Alajrash, B. H., Salem, M., Swadi, M., Senjyu, T., Kamarol, M., & Motahhir, S. (2024). A comprehensive review of FACTS devices in modern power systems: Addressing power quality, optimal placement, and stability with renewable energy penetration. Energy Reports, 11, 5350-5371.

[4]. Chirani, A. A., & Karami, A. (2024). Investigation of the impact of SSSC-based FLC on the stability of power systems connected to wind farms. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2024(1), 1-4.

[5]. Das, A., Dawn, S., & Gope, S. (2019). A review on optimal placement of FACTS devices. International Journal of Computational Intelligence & IoT, 2(3), 626-630.

[6]. Eajal, A. A., Abdelwahed, M. A., El-Saadany, E. F., & Ponnambalam, K. (2016). A unified approach to the power flow analysis of AC/DC hybrid microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 7(3), 1145-1158.

[7]. Ezeonye, C. S., Atuchukwu, A. J., & Okonkwo, I. I. (2024). Comparative effect of series and shunt facts on the steady state improvement of voltage profile on nigeria's 330 kv transmission system. NIPES-Journal of Science and Technology Research, 6(2), 31-42.

[8]. Haroon, A., Javed, I. S., Baig, H. R., Nasir, A., & Ashraf, A. (2020). Modeling, control and placement of FACTS devices: A review. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 39(4), 719-733.

[9]. Patil, B., & Karajgi, S. B. (2017). A review on optimal placement of FACTS devices in deregulated environment-a detailed perspective. 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer, and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT), 375-380.

[10]. Sharma, S., Gupta, S., Zuhaib, M., Bhuria, V., Malik, H., Almutairi, A., & Hossaini, M. A. (2023). A comprehensive review on statcom: Paradigm of modelling, control, stability, optimal location, integration, application, and installation. IEEE Access, 12, 2701-2729.

[11]. Singh, R. K., & Singh, N. K. (2022). Power system transient stability improvement with FACTS controllers using SSSC-based controller. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53(1), 102664.

[12]. Zadehbagheri, M., Ildarabadi, R., & Javadian, A. M. (2023). Optimal power flow in the presence of HVDC lines along with optimal placement of FACTS in order to power system stability improvement in different conditions: Technical and economic approach. IEEE Access, 11, 57745-57771.

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Research Paper

Empowering Hybrid EVS with Bidirectional DC - DC Converter for Seamless V2G and G2V Integration

Meenambikai P. S.* , Dharma Raj T., Prem Kumar R.*, Anita Merlin I.****

* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, DMI Engineering College, Kumarapuram, Aralvaimozhi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College, Kakkaveri, Rasipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Palkulam, Anjugramam, Tamil Nadu, India.

**** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Satyam College of Engineering and Technology, Kannappannalur, Aralvaimozhi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Meenambikai, P. S., Raj, T. D., Kumar, R. P., and Merlin, I. A. (2024). Empowering Hybrid EVS with Bidirectional DC - DC Converter for Seamless V2G and G2V Integration. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(4), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.21028

Abstract

This paper unveils a groundbreaking wide-range DC-DC converter with significant voltage gain and bidirectional capability, engineered explicitly for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) chargers. This converter facilitates both Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations. It aims to revolutionize efficiency, voltage range, and bidirectional power flow capabilities, marking a significant leap forward from existing solutions. A meticulous comparative analysis between established systems and the proposed converter highlights its distinct advantages and evolutionary strides within the HEV charging infrastructure landscape. By enhancing the versatility and performance of HEV chargers, this converter promises to address critical challenges in energy management and integration. Its innovative design not only optimizes energy transfer but also supports future advancements in smart grid technology and sustainable transportation. The results of this study underscore the converter's potential to drive forward the next generation of electric vehicle infrastructure, paving the way for more efficient and resilient energy systems.

References

[1]. Águila-León, J., Chiñas-Palacios, C. D., Vargas-Salgado, C., Hurtado-Perez, E., & García, E. X. (2020, April). Optimal PID parameters tunning for a DC-DC boost converter: A performance comparative using Grey Wolf optimizer, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms. In 2020 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[2]. Al Attar, H., Hamida, M., Ghanes, M., & Taleb, M. (2022, October). Bidirectional electric vehicle charger control design with performance improvement. In IECON 2022–48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[3]. Barzegarkhoo, R., Moradzadeh, M., Zamiri, E., Kojabadi, H. M., & Blaabjerg, F. (2017). A new boost switched-capacitor multilevel converter with reduced circuit devices. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(8), 6738-6754.

[4]. Equbal, M. I., & Bhargava, A. (2012). A review of electric vehicle charging stations with G2V and V2G using dual active bridge. International Journal of Advancement in Electronics and Computer Engineering (IJAECE), 12 (10), 322-326.

[5]. Fan, S., He, H., Chen, S., Duan, J., You, J., & Bai, L. (2022). Zero voltage switching non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter with transient current built-up technique. Journal of Power Electronics, 22(5), 764-772.

[6]. González-Castaño, C., Restrepo, C., Kouro, S., Vidal-Idiarte, E., & Calvente, J. (2021). A bidirectional versatile buck–boost converter driver for electric vehicle applications. Sensors, 21(17), 5712.

[7]. Haq, Z. U., & Ali, A. (2021, October). Comparative study of Zeta converter and Boost converter Using PI controller. In 2021 7th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEEIE) (pp. 54-59). IEEE.

[8]. Haque, M. R., Das, S., Uddin, M. R., Leon, M. S. I., & Razzak, M. A. (2020, June). Performance evaluation of 1kw asynchronous and synchronous buck converter-based solar-powered battery charging system for electric vehicles. In 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) (pp. 770-773). IEEE.

[9]. Heydari-doostabad, H., & O'Donnell, T. (2021). A wide-range high-voltage-gain bidirectional DC–DC converter for V2G and G2V hybrid EV charger. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 69(5), 4718-4729.

[10]. Khasim, S. R., & Dhanamjayulu, C. (2021). Selection parameters and synthesis of multi-input converters for electric vehicles: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 141, 110804.

[11]. Lukianov, M., Verbitsky, I., Cadaval, E. R., & Strzelecki, R. (2023). An Overview of Bidirectional EV Chargers: Empowering Traction Grid-Powered Chargers. Power Systems Research and Operation: Selected Problems III (pp. 191-230).

[12]. Mavila, P. C., & Nisha, B. K. (2016). Integrated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for EV Charger with G2V, V2G and V2H Capabilities. International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering.

[13]. Panchanathan, S., Vishnuram, P., Rajamanickam, N., Bajaj, M., Blazek, V., Prokop, L., & Misak, S. (2023). A comprehensive review of the bidirectional converter topologies for the vehicle-to-grid system. Energies, 16(5), 2503.

[14]. Rajalakshmi, M., Chandramohan, S., Kannadasan, R., Alsharif, M. H., Kim, M. K., & Nebhen, J. (2021). Design and validation of BAT algorithm-based photovoltaic system using simplified high gain quasi boost inverter. Energies, 14(4), 1086.

[15]. Saravanan, S., & Babu, N. R. (2017). Analysis and implementation of high step-up DC-DC converter for PV based grid application. Applied Energy, 190, 64-72.

[16]. Saxena, A. R., & Kumar, D. (2021). Transformerless high-gain battery-integrated DC-DC boost converter for fuel-cell stacks: Design, analysis, and control. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(2), e12722.

[17]. Sharma, A., Nag, S. S., Bhuvaneswari, G., & Veerachary, M. (2020). An improved mode transition technique for a non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 67(12), 3093-3097.

[18]. Singirikonda, S., Obulesu, Y. P., Kannan, R., Reddy, K. J., Kumar, G. K., Alhakami, W., & Alhakami, H. (2022). Adaptive control-based Isolated bi-directional converter for G2V& V2G charging with integration of the renewable energy source. Energy Reports, 8, 11416-11428.

[19]. Tripathi, P., & Agarwal, R. (2021). V2G and G2V Energy Transfer via Bidirectional Converter. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 11(6), 24-30.

[20]. Trivedi, S. S., & Sant, A. V. (2022). Comparative analysis of dual active bridge dc–dc converter employing Si, SiC and GaN MOSFETs for G2V and V2G operation. Energy Reports, 8, 1011-1019.

[21]. Venkata Govardhan Rao, K., Kumar, M. K., Goud, B. S., Bajaj, M., Abou Houran, M., & Kamel, S. (2022). Design of a bidirectional DC/DC converter for a hybrid electric drive system with dual-battery storing energy. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 972089.

[22]. Vineel Kumar, K., & Deepa, K. (2022). V2G/G2V bi-directional on-board EV charger using two phase interleaved DC-DC converter. In Modeling, Simulation and Optimization: Proceedings of CoMSO 2021 (pp. 49-61). Springer Nature Singapore.

[23]. Yadagiri, A., Meadari, M., Harsha, D., Biswas, P. K., & Babu, T. S. (2024). Design and development of bidirectional converter based on V2G and G2V operation. In E3S Web of Conferences, 547, 03002. EDP Sciences.

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Research Paper

Solar Wireless Charging of Battery in Electrical Vehicle

Shraddha Kaushik* , Shraddha Mishra, Saurabh Soni*, Saurabh Jaiswal****

*-**** Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.

Kaushik, S., Mishra, S., Soni, S., and Jaiswal, S. (2024). Solar Wireless Charging of Battery in Electrical Vehicle. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(4), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.20886

Abstract

Energy comes from a variety of natural sources, including the sun, nuclear power plants, and the chemical energy found in fuels. This study explores innovative solar-powered wireless charging methods for electric vehicles, aiming to enhance both efficiency and environmental sustainability. Traditional gasoline-powered vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution, noise pollution, and environmental degradation. In contrast, wireless charging technology, particularly through wireless power transmission (WPT), offers a cleaner alternative by eliminating the need for physical connections and reducing the associated emissions. The study highlights that WPT is not only reliable and effective but also operates silently, further contributing to a reduction in urban noise pollution. By integrating solar power, this method not only supports sustainable energy practices but also advances the push towards a cleaner and quieter future for transportation.

References

[1]. Amjad, M., Farooq-i-Azam, M., Ni, Q., Dong, M., & Ansari, E. A. (2022). Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167, 112730.

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[3]. Joseph, P. K., & Elangovan, D. (2018). A review on renewable energy powered wireless power transmission techniques for light electric vehicle charging applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 16, 145-155.

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[6]. Okasili, I., Elkhateb, A., & Littler, T. (2022). A review of wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicle battery charging with a focus on inductive coupling. Electronics, 11(9), 1355.

[7]. Rayan, B. A., Subramaniam, U., & Balamurugan, S. (2023). Wireless power transfer in electric vehicles: A review on compensation topologies, coil structures, and safety aspects. Energies, 16(7), 3084.

[8]. Sun, L., Ma, D., & Tang, H. (2018). A review of recent trends in wireless power transfer technology and its applications in electric vehicle wireless charging. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 490-503.

[9]. Tazay, A. F. (2021). Design and implementation of solar powered electric vehicle for on-campus university applications. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 10(10).

[10]. Triviño, A., González-González, J. M., & Aguado, J. A. (2021). Wireless power transfer technologies applied to electric vehicles: A review. Energies, 14(6), 1547.

[11]. Tummapudi, S., Mohammed, T., Peetala, R. K., Chilla, S., & Bollavarapu, P. P. (2023, February). Solar-powered wireless charging station for electric vehicles. In 2023 International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Energy and Control (PIECON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

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Review Paper

Advancements in Multilevel Inverter Technologies for Photovoltaic-Z-Source Based EV Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis and Future Directions

Koustuv Sarkar* , Krishna Sarker**

*-** Department of Electrical Engineering, St. Thomas' College of Engineering & Technology, West Bengal, India.

Sarkar, K., and Sarker, K. (2024). Advancements in Multilevel Inverter Technologies for Photovoltaic-Z-Source Based EV Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis and Future Directions. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(4), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.20943

Abstract

Global demand for electricity has risen, driving a shift toward sustainable energy sources like Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Despite their efficiency challenges compared to traditional fuels, significant investments and research are advancing the technology. This paper investigates multilevel inverter topologies, with a focus on Z-source technology for high-power PV applications. The study begins with an overview of the growing demand for alternative energy sources and the role of multilevel inverters in enhancing PV system performance. It discusses prominent multilevel inverter topologies, such as Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) and Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) inverters, as well as control techniques including Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Predictive Control. Furthermore, it explores the functionality of Z-source inverters both with and without PV systems, highlighting their ability to provide voltage boosting, fault tolerance, and improved power quality. For load purposes, Electric Vehicle (EV) charging has been incorporated. The paper uses MATLAB/Simulink to compare multilevel inverter configurations and finds that the CHB inverter with Z-source is superior for PV applications due to its lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and reduced semiconductor usage. The study also simulates a hybrid storage system with batteries and supercapacitors. The paper concludes with insights into future research directions, advanced control strategies, optimization techniques, and grid integration methods. These avenues promise further enhancement of efficiency, reliability, and grid compatibility for multilevel inverters in PV systems. Overall, this research contributes to the selection of optimal multilevel converter topologies for improving the performance of PV systems and advancing the integration of renewable energy into the electrical grid. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working toward a sustainable energy future.

References

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[15]. Singh, A. V., & Singh, R. S. (2018). A comparative study of multilevel inverter topologies. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(03), 1009-1014.

[16]. Zhang, Z., Yao, J., & Ioinovici, A. (2023). Switched-capacitor multilevel inverter with input source-load common ground for applications supplied by green energy. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 71(1), 186-190.

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Solar Wireless Charging of Battery in Electrical Vehicle

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Advancements in Multilevel Inverter Technologies for Photovoltaic-Z-Source Based EV Applications: A Comprehensive Analysis and Future Directions

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Hemachandran Veerasamy* , Arounassalame Mouttou, Rathidevi U.*

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