Prodrug Design for Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Safety
An Overview of the Medicinal Significance of Boerhaavia diffusa
A Review on Ethnopharmacological Study of Clitoria ternatea
A Review Study on Medicinal Significance of Convolvulus pluricaulis
An Systemic Overview of Pharmacognostical and Therapeutical Herbal Application of Gymnema sylvestre
Yeast Recovery in Batch Ethanol Fermentation
The Repercussion of Leachate from Industries on Water Quality in Jeedimetla Village and its Surroundings, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana
Microwave Assisted Vacuum Drying of Thompson Seedless Grapes: Analysis of Characteristics And Kinetic Modelling
Studies on Solubility Enhancement of Telmisartan by Adsorption Method
Adsorption and Characterization of Anisaldehyde as Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminium Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acidic Environment
Prodrug Design for Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Safety
Synthesis of a Moringa Based Coagulant Functionalized by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Production of Modified Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Sawdust and Wheat Straw
Yeast Recovery in Batch Ethanol Fermentation
Modeling of Chromium (VI) Adsorption on Limonia Acidissima Hull Powder Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Approach
Prodrug design has emerged as a dynamic field within pharmaceutical sciences, offering a promising avenue to enhance drug efficacy while mitigating side effects. Defined by Adrien Albert, prodrugs involve modifying parent medications to create inactive precursors that the body converts into active therapeutic agents. Prodrug design aims to optimize medicinal, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic goals, ultimately improving the therapeutic index and reducing toxicity. Over the past decade, significant strides have been made in prodrug design, particularly in methods enhancing oral bioavailability and targeted delivery to the brain and tumors. Prodrugs offer advantages such as improved pharmacokinetics, targeted drug delivery, reduced toxicity, enhanced stability, and simplified patient compliance. However, challenges such as complex design processes, unpredictable metabolism, and potential side effects must be navigated. Applications of prodrugs span various areas, including oral absorption enhancement, aqueous solubility improvement, lipophilicity alteration, carrier-mediated absorption, and reduction of pain on injection. Prodrugs also show promise in site-selective drug delivery, prolonged drug action, and toxicity reduction. Ongoing research is vital, especially in the early drug development stages, to harness the full potential of prodrug strategies. While prodrugs have become integral to drug design, realistic goals and a continued focus on addressing challenges will contribute to their successful clinical application.
Boerhaavia diffusa, commonly known as Punarnava, belongs to the genus Boerhaavia L. of the family Nyctaginaceae. Punarnava contains a variety of chemical components, including lipids, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The chief constituents are alkaloids like Punarnavine, Rotenoid-boeravinone, Punarnavoside, Ursolic acid, and lignans such as Liriodendrin. The medicinal significance of Punarnavine reveals that it has been used in Ayurvedic herbal therapy to treat a wide range of ailments. The root is primarily used to cure gonorrhea, abdominal pain, liver diseases, gallbladder issues, kidney problems, anemia, edema, jaundice, and menstrual disorders.
Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Butterfly pea or Asian pigeon wings, is a perennial herbaceous plant that has gained considerable attention in ethnopharmacological research due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. The plant kingdom offers an invaluable array of terrestrial and marine flora utilized in traditional medicine, especially in India. Pharmacognosy, the study of raw drugs derived from natural sources, highlights the significance of these resources in treating various health conditions. Clitoria ternatea exemplifies this with its extensive medicinal applications, including treatments for skin conditions, sore throats, tumors, and neurological disorders. The plant's phytoconstituents, such as taraxerol, taraxerone, and flavonoids, are responsible for its pharmacological activities, which include antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and memory-enhancing effects. Widely utilized in both traditional and modern medicine, Clitoria ternatea's adaptability and diverse therapeutic potential underscore its importance for future research and applications in functional foods and health benefits.
Convolvulus pluricaulis, sometimes referred to as Shankhpushpi, Bindweed, or morning glory, belongs to the genus Convolvulus in the family Convolvulaceae. This review focuses on the different chemical components extracted from Shankhpushpi, such as Carbohydrates, proteins, volatile oil, fixed oil, phenolic components, glycosides, steroids, etc. The chief constituents include alkaloids such as convolvine, convolamine, phyllabine, confoline, convoline, subhirsine, convosine, and convolidine. Ethnobotanical surveys reveal that Indian and Chinese medicine utilize the whole herb to treat a variety of ailments including insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, stress, fever, memory loss, and neurological debility. It is also utilized as a tranquilizer, astringent, psychostimulant, and brain tonic.
Gymnema sylvestre, commonly known as Gurmar and belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae, is widely distributed in India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Vietnam, tropical Africa, and the southwestern region of the Republic of China. The plant G. sylvestre is traditionally used as a sugar destroyer in glycosuria and other urinary diseases. The drug is also used in the composition of Ayurvedic preparations such as Ayaskri, Varunadi kasaya, Varunadighrtam, and Mahakalyanakaghrtam. The present review focuses on the reports available in various literatures. The various chemical constituents isolated include saponins, carbohydrates, anthraquinone derivatives, flavones, flavonoids, formic acid, resins, phytin, etc. The chief constituents are saponins like gymnemic acids, gymnemasaponins, gymnemasides, and gymnemagenin. Gymnema sylvestre is found in capsule, tablet, powder, and tea powder forms. A tablet containing 200-400mg of gymnemic acid is used as a supplement for diabetes and to promote healthy pancreatic function. A 100mg capsule helps maintain blood sugar levels in the normal range and reduce inflammation. Gymnema sylvestre helps to fight sugar cravings and neutralize cravings for sweets.
