i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Nursing (JNUR)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 4

A Study to Assess the Awareness of Assisted Reproductive Technology among Infertile Couples through a Video- Assisted Teaching Program in a Selected Hospital in Kanyakumari District
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Lifestyle Modification for Obesity Prevention among Women in Urban Areas of Vadodara City
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Attitude Regarding Management of Aggressive Patient among the Staff Nurses
The Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Enhancing Nursing Pedagogy: A Comparative Study of Kolb and VAK Learning Theories
A Comparative Analysis of Dorothy Orem's Self- Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
Fibroid Uterus: A Case Study

Most Cited

Volume 6 Issue 2 May - July 2016

Article

Depression Among Afghan Women: A Public Health Concern

Wais Mohammad Qarani*

*Assistant Manager, Surgical Care Co-ordinator, French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan

Qarani, W.M. (2016). Depression Among Afghan Women: A Public Health Concern. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6040

Abstract

Depression is one of the main public health concerns, globally which affects both men and women. However, it is found higher in women as compared to men, particularly in countries such as Afghanistan, where cultural and traditional practices, poverty, conflicts, social inequality, and quality of life are the main concerns and contributing factors towards depression. In the Afghan context, women are the front line victims suffering from depression; and it is reported to be almost twice prevalent in Afghan women as compared to the women of its neighbored countries. Depressive disorders have a negative impact on an individual and may lead to functional impairment and contribute towards discrimination and stigma within the community. Therefore, stakeholders have the responsibility to design strategies to address the physical and psychological aspects concerning the wellbeing of the Afghan women.

References

[1]. Amowitz, L. L., Heisler, M., & Iacopino, V. (2003). “A population-based assessment of women's mental health and attitudes toward women's human rights in Afghanistan”. Journal of Women's Health, Vol.12, No.6, pp.577-587.

[2]. Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Gotway, C. A., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., & Anderson, M. (2005). “Report from the CDC: Mental health of women in postwar Afghanistan”. Journal of Women's Health, Vol.14, No.4, pp.285-293.

[3]. Eggerman, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2010). “Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan”. Social Science & Medicine, Vol.71, No.1, pp.71-83.

[4]. Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). “Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study”. BMJ, 337. Retrieved from; http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/ 337/bmj.a2338.full.pdf

[5]. Gerritsen, A. A., Bramsen, I., Devillé, W., Van Willigen, L. H., Hovens, J. E., & Van Der Ploeg, H. M. (2006). “Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands”. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol.41, No.1, pp.18-26.

[6]. Hanania, N.A., Mullerova, H., Locantore, N.W., Vestbo, J., Watkins, M.L., Wouters, E.F., & Sharafkhaneh, A. (2011). “Determinants of depression in the ECLIPSE chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cohort”. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol.183, No.5, pp.604-611. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0472OC

[7]. Husain, N., Chaudhry, I. B., Afridi, M. A., Tomenson, B., & Creed, F. (2007). “Life stress and depression in a tribal area of Pakistan”. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.190, No.1, pp.36-41.

[8]. Li, L., Lee, S. J., Thammawijaya, P., Jiraphongsa, C., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2009). “Stigma, social support, and depression among people living with HIV in Thailand”. AIDS Care, Vol.21, No.8, pp.1007-1013.

[9]. Mirza, I., & Jenkins, R. (2004). “Risk factors, prevalence, and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan: systematic review”. BMJ, Vol.328, No.7443, pp.794.

[10]. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2011- 2012. Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey. Retrieved from; http://www.af.undp.org/content/dam/afghanistan/docs/M DGs/NRVA%20REPORT-rev-5%202013.pdf

[11]. Omidvar, N., Ghazi-Tabatabie, M., Sadeghi, R., Mohammadi, F., & Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J. (2013). “Food Insecurity and Its Sociodemographic Correlates among Afghan Immigrants in Iran”. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, Vol.31, No.3, pp.356.

[12]. Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007). “Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge”. The Lancet, Vol.369, No.9569, pp.1302-1313.

[13]. Patel, V., Kirkwood, B. R., Pednekar, S., Weiss, H., & Mabey, D. (2006). “Risk factors for common mental disorders in women”. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.189, No.6, pp.547-555.

[14]. Popa, D., Léna, C., Alexandre, C., & Adrien, J. (2008). “Lasting syndrome of depression produced by reduction in serotonin uptake during postnatal development: Evidence from sleep, stress, and behavior”. The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol.28, No.14, pp.3546-3554.

[15]. Rodin, G., Lo, C., Mikulincer, M., Donner, A., Gagliese, L., & Zimmermann, C. (2009). “Pathways to distress: The multiple determinants of depression, hopelessness, and the desire for hastened death in metastatic cancer patients”. Social Science & Medicine, Vol.68, No.3, pp.562-569.

[16]. Rosenquist, J. N., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2010). “Social network determinants of depression”. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol.16, No.3, pp.273-281.

[17]. WB, (2013). Literacy Rate, Adult Female (% of Females Ages 15 and Above) , Retrieved from; http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS

[18]. Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., Burstein, R., Murray, C. JL., & Vos, T. (2013). “Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010”. The Lancet, Vol.382, No.9904, pp.1575-1586.

[19]. WHO, (2013). Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). Retrieved from; http://www.who.int/mental_ health/mhgap/en/

[20]. Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., Jennum, P., Lieb, R., Maercker. A., van Os, J., Preisig, M., Salvador-Carulla, L., Simon, R., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2011). “The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010: ECNP/EBC REPORT 2011”. European Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol.21, pp.655-679.

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Article

Brain Drain of Nurses from Pakistan

Shahida Abbasi* , Muhammad Younas**

* Nursing Instructor, Post Graduate College of Nursing Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

** Principal, Royal College of Nursing Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Abbasi, S., and Younas, M. (2016). Brain Drain of Nurses from Pakistan. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 7-11 https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6041

Abstract

The term “brain drain” has captured the attention of many economists and political scientists since the 1960s. The flow of nurses, as a result of active recruitment by developed countries, is a red signal for their country (Pakistan). The policy makers in the country should take initiatives in identifying and addressing the factors contributing to brain drain of nurses. To resolve the underlying problem, efforts should be made to uplift the status of nurses through modification service structure, health services planning which would result in better management of the nursing workforce.

References

[1]. Bhagwati, J.N. (1976). “Taxing the Brain Drain”. Challenge, Vol.19, No.3, pp.34-38.

[2]. Cometto, G., Tulenko, K., Muula, A. S., & Krech, R. (2013). “Health Workforce Brain Drain: From Denouncing the Challenge to Solving the Problem”. PLoS Medicine, Vol.10, No.9,e1001514.

[3]. Glavan, B. (2008). “Brain drain a management or a property problem? ”. American Journal o f Economics and Sociology, Vol.67, No.4, pp.719-737.

[4]. Labonte, R. N., & Crush, J. (2006). The Brain Drain of Health Professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa to Canada (No. 2). Inst for Democracy in South Africa.

[5]. Lalji, N., Thaver, A. M., & Kamal, A. (2010). “Short Communication Maternal Neonate and Child Health (MNCH) research in Pakistan: Trend and transition”. JPMA, The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, Vol.60, No.5.

[6]. Lowell, B. L., & Findlay, A. (2001). “Migration of highly skilled persons from developing countries: Impact and policy responses”. International Migration Papers, Vol.44.

[7]. Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2000). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing Theory rd Application. (3 ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

[8]. O'brien-Pallas L., Duffield C. & Hayesl. (2006). “Do we really understand how to retain nurses?”. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol.14, pp.262-270.

[9]. Redman, W. R. (2010). “Motivation”. In D. L Huber (Ed.). th Leadership and Nursing Care Management (4 ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.195-213.

[10]. Sajjad, N. (2011). “Causes and Solutions to Intellectual Brain Drain in Pakistan”. Dialogue, Vol.6, No.1. pp.1819- 6462, 2011.

[11]. Tomey, A. M. (2009). Guide to Nursing Management th and Leadership. (8 ed.). Canada: Mosby.

[12]. Zimbudzi, E. (2013). “Stemming the impact of health professional brain drain from Africa: A systemic review of policy options”. Journal of Public Health in Africa, Vol.4, No.1, e4.

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Article

Handling Challenging Emotions in Nursing Care

Komal Jiwani*

*Registered Nurse, Coronary Care Unit, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Jiwani, K. (2016). Handling Challenging Emotions in Nursing Care. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 12-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6042

Abstract

The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of emotions with respect to the patient's condition, circumstances during which patients exhibit these emotions and the strategies to provide holistic good quality nursing care accordingly. To analyze the issue, comprehensive literature review was carried. Research articles were reviewed from 2007 to 2015 and data was extracted from Science Direct, SAGE, and Google scholar search engine. Literature review showed that most patients fear diseases and their outcomes. Therefore, they exhibit negative emotions (anxiety, anger and depression). Patients undergoing invasive procedures exhibit more anxiety than patient with chronic diseases who experience depression. While perceived inadequate care due to staff shortage, late diagnosis, long waiting in an emergency, uncontrolled pain and terminal illness evoke anger in patients. Anger, anxiety and depression are interlinked with each other and can also be observed in one situation. If anger is not directly expressed by a patient, it turns back into self and leads to depression. If anxiety is ignored, it can also lead to depression. To deal with patients' anxiety, health education, informed consent, proper orientation of hospital, proper communication and music or relaxation therapy are found significant. Counseling and teaching of coping strategies for patients are core to alleviate or reduce depressive feelings of patients; while patients' anger can be dealt through maintaining patience, calm attitude and empathetic communication of nurses. Emotions are normal and natural part of our daily life. Increase in the emotion beyond their usefulness or control is harmful for health. Anger, anxiety and depression are generally observed emotions in hospital settings. This requires proper treatment modality and nursing intervention to convert them into healthy emotion. Maladaptive practices for emotion regulation can further deteriorate emotional, psychological, and health aspect. Therefore, to function better in life, one needs to understand their reactions.

References

[1]. Bailey, L. (2010). “Strategies for decreasing patient anxiety in the perioperative setting”. AORN Journal, Vol.92(4), doi: 10.1016/ j.aorn.2010.04.017

[2]. Chapman, G. (2007). Anger: Handling a Powerful Emotion in a Healthy Way. (2 ed., p. 16). Chicago: Northfield Publishing. Retrieved from http://books.google. com.pk/books?id=fEbQGTs-YagC&printsec=frontcover& source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0

[3]. Deffenbacher, J. (2011). “Cognitive-behavioral conceptualization and treatment of anger”. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Vol.18.

[4]. Hopko, R., & Lejuez, W. (2007). A Cancer Patient's Guide to Overcoming Depression & Anxiety: Getting through Treatment and getting back to your Life. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=hSDmhjKK_CYC&p rintsec=frontcover&dq=depression in patient&hl= en&sa=X&ei=tRSzUKCxA9SZ0QWmr4G4Aw&redir_esc=y

[5]. Koller, D., & Goldman, R. (2012). “Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: A critical review of pediatric research”. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, Vol.27, pp.652-681.

[6]. Miller, C. (2009). Nursing for Wellness in Older Adults: Theory and Practice. (5 ed., p. 305). Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yUx01gmNLboC& pg=PA303&dq=nursing interventionfor depression&hl= en&sa=X&ei=Yha2UKyMDY-5hAfCgoHoBA&ved= 0CDEQ6AEwAQ

[7]. Moore, S., Zoellner, L., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). “Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?”. Behavior Research and Therapy, Vol.46, No.9, pp.993-1000.doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001

[8]. Pittman, S., & Kridli, S. (2011). “Music intervention and preoperative anxiety: an Integrativereview”. International Nursing Review, Vol.58, pp.157-163.

[9]. Stuart, G. (2009). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. (9 ed.). Mosby Elsevier.

[10]. Weiten, W. (2007). Psychology: Themes and Variation. (7 ed).USA: Thomson Wadsworth.

[11]. World Health Organization, (2012). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs369/en/ [Accessed 21 Apr. 2016].

[12]. Wright, S., Day, A., & Howells, K. (2009). “Mindfulness and the treatment of anger problems”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol.14, pp.396-401. doi: 10.1016/j.avb. 2009.06.008

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Research Paper

Development of a Tool to Measure Clinical Performance of Nursing Students

Maxie Martis*

*Associate Professor, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honnavar, Karnataka, India.

Martis, M. (2016). Development of a Tool to Measure Clinical Performance of Nursing Students. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6043

Abstract

Excellence in clinical performance is the hallmark of good healthcare and reflects aptitude, cognition, affect and skills. Over the years, attempts have been made to measure clinical performance of nursing staff and students in the patient care units. The preliminary tools developed for such purpose measured traits and tools developed after 1962, measured knowledge base, the amount of guidance required, time spent in teaching, dexterity and coordination. However, recent tools rate performance against patient care behaviors. Development of a valid tool to measure the clinical performance of nursing student in subsequent years of study in a graduate nursing programme had been the interest of the researcher. It was observed that though the curriculum was uniform throughout India, the assessment pattern varied between universities and institutions. This paper highlights the process as well as the challenges encountered in the process of development of the tool. These challenges might seem as opportunities for policy makers to reform the system of nursing education in India.

References

[1]. Entwistle, F. (2013). “Recommendations on student nurse training”. Nursing Times, Vol.23.

[2]. Krichbaum, K., Rowan, M., Duckett, L., Ruden, M. B., & Savik, K. (1994). “The clinical evaluation tool: A measure of the quality of clinical performance of baccalaureate nursing students”. Journal of Nursing Education, Vol.33, No.9, pp.395-404.

[3]. Maloney, K., & Chaiken, B. P. (1999). “An overview of outcomes research and measurement”. Journal of Health Care Quality, Vol.21, No.6, pp.4-9.

[4]. McClelland, D.C. (1973). “Testing for competence rather than intelligence”. American Psychologist, pp.1-14.

[5]. Megginson, L. (2009). “Non cognitive constructs in graduate admissions”. Nurse Educator, Vol.34, No.6, pp.254-260.

[6]. National Research Council, Committee on US Naturalization Test Redesign (2004). Redesigning the US Naturalization Tests: Interim Report. Washington DC: National Academies Press.

[7]. Scanlan, J. M., & Care, D. (2004). “Grade inflation: Should we be concerned”. Journal of Nursing Education, Vol.43, No.10, pp.475-478.

[8]. Ward, J., Cody, J., Schaal, M., & Hojat, M. (2012). “The empathy enigma: An empirical study of decline in empathy among undergraduate nursing students”. Journal of Professional Nursing, Vol.28, No.1, pp.34-40.

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Research Paper

Global Health Competencies of Nurse Students in Philippines

Hamzeh Y. Abunab* , Wireen Leila T. Dator, Jose Reinhard C. Laoingco*

* Research Scholar, School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines.

Assistant Professor and Director, Scientific Research Unit, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh City, KSA.

* Associate Dean, School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines.

Abunab, H.Y., Dator, W.L.T., and Laoingco, J.R.C. (2016). Global Health Competencies of Nurse Students in Philippines. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6044

Abstract

This study sought to assess the Global Health Competencies (GHC) of the fourth year nursing students in a selected School of Nursing (SON) and to determine integration of the GHC in the BSN curriculum. Descriptive cross-sectional design was followed in this study using self-rated assessment tool. GHC of students and integration of GHC in the BSN curriculum were assessed. Results revealed that (1) the students are moderately competent in the global burden of disease category with Weighted Mean Score (WMS) of 2.6; (2) competent in four categories of GHCs specifically, health implications of travel and displacements, globalization of health and healthcare; healthcare in low resource and healthcare as human right and development resource with WMSs of 2.88, 2.85, 3.04 and 3.28 respectively; (3) highly competent in social and environmental determinants of health with WMS of 3.46; the overall result implies that the student are competent in general with WMS of 3.02. Majority of the students claimed the GHCs are integrated into their BSN curriculum. Findings revealed that the SON is responsive to the students' training to develop competencies in meeting the challenges of global health.

References

[1]. Battat, R., Seidman, G., Chadi, N., Chanda, M. Y., Nehme, J., Hulme, J., ... & Brewer, T. F. (2010). “Global health competencies and approaches in medical education: A literature review”. BMC Medical Education, Vol.10, No.1, pp.94.

[2]. Beaglehole, R., & Bonita, R. (2010). “What is global health?” Global Health Action, Vol.3, http://doi.org/ 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5142.

[3]. Carlton, K., Ryan, M., Ali, N., & Kelsey, B. (2007). “Integration of global health concepts in nursing curricula: A national study”. Nursing Education Perspectives, Vol.28, No.3, pp.124-129.

[4]. Foronda, C. (2010). “Associate degree-nursing students' thoughts, feelings, and experiences of short study abroad in a low-income country”. Dissertations, Vol.51.

[5]. Göpfert, A., Mohamedbhai, H., Mise, J., Driessen, A., Shakil, A., Fitzmaurice, A., & Graham, W. (2014). “Do medical students want to learn about global health?” Global Health Action, Vol.7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ gha.v7.23943.

[6]. Huston, C. (2008). “Preparing nurse leaders for 2020”. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol.16, No.8, pp.905-911 7p. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00942.x.

[7]. ICN. (2015). International Council of Nurses Statement on the joint ICN-WHO consultation on Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health. International Council of Nurses.

[8]. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington; Human Development Network the World Bank. (2013). The global burden of disease : generating evidence, guiding policy - East Asia and Pacific regional edition. Human Development Network. Washington DC : World Bank Group.

[9]. Klopper, H. C., & Hill, M. (2015). “Global Advisory Panel on the Future of Nursing (GAPFON) and Global Health”. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol.47, No.1, pp.3-4.

[10]. Lorenzo, F. M. E., Galvez-Tan, J., Icamina, K., & Javier, L. (2007). “Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study”. Health Services Research, Vol.42(3 Pt 2), pp.1406-1418. http://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x

[11]. Monograph, C. U. G. H. (2011). “Saving Lives: Universities Transforming Global Health”. Consortium of Universities for Global Health.

[12]. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

[13]. Thompson, P., & Hyrkas, K. (2014). “Global Nursing Leadership”. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol.22, No.1, pp.1-3.

[14]. Tejada, J. J., & Punzalan, J. R. B. (2012). “On the misuse of Slovin's formula”. The Philippine Statistician, Vol.61, No.1, pp.129-136.

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[16]. Ventura, C. A. A., Mendes, I. A. C., Wilson, L. L., de Godoy, S., Tamí-Maury, I., Zárate-Grajales, R., & Salas- Segura, S. (2014). “Global health competencies according to nursing faculty from Brazilian higher education institutions”. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, Vol.22, No.2, pp.179-186.

[17]. Veras, M., Pottie, K., Cameron, D., Dahal, G. P., Welch, V., Ramsay, T., & Tugwell, P. (2013). “Assessing and comparing global health competencies in rehabilitation students”. Rehabilitation Research and Practice.

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Review Paper

Importance of Storing Medicines on Required Temperature in Pharmacies and Role of Community Pharmacies in Rural Areas: Literature Review

Sumera Aziz Ali* , Savera Aziz Ali, Nadir Suhail*

* Senior Instructor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University of Medical Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Intern Nurse, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

* Research Associate, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ali, S.A., Ali, S.A., and Suhail, N. (2016). Importance of Storing Medicines on Required Temperature in Pharmacies and Role of Community Pharmacies in Rural Areas: Literature Review. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 6(2), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.6.2.6045

Abstract

Medicines are the crucial tools to control and prevent various diseases. Ineffective medicines can cause wastage of resources. The efficacy of medicines gets affected due to improper storage conditions particularly the improper temperature. The objective of this review was to synthesize the findings regarding the storage of medicines on required temperature in Pharmacies and the role of community pharmacies, particularly in rural areas. An extensive literature review was carried by retrieving articles from various databases like Pub med, Google scholar and Science Direct and by using terms like 'temperature', 'pharmacy ', 'medicines' and 'storage'. Types of studies were descriptive studies, systematic reviews, and various WHO reports. Normal storage conditions mean storage in dry, well-ventilated place at temperatures of 15–25 °C or, depending on climatic conditions and properties of the drug; it might go up to 30oC. Furthermore, uninterrupted cold chain maintenance is required from the manufacturer till the dispensing of the medicines. Temperature monitoring devices must be used, in order to ensure the appropriate temperature of the medicines during transportation from one to another place. Medicinal products require appropriate storage conditions in order to ensure the quality and efficacy of medicines. Improper storage can increase the unnecessary burden on the economy of general population due to their poor efficacy. Strong monitoring of storage conditions is required to ensure storage practices in community pharmacies. Furthermore, ongoing training should be arranged for pharmacy owners to teach them about standard storage practices, particularly in rural areas.

References

[1]. Butt ZA, Gilani AH, Nanan D, Sheikh AL, and White F. (2005). “Quality of pharmacies in Pakistan: A crosssectional survey”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, Vol.17, No.4, pp.307-13.

[2]. Hafeez A, Kiani AG, Din Su, Muhammad W, Butt K, Shah Z, et al. (2004). “Prescription and Dispensing Practices in Public Sector Health Facilities in Pakistan-Survey Report”. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, Vol.54, No.4, pp.187-91.

[3]. Bott RF, Oliveira WP. (2007). “Storage conditions for stability testing of pharmaceuticals in hot and humid regions”. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, Vol.33, No.4, pp.393-401.

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[7]. Du B, Daniels VR, Vaksman Z, Boyd JL, Crady C, Putcha L. (2011). “Evaluation of physical and chemical changes in pharmaceuticals flown on space missions”. The AAPS Journal, Vol.13, No.2, pp.299-308.

[8]. Abegunde D. (2013). Essential Medicines for Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Pharmaceutical Policies by WHO. Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal.

[9]. Arshad A, Riasat M, and Mahmood MKT, (2011). “Drug Storage Conditions in Different Hospitals in Lahore”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Vol.3, No.1, pp.543-47.

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[14]. WHO, (n.d.). Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-fourth report. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series. 1996;863.

[15]. “Good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical products”. In: Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials, Volume 2. Good manufacturing practices and inspection. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999; WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-Fifth report. Geneva, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series. 1999(885).

[16]. Adhikari R, Soonthorndhada K, and Prasartkul P. (2009). “Correlates of unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant married women in Nepal”. BMC International Health and Human Rights. Vol.9, No.1, pp.17.

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