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Volume 4 Issue 2 November - January 2009

Article

Emerging Technologies for Structural Damage Detection and Evaluation

Andrei Zagrai*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), USA.

Zagrai, A. (2009). Emerging Technologies For Structural Damage Detection And Evaluation. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.505

Abstract

Structural fatigue life is a complex function of material composition, manufacturing process, operational loads and environmental conditions. Although deterioration of the structural material starts very early at the microscale, it is not until the damage develops into the macro-scale cracks, delaminations and disbonds that it becomes a subject of interest to the established nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies. There is an increasing interest in the early damage detection NDE/SHM techniques permitting assessment of structural condition before initiation of the macro-scale damage and the onset of the irreversible material fracture. This paper reviews recent activities in the field of embeddable structural diagnostics and presents examples of practical implementation of novel damage detection methods. Traditional and emerging NDE/SHM technologies for the assessment of the incipient structural damage are discussed and perspective new directions are highlighted. The particular emphasis is placed on the existing and potential SHM applications.

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Research Paper

Durability Studies on Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

T. Seshadri Sekhar* , K.Chandra Mouli, P. Srinivasa Rao*

* Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Ananthapur, A.P.

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Priyadarsani College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

* Professor, Nishitha College of Engg. & Tech., Grater Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

P. Srinivasa Rao, K. Chandra Mouli and T. Seshadri Sekhar (2009). Durability Studies On Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.527

Abstract

The present day world is witnessing the construction of very challenging and difficult Civil Engineering structures. Quite often, concrete being the most important and widely used material is called upon to possess very high strength and sufficient workability properties. Efforts are being made in the field of Concrete Technology to develop such concretes with special characteristics. Researchers all over the world are attempting to develop high performance concretes by using fibres and other admixtures in concrete upto certain proportions. In the view of the global sustainable developments, it is imperative that fibres like Glass, carbon, Poly propylene and aramid fibers provide improvements in Tensile strength, Fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage characteristics, impact, cavitation, erosion resistance and serviceability of concrete. Fibres impart energy absorption, toughness and impact resistance properties to FRC material, and these characteristics in turn improve the fracture and fatigue properties of FRC. Research in GFRC (Glass fibre reinforced concrete) resulted in the development of an alkali resistance fibre (AR Glass fibres High Dispersion) that provided improved long term durability. This system was named alkali resistance glass fibre reinforced concrete. In the present experimental investigation the alkali resistance Glass fibres has been used to find out workability, resistance of concrete due to acids, sulphates and Rapid chloride permeability tests of M30 , M40 and M 50 grade of glass fiber reinforced concrete and ordinary concrete at the 28 and 90 days with varying percentages of glass fibres.

References

[1]. Yi Chen , Julio F. Davalos, Indrajit Ray and Hyeong Yeol Kim “ Accelarated aging tests for evaluations of durability performance of FRP reinforcing bars for concrete Structures” Elsevier Journal on composite Structures, 2005 , pp 1-7.

[2]. Rajan Sen and Gray Mullins “Developments in Underwater FRP Repair ”, Proceedings of ICFRC International conference on Fibre Composites, High Performance Concretes and Smart Materials, 8-10 January 2004, Chennai , India pp 387-395.

[3]. Biswarup Saikia , Phanindra Kumar , Job Thomas , Nanjunda Rao .K.S. and Anatha Swamy “A study on Flexural Performance of Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars”, Proceedings of ICFRC International conference on Fibre Composites, High Performance Concretes and Smart Materials, 8-10 January 2004, Chennai , India pp 465-474.

[4]. Dr Srinivasa Rao. P and Seshadri Sekhar .T “Strength and Durability properties of glass fibre reinforced concrete” Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete and Construction Technology , 07-09 Dec 2005 , SRMIST,India pp P 43-50.

[5]. Dr Srinivasa Rao. P and Seshadri Sekhar .T “Strength and Durability properties of glass fibre reinforced concrete” Proceedings of International Conference ACECON2005 , 22-25 Sept 2005 , ICI- Asian Conference Mumbai ,India pp 67-72.

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Article

A Single Unit PLC System Operating under Extended Available and Inspection Periods

Ramasamy Sivasamy* , P.M. Kgosi**

* Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana.

** Senior Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana.

Sivasamy, R., and Kgosi, P. M. (2009). A Single Unit Plc System Operating Under Extended Available and Inspection Periods. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.507

Abstract

A Single unit Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) operating simultaneously till either the random inspection period or the random extended available period is over whichever occurs first after the failure of the online unit is considered in this paper. Postulating the operative phase, partial system failure phase, repair phase, and replacement phase of that online unit as states of a Markov Renewal process (MRP) in a time cycle reliability indices and availability characteristics were obtained and it has been shown that profit will be constant in the context of increase in cost per unit time of inspection, repair and replacement and numerically illustrated and presented in a table.

References

[1]. R. E. Barlow & F. Proschan, “Mathematical Theory of Reliability”, 1965, John Wiley, New York, NY

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[6] S. M. Rizwan, V.Khurana and G. Taneja “Modeling and Optimization of a single unit PLC system”, International Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 27 (4), 2007, pp. 361-368.

[7] S. M. Rizwan, G. Taneja, V. Khurana and Ahmed Mhiuddin, “Reliability Analysis of single Unit PLC with inspection”, i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, May-July 2008, Vol 3. No. 4,pp 19-26.

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Article

Design and Analysis of Piezo- Driven Valve-Less Micropump

P. Somasundaram* , S. Chandika, C. Jegadheesan*

* Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR college of Technology, Thiruchengode.

Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

* Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Somasundaram, P., Chandika, S., and Jegadheesan, C. (2009). Design And Analysis Of Piezo - Driven Valve - Less Micropump. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.512

Abstract

Nowadays researchers are focussing on compact system design for all engineering applications without sacrificing the system performance. This paper deals with the importance of micro electro mechanical systems and its usage in day-to-day life. One such mechanical component is mechanical pump, which is used in various sectors of industrial, household and medical systems. This work is concentrated on Piezo-driven valve-less micro pump, which does not have check valves. The fluid flow direction is controlled by converging and diverging nozzles. Thermo Electro Mechanical Analysis is done to evaluate mechanical (stress, force, pressure, acceleration, piezoelectric), thermal (temperature, convection, heat flux, resistive heating—including variable resistors and Piezo resistors) and Electrical (capacitive forces defined by voltages) properties.

References

[1]. Wounder van der wijngaart, Helene Andersson, Peter Enoksson, Kjell Noren and G.stemme. “The First Self- Priming And Bi-Directional Valve-Less Diffuser Micropump For Both Liquid And Gas”, Proc. IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, PP -674,2000

[2]. H.T.G.Van Lintel, F.C.M Van De Pol and S.Bouwstra. “A piezoelectric micropump based on micro-machining of silicon”, Sensors and Actuators A, Vol.15, pp-153, 1989.

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[5]. M. Stehr, S. Messner, H. Sandmaier, R. Zengerie. “The VAMP- A New Device for Handling Liquid or Gas”, Sensors and Actuators, pp. 153-157, ELSEVIER 1996.

[6]. E. S temme and G. S temme. “A Val ve- Les s Diffuser\Nozzle Based Fluid Pump”, Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 39, pp. 159, 1995.

[7]. F.K. Forster, L. Bardell, M.A. Afromowitz, N.R. Sharma, and A. Blanchard. “Design Fabrication And Testing Of Fixed-Valve Micropumps”, Proc.ASME 1995, Vol.234, pp. 39

[8]. Anders Olsson, G.Stemme, E.Stemme. “The First Valve- Less Diffuser Gas Pump, Proceedings MEMS '97, Nagoya.

[9]. X.N.Jiang, Z.Y.Zhou, X.Y.Huang, Y.Li, Y.Yang, C.Y.Liu. “Micro nozzle/ diffuser flow and its application in micro valve-less pumps”, IEEE Sensors and Actuators, Vol A70, pp. 81-87, 1998.

[10]. G.Stemme, E.Stemme and Anders Olsson, A Valveless planar fluid pump with two pump chambers, IEEE Sensors and Actuators, Vol 46-47,pp. 549-556,(1995).

[11]. Tai-Ran Hsu, MEMS and Microsystems, Tata McGraw Hill.

[12]. Francis E.H Tay and W.O Choong Microfludics and BioMEMS Applications.

[13]. A.K.S. Matsumoto, R.Maeda, “Development of Bidirectional valve-less micro pump for Liquid”, Proceedings MEMS'99, Florida.

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[15]. AmosUllmann, “The piezoelectric valve-less pumpperformance enhancement analysis”, IEEE Sensors and Actuators, Vol A69 (1998), pp. 97-105.

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Research Paper

Relationship between Surface Water Qualities in Nambiyar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India: A Statistical Approach

C. Gajendran* , P. Thamarai**

* Anna University Research Scholar & Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore.

** Asst. Professor in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem.

Gajendran, C., and Thamarai, P. (2009). Relationship Between Surface Water Qualities In Nambiyar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India: A Statistical Approach. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.517

Abstract

Water itself is an energy resource. Monitoring all sources of pollution to assess the loads contributed by these sources is rather difficult if not, impossible, expensive and subject to analytical errors. Indirect methods to study source contributions of pollutant loads are essential to control water quality degradation in rivers. The objective of the present investigation is an attempt to assess the surface water quality of Nambiyar River Basin using statistical methods. The Nambiyar basin falls in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu. The Bio-Physico and Chemical parameters of the Nambiyar Basin have been taken in to account to find the interrelationship among them. The SPSS and Windows Excel were used as the statistical analysis tool. Based on the study it is found that strong correlation exists between TDS and BOD, SO4, COD. The highest interrelationship was obtained between SO4 and COD (r = 0.9532). A suitable regression equation has been established for the water quality parameters which have correlation coefficient greater than 0.8.These equations can be used for the rapid monitoring.

References

[1]. Altman D.G (1991) Practical statistics for medical research. Campbell M.J & Machin D (1993) Medical statistics a commonsense approach. 2^nd edn. Wiley, London.

[2]. Chandra Sekhar M. and Satya Prasad M.V.K (2005). Regression model for assessment of dissolved pollutants in Krishna river, Journal of Indian water resources society Vol.25, No.4, pp. 46-49.

[3]. Ibrahim Bathusha .M and Saseetharan M.K.(2006) Statistical study on physio-chemical characteristics of ground water of Coimbatore south zone, Indian journal of environmental protection, Vol.26, No.26, pp.508-515.

[4]. Jain, C.K. (1996). Application of chemical mass balance in river reach: a chemical mass balance approach, Journal of water resources research, Vol.26, No.7,pp.1549-1558.

[5]. Jayaraj .T , Padmavathy .S , Shirley .S and Jebakumari .H (2002) Correlation among water quality parameters for ground water samples of Bharathi Nagar of Trichirapalli city, Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.22, No.7, pp.755-759.

[6]. Mariappan .P and Vasudevan .T (2002). Correlation coefficient of some Physico-chemical parameters of drinking water ponds in Eastern part of Sivangangai district, Tamil Nadu, International Journal on Pollution research Vol.21 (4) pp.403-407.

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[8]. Sanjay kumar (1993). Correlations among water quality parameters for ground water in Barmer district. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 13 (7) pp.487- 489

[9]. Sekhar, M.C. (2001). Immission approach for modeling dissolved solids in a river and separation o f point and nonpoint loads, PhD thesis, Regional Engineering College Warangal, India.

[10]. Xiaoqing Zeng and Todd C. Rasmussen (2005). Multivariate statistical characterization of water quality in lake lanier, Georgia, USA, Journal of environmental quality Vol.34.pp.1980-1991.

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Research Paper

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Operating Thermal Power Plant at 50MWe Grid Load

T. Ganapathy* , R. M. Potdar, Krishnan Murugesan, N. Alagumurthi , M. Seran

*, **, * Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry .

*** Thermal Station I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli.

T. Ganapathy, R.P. Gakkhar, Krishnan Murugesan, N. Alagumurthi and M. Seran (2009). Energy and Exergy Analysis of Operating Thermal Power Plant at 50MWe Grid Load. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.519

Abstract

This paper deals with an energy and exergy analysis performed on an operating 50MWe unit of lignite fired steam power plant at Thermal Power Station-I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India. The energy and exergy losses occurred in the various components of the plant have been calculated using the mass, energy and exergy balance equations. The distribution of the energy and exergy losses in several plant components during the real time plant running conditions has been assessed to locate the process inefficiency and irreversibility. The present analysis also evaluates the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the plant. The comparison between the energy losses and the exergy losses of the individual components of the plant helps to identify the location of the system where the real losses occur.

References

[1]. J. E. Ahern, The Exergy Method of Energy Systems Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1980.

[2]. T. J. Kotas, The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis, Butterworths, London, U.K, 1985.

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[4]. M. A. Habib, s. A. M. Said and Al-bagawi, Thermodynamic Analysis of the Ghazian Power Plant, Energy, 20(11),pp.1121 1130,1995.

[5]. W. R. Dunbar, S. C. Moody and N. Lior, Exergy Analysis of an Operating Boiling-Water-Reactor Nuclear Power Station, Energy Conversion & Management, 36 (3]. pp. 149 159,1995.

[6]. E. A. Khodak, G.A Romakhova, Thermodynamic Analysis of Air—Cooled Gas Turbine Plants, J. of Engg. for Gas Turbines&Power,Vol. 123, pp. 265 - 270, April 2001 .

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[9]. Y-C Huang, C-I Hung and C—K Chen, Exergy analysis for a combined system of steam- injected gas turbine cogeneration and multipleeffect evaporation, Proc. lnstn.MechEngrs.Vol. 214, PartA,pp.61- 73, 2000.

[10]. Richard A. Gaggioli and William J. Wepfer, Second Law Analysis of Building Systems, Energy convers & Mgmii, Vol. 21, pp65- 75,1981.

[11]. Ma. Guadalupe Alpuche, Christopher Heard, Roberto Best and Jorge Rojas, Exergy analysis of air cooling systems in buildings in hot humid climates, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 25, pp. 507-51 7, 2005.

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[13]. Y. Sanjay, Onkar Singh and B.N. Prasad, Energy and exergy analysis of steam cooled reheat gassteam combined cycle, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 2779-2790, 2007.

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[20]. T. Ganapathy, Exergy analysis of coal fired thermal power plant [NLC, Neyl/ell), Major Project Report, M. Tech. Thesis, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, .Jan.2002.

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Thermodynamics of Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid

Amit Keshav* , Kailas L. Wasewar, Shri Chand, Hasan Uslu, Ismail Inci

* Dept of Chemical Eng,National Institute of Tech (NIT) Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

Dept of Chemical Eng,Visveswarya National Insti of Tech(VNIT)Nagpur, Maharashtra,India.

* Dept of Chemical Eng, Indian Institute of Tech (IIT) Roorkee, Uttarakhand,

Faculty of Eng & Architect ,Dept of Chem Eng, Beykent University, Ayazaðý köyü, Ýstanbul,Turkey.

* Engineer Faculty, Dept of Chem Eng, Istanbul Univer, Avcilar, Istanbul,Turkey.

Amit Keshav, Kailas L. Wasewar, Shri Chand, Hasan Uslu and Ismail Inci (2009). Thermodynamics Of Reactive Extraction Of Propionic Acid. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.521

Abstract

Temperature effect is an important subject of study in the reactive extraction process in view of operating temperature and back extraction/regeneration step. Usually in industrial scale, for production of carboxylic acids, fermentor operates in the temperature range of 303 to 313 K. Thus, an extractant can be considered as good, only if it could operate efficiently in this operating range. The study, thus aims two objectives: first to find the effect of temperature on extraction of the propionic acid and second whether temperature swing extraction/regeneration can be employed for recovery of the acid. Three types of extractants: tri-n-butylphosphate, tri-n-octylamine and Aliquat 336 were used in different diluents and the thermodynamics of extraction process was discussed in terms of enthalpy and entropy of reaction. Extraction of propionic acid using TOA in different diluents resulted in negative values of enthalpy and entropy. Thus, the reactive extraction process is exothermic in nature and decrease in entropy is obtained. Aliquat 336 in 2-octanol shows the similar behavior as TOA in different diluents but the entropy and enthalpy values were lower, thus suggesting not so high exothermic nature of the extraction process and not so strong acid — Aliquat 336 complexation as acid — TOA complexation. Two departures in the normal trend were observed when Aliquat 336 was used in oleyl alcohol and TBP was used in MIBK. In both cases an increase in K_E was observed upto a certain temperature and whereupon a decrease was observed. The effect of temperature was correlated in terms of the heat of transfer from organic to aqueous phase (ΔH_transfer). It was found that the higher the ΔH_transfer for a particular diluent, higher is the temperature effect.

References

[1]. Baniel, A.M., Blumberg, R., and Hajdu, K. (1982) Recovery of acids from aqueous solutions. U.S. Patent 4275234.

[2]. Baniel, A. M.; Blumberg, R.; Hajdu, K. (1973.) Recovery of acids from aqueous solutions British Patent 1426018.

[3]. Wennersten, R. (1983) “The Extraction of Citric Acid from Fermentation Broth Using a Solution of a Tertiary Amine,” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 33 B, pp. 85-94.

[4]. Sato, T., Watanabe, H., and Nakamura, H. (1985) “Extraction of Lactic, Tartaric, Succinic and Citric Acids by Trioctylamine”, Bunseki Kagaku, Vol. 34, pp. 559-563.

[5]. Tamada, J.A., and King, C.J. (1990) “Extraction of Carboxylic Acids with Amine Extractants. 3. Effect of Temperature, Water Coextraction, and Process Considerations”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 29, pp. 1327-1333.

[6]. King, C.J., Tamada, J. A., and Kertes, A.S. (1990) “Extraction of Carboxylic Acids with Amine Extractants., (1) Equilibria And Law of Mass Action Modeling”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 29, pp. 1319- 1326.

[7]. Harington, T., and Hossain, Md.M. (2008) “Extraction of Lactic Acid into Sunflower oil and its Recovery into an Aqueous Solution”, Desalination, Vol. 218, pp. 287-296.

[8]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K. L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Extraction of Acrylic, Propionic and Butyric Acid Using Aliquat 336 in Oleyl Alcohol: Equilibria and Effect of Temperature”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 48 (2), pp. 888-893.

[9]. Wasewar, K. L. (2005) “Separation of Lactic Acid: Recent Advances”, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Vol. 19(2), pp. 159-172.

[10]. Wasewar, K.L., Heesink, A.B.M., Versteeg, G.F., and Pangarkar, V.G. (2003) “Intensification of Enzymatic Conversion of Glucose to Lactic Acid by Reactive Extraction”, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 58, pp. 3385-3393.

[11]. Wasewar, K.L., Pangarkar, V.G., Yawalkar, A.A., and Moulijn, J.A. (2004) “Fermentation of Glucose to Lactic Acid Coupled with Reactive Extraction: A Review”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, pp. 5969-5982.

[12]. Wasewar, K.L., Heesink, A.B.M., Versteeg, G.F., and Pangarkar, V.G. (2004) “Intensification of Conversion of Glucose to Lactic Acid: Equilibria and Kinetics for Back Extraction of Lactic Acid Using Trimethylamine”, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 59, pp. 23152320.

[13]. Wasewar, K.L., and Pangarkar, V.G. (2006) “Intensification of Propionic Acid Production by Reactive Extraction: Effect of Diluents on Equilibrium”, Chemical and Biochememical Engineering Quarterly, Vol. 20 (3), pp. 325-331.

[14]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Different Extractants (Trin- butylphosphate, tri-n-octylamine and Aliquat 336)”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 47, pp. 6192-6196.

[15]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Equilibrium Studies for Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n-butyl Phosphate in Different Solvents”, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 53 (7), pp. 1424- 1430.

[16]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Equilibrium and Kinetics of Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n-octylphosphineoxide”, Chemical Engineering and Technology Vol. 31 (9), pp. 1290-1295.

[17]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid with Tri-noctylamine in Different Diluents”, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 63, pp. 179-183.

[18]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., Chand, S., and Uslu, H. (2009) “Study of Binary Extractants and Modifier Diluents Systems for Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid”, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol.

[19]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2009) “Recovery of Propionic Acid from Aqueous Stream by Reactive Extraction: Effect of Diluents”, Desalination, Vol. 244, pp. 12-23.

[20]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Recovery of Propionic Acid by Reactive Extraction Using Tri-n-butyl phosphate in Petroleum Ether: Equilibrium Study ”, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, Vol. 22(4), pp. 433-437.

[21]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2009) “Extraction of Propionic Acid From Model Fermentation Broth: Effect of pH, Salts, Substrate, and Temperature”, AIChE Journal, Accepted.

[22]. Keshav, A., Wasewar, K.L., and Chand, S. (2008) “Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tri-n- octylamine, Tri-n-butyl phosphate and Aliquat 336 in Sunflower Oil as Diluent”, Journal of Chemical technology and Biotechnology, Published Online.

[23]. Uslu, H., and Ýnci Ý. (2007) “(Liquid +Liquid) Equilibria of the (Water + Propionic Acid + Aliquat 336 + Organic Solvents) at T= 298.15”, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 39, pp. 804-809.

[24]. Uslu, H. (2007) “Liquid + Liquid Equilibria of the (Water + Tartaric Acid + Alamine 336 + Organic Solvents) at 298.15 K”, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 253, pp. 12-18.

[25]. Playne, M.J, (1985) “Propionic and Butyric Acids”, i n : Moo-You ng M. , ( Eds ) Comprehen s i ve Biotechnology, Vol. 3, Pergamon, New York.

[26]. Canari, R., and Eyal, A.M. (2004) “Temperature Effect on the Extraction of Carboxylic Acids by Amine- Based Extractants”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 43, pp. 7608-7617.

[27]. Apelblat, A. and Manzurola, E. (1987) “Solubility of Oxalic, Malonic, Succinic, Adipic, Maleic, Malic, Citric, and Tartaric Acids in Water From 278.15 to 338.15 K”, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 19, pp. 317-320.

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Research Paper

Thin Walled Steel Stiffened Concrete Composite Beams – An Innovative Construction Technique

R. Thenmozhi* , R. Sundararajan**

* Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore.

** Principal, A.C. College of Engg & Tech., Karaikudi.

R. Thenmozhi and R. Sundararajan (2009). Thin Walled Steel Stiffened Concrete Composite Beams-An Innovative Construction Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.522

Abstract

A series of experiments on Thin walled steel stiffened concrete composite (TWSSCC) beams is reported. The TWSSCC beams consist of cold-formed sheet as formwork during construction stage and as reinforcement during service stage and infill concrete. As the three sides of the beams were enclosed by cold formed sheet, it aided in confinement whereas at the top, the braces were provided at suitable spacing which provided partial confinement. Companion specimens of concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms were also tested for compressive strength and elastic modulus properties. Specimens of cold formed sheet and reinforcing steel bars were tested in tension to ascertain their yield stress and modulus of elasticity. The beams were tested for pure bending and the results were used to to study the failure modes of the beams. Load, Moment, Flexural rigidity and Rotation at yield and ultimate stage were determined from experiments. Based on the observations during testing, the failure modes were classified into two different types which were the flexural compression failure mode and shear bond failure. The influence of spacing of braces and nature of bond on Ultimate Strength and Deflection were reported. It is confirmed that, closer spacing of braces in pure bending region did not show significant influence in the flexural strength. Hence, the braces at the spacing of least lateral dimension held good for confinement.

References

[1]. Deric J. Oehlers, and Mark A. Bradford, (1995), “Composite Steel and Concrete Structural Members: Fundamental Behaviour”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995, 168-194, 381-435.

[2]. Max.L.Por ter, Car l .E.Ekberg(1976) , “Des ign Recommendations for Steel Deck Floor Slab”, Journal of the structural division, Nov. 1976, 2121-2136.

[3]. Max. L. Porter, Carl E. Ekberg, Lowell F. Greimann, and Hotten A. Elleby, (1976), “Shear Bond Analysis of Steel Deck Reinforced Slabs” , Journal of the structural division, Vol.102, No.ST12, December, 1976., 2255-2268.

[4]. Max. L. Porter, (1984), “Proposed design criteria for composite steel deck slabs” Published in Composite and Mixed construction Proceedings of the U.S./Japan Joint Seminar at Washington, July 18-20, 1984, pp28-41.

[5]. Deric John Oehlers, (1993),”Composite Profiled Beams”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, April 1993, 1085-1100.

[6]. Deric John Oehlers, Howard D. Wright, and Matthew J. Burnet(1994), “Flexural Strength of Profiled Beams “, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.120, No.2, Feb 1994, 378-392.

[7]. Brian Uy, and M.A. Bradford, (1994), “Service load test on Profiled composite and reinforced concrete beams”, Journal of Structural Division-proceeding, ASCE 1994. Vol. 46 No: 166, 29-33.

[8]. Shun-ichi Nakamura,P.E. (2002), “Bending behaviour of composite girders with Cold Formed Steel U section,” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.128, No.9, Sep, 1169 1176

[9]. George Abdel-Sayed, (1982), “Composite Cold formed Steel Concrete beams”, Journal of Structural Division, Proceedings of ASCE, Vol.108, No,. ST 11, Nov, 82, 2609-2622.

[10]. Richard P.Nguyen,(1991) ”Thin-Walled cold-formed Steel Composite beams”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol.117,No.10, Oct 1991, 2936-2952.

[11]. Br ian Uy, and Mark Andrew Bradford, (1995),”Ductility of profiled composite beams”, Part I: Experimental study, Journal of Structural Engineering, May 1995, 876-882.

[12]. Br ian Uy, and Mark Andrew Bradford, (1995),”Ductility of profiled composite beams”, Part I: Analytical study, Journal of Structural Engineering, May 1995, 883-889.

[13]. Khandaker M. Anwar Hossain, (2001),”Experimental and Theoretical behaviour of thin walled composite filled beams”, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering (3) 2003, 117-139.

[14]. Thenmozhi, R, Sundararajan, R, Kiruthika, R. (2005), “Flexural Behaviour of Thin-Walled Steel-Stiffened Concrete Composite Beams , Steel in Construction, Technical Journal of Institute of Steel Development & Growth, July 2005, 43-54.

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Fatigue Crack Growth Studies on ZE41A Cast Magnesium Alloy

M. Sivapragash* , P.R. Lakshminarayanan, K. Raghukandan, R. Karthikeyan, M. Hanumantha

* Professor & Vice Principal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vivekanandha institute of Engineering & Technology Tamil Nadu, India.

, , Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Foundry & Forging Division, HAL, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

M. Sivapragash, P.R. Lakshminarayanan, K. Raghukandan, R. Karthikeyan and M. Hanumantha (2009). Fatigue Crack Growth Studies on ZE41A Cast Magnesium Alloy. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.524

Abstract

In this research work, Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) characteristics are studied using axial fatigue test on Compact Tension (CT) specimen for as cast, heat treated and welded material. The relation ship between fatigue crack growth rate and stress intensity factor range for crack growth are analyzed. How ever, the results of da/dN-?K curves for CT specimens and Paris constants are determined. The heat treated specimen shows lower growth rate compared to as cast and welded materials. The fracture surfaces of the tested specimen are observed under a scanning electron microscope to understand the type of fracture. The fracture mode is observed as quasi cleavage.

References

[1]. Smith W.E. “Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys” 1993, Mc Graw Hill, NewYork.

[2]. Mordike B.L, Ebert T. “Magnesium Properties-application-potential” Material Science and Engineering A, 302, 2001, 37-42.

[3]. Vijai Mohan V. And Gopalakrishna V. “Applications of Magnesium Alloys Castings” 1995, Krishnadas Nair C.G., Gopalakrishna V. and Dwarakadasa E.S. (Ed.), Source Book on Magnesium Alloys Technology, Bangalore, India, pp.1-3 [paper no.34].

[4]. Aghion E., Bronfin B., Eliezer D., Buch F.V., Schumann S., Friedrich H. “The art of developing new magnesium alloys for high temperature applications” Materials Science Forum, 419- 422, 2003, 40718.

[5]. Yoo M.S., Kim Y.C., Ahn S., Kim N.J. “Tensile and creep properties of squeeze cast Mg alloys with various second phase” Materials Science Forum, 419- 422, 2003, 419- 424.

[6]. Gokan Y., Suzuki A., Nozawa S., Anyanwu I.A., Kamado S., Kojima Y. “Development of heat resistant MgZnAlCaRE die casting alloys” Materials Science Forum, 419-422, 2003, 451- 456.

[7]. Vijay Mohan V., Mehta A.S., Amalraj L. and Gopalakrishna V. “Recent Trends in Magnesium Alloys and their Applications in Aerospace” 1995, Krishnadas NairC.G., Gopalakrishna V. and Dwarakadasa E.S., editors, Source Book on Magnesium Alloys Technology, India, Bangalore, paper no.33, pp.1-5.

[8]. Mehrotra P., Lillo T.M. and Agnew S.R. “Ductility enhancement of a heat treatable magnesium alloy” Scripta Materialia 55, 2006, 855-858.

[9]. Robert, C.S., 1960. Magnesium And Its Alloys, Wiley; New York.

[10]. “ASM Metals Hand Book” 1984. Desk Edition. Chapter 8 on Magnesium ASM Park, Ohio, pp.1.8-8.16.

[11]. Liu L. and Dong C. “Gas tungsten-arc filler welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy” Materials Letters, 60, 2006, 2194-2197.

[12]. Wolf B., Fleck C., Eifler D. “Characterization of the fatigue behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ91D by means of mechanical hysteresis and temperature Measurements” International Journal of Fatigue, 26, 2004, 1357-1363.

[13]. Eisenmeier G., Holzwarth B., Hoppel H.W., Mughrabi H. “Cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ91” Materials Science and Engineering A, 319-321, 2001, 578-582.

[14]. Eifler D., Wolf B. and Fleck C. “Characterization of the fatigue behaviour of the magnesium alloy AZ91D by means of mechanical hysteresis and temperature Measurements” International Journal of Fatigue, 26, 2004, 1357-1363.

[15]. Rajan T.V., Sharma C.P. and Sharma A. “Heat treatment principles and techniques” 1988, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, India.

[16]. Avedesian M. and Baker Hugh. “ASM specialty hand book Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys” 1999, ASM International, Materials Park (OH).

[17]. ASTM Standard E-647. “Test method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth” 2000,American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

[18]. Emley E.F. “Principles of Magnesium Technology” 1966, Pergamon Press, London.

[19]. Vijai Mohan V. and Gopalakrishna V. “Study of magnesium alloy systems” Krishnadas Nair C.G., Gopalakrishna V. and Dwarakadasa E.S. editors. Source Book on Magnesium Alloys Technology, Bangalore, India, 1995, paper no. 5, pp.1-3.

[20]. Chaudhuri S.K. and Krishnadas Nair C.G. “Influence of microshrinkage on mechanical properties of magnesium-zinc-zirconium-rare earth” Krishnadas Nair C.G., Gopalakrishna V. and DwarakadasaE.S. editors. Source Book on Magnesium Alloys Technology, Bangalore, India, 1995, paper no.25, pp.1-6.

[21]. Tokaji K., Kamaku ra M., Ishiizumi Y. and Hasegawa N. “Fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanism of a rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy” International Journal of Fatigue, 26, 2004, 1217-1224.

[22]. Wang X.S. and Fan J.H. “SEM online investigation of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in notched cast magnesium alloy specimen” Journal of Material Science, 11, 2004, 145-154.

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Research Paper

Prediction of Engineering Constants of GFRP Angle Lamina

Syed Altaf Hussain* , B. Sidda Reddy, A.V. Hari Babu*

* Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, Nandyal, A.P.

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Eng& Tech, Nandyal, A.P

* Assistant Prof, Dept. of Mech Eng, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Eng&Tech,Nandyal, A.P

Syed Altaf Hussain, B. Sidda Reddy and A.V. Hari Babu (2009). Prediction of Engineering Constants of GFRP Angle Lamina. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.525

Abstract

Composite materials are engineered materials, are made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical and chemical properties. FRP composites are slowly emerging from the realm of advanced materials and are replacing conventional materials in a variety of applications. In the present work the mechanical properties E_x, E_y, v_xy, v_yz, v_zx and G_xy of continuous fiber GFRP angle ply lamina (Specially orthotropic lamina) are determined for three different fiber volume fractions using finite element method. A finite element model incorporating the necessary boundary conditions is developed and is solved using commercially available FEA package. A neural network model was developed using Neuro Intelligence package. The data set obtained from the FEA package was employed for training, validating and testing the neural networking model. The results obtained from the ANN architecture have been compared with the FEM results and some conclusions have been made.

References

[1]. R L McCullough. 'Micromodels for Composite Materials ¾ Continuous Fibre Composites'. in 'Delaware Composite Design Encyclopedia'. Vol 2, Technomic Publishing Company, 1990

[2]. J C Halpin. 'Primer on Composites Materials Analysis'. Second Edition,Lancaster: Technomic, 1992, pp.153-192

[3]. M H Zheng. 'Simulation of the Engineering constants of Fibrous Composites by the Bridging Micromechanical Model'. Composite-Part A, Vol 32, 2001,pp.143-172

[4]. C T Sun and R S Vaidya. 'Prediction of Composite Properties from a Representative Volume Element'. Composites Science and Technology, Vol 56, 1996, pp 171-179.

[5]. S T Pericles, G E Stavroulakis and P D Pnagiotopoulos. 'Calculation of Effective Transverse Elastic Moduli of Fibre-reinforced Composites by Numerical Homogenization'. Composites Science and Technology, Vol 57, 1997, pp 573- 586.

[6]. A Sreeramamurthy. 'Finite Element Modeling of Stress-Strain Behaviour of Composite Materials ¾ An Overview'. Advances in Composite Materials, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt Ltd, 1991, pp. 513-524.

[7]. Issac M. Daniel and Ori Ishai 'Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials' Oxford university press,1994.

[8]. Chen, C. H, and Cheng, S., 1970, “Mechanical properties of anisotropic fiber reinforced Composites”, Trans. ASME Jou. of Applied Mechanics,. 37(1)1,pp.186-189.

[9].Hashin, Z, and Rosen BW., 1964, “The elastic moduli of fiber reinforced materials”, Trans. ASME Jou. Applied Mechanics, 31, pp. 223-232.

[10].Hashin, Z., 1965, “On elastic behavior of fiber-reinforced materials of arbitrary transverse phase geometry”, Jou. of the mechanics and physics of solids, 13, pp.119-134.

[11]. Whitney, J. M., 1967, “Elastic moduli of unidirectional composites with anisotropic filaments”, Jou. of Composite Materials, 1, pp.188-193.

[12]. Takashi Ishiwaka, Koyama, K., and Kobayashi, S., 1977, “Elastic moduli of carbon-epoxy composites and carbon fibers”, Jou. of Composite Materials, 11, pp.332-344.

13]. Gorji, M., and Mirzadeh, F., 1989, “Theoretical prediction of the Thermo elastic Properties and thermal stresses in unidirectional composites”, Jou. Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 8, pp.232-258.

[14]. Hyer, M.W., 1998, “Stress Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials”, Mc. GRAW- HILL International edition.

[15]. ALYUDA 2005. Neurointelligence Manual, http://www.alyuda.com

i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology (JFET)

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Volume 4 Issue 2 November - January 2009

Andrei Zagrai*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NMIMT), USA.

Zagrai, A. (2009). Emerging Technologies For Structural Damage Detection And Evaluation. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.505

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T. Seshadri Sekhar* , K.Chandra Mouli**, P. Srinivasa Rao***

* Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Ananthapur, A.P. ** Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Priyadarsani College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. *** Professor, Nishitha College of Engg. & Tech., Grater Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

P. Srinivasa Rao, K. Chandra Mouli and T. Seshadri Sekhar (2009). Durability Studies On Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.527

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Ramasamy Sivasamy* , P.M. Kgosi**

* Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana. ** Senior Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana.

Sivasamy, R., and Kgosi, P. M. (2009). A Single Unit Plc System Operating Under Extended Available and Inspection Periods. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.507

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P. Somasundaram* , S. Chandika**, C. Jegadheesan***

* Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR college of Technology, Thiruchengode. ** Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode. *** Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Somasundaram, P., Chandika, S., and Jegadheesan, C. (2009). Design And Analysis Of Piezo - Driven Valve - Less Micropump. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.512

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C. Gajendran* , P. Thamarai**

* Anna University Research Scholar & Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore. ** Asst. Professor in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem.

Gajendran, C., and Thamarai, P. (2009). Relationship Between Surface Water Qualities In Nambiyar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India: A Statistical Approach. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.517

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T. Ganapathy* , R. M. Potdar**, Krishnan Murugesan***, N. Alagumurthi ****, M. Seran*****

*, ****, ***** Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. ** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry . *** Thermal Station I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli.

T. Ganapathy, R.P. Gakkhar, Krishnan Murugesan, N. Alagumurthi and M. Seran (2009). Energy and Exergy Analysis of Operating Thermal Power Plant at 50MWe Grid Load. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.519

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Amit Keshav* , Kailas L. Wasewar**, Shri Chand***, Hasan Uslu****, Ismail Inci *****

Amit Keshav, Kailas L. Wasewar, Shri Chand, Hasan Uslu and Ismail Inci (2009). Thermodynamics Of Reactive Extraction Of Propionic Acid. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.521

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R. Thenmozhi* , R. Sundararajan**

* Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore. ** Principal, A.C. College of Engg & Tech., Karaikudi.

R. Thenmozhi and R. Sundararajan (2009). Thin Walled Steel Stiffened Concrete Composite Beams-An Innovative Construction Technique. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.522

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M. Sivapragash* , P.R. Lakshminarayanan**, K. Raghukandan***, R. Karthikeyan****, M. Hanumantha*****

M. Sivapragash, P.R. Lakshminarayanan, K. Raghukandan, R. Karthikeyan and M. Hanumantha (2009). Fatigue Crack Growth Studies on ZE41A Cast Magnesium Alloy. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.524

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Syed Altaf Hussain* , B. Sidda Reddy**, A.V. Hari Babu***

Syed Altaf Hussain, B. Sidda Reddy and A.V. Hari Babu (2009). Prediction of Engineering Constants of GFRP Angle Lamina. i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.26634/jfet.4.2.525

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T. Seshadri Sekhar* , K.Chandra Mouli, P. Srinivasa Rao*

* Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, J.N.T.U College of Engineering, Ananthapur, A.P.

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Priyadarsani College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

* Professor, Nishitha College of Engg. & Tech., Grater Hyderabad, Hyderabad.

* Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana.

** Senior Lecturer, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Botswana, Botswana.

P. Somasundaram* , S. Chandika, C. Jegadheesan*

* Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR college of Technology, Thiruchengode.

Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

* Lecturer, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

* Anna University Research Scholar & Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore.

** Asst. Professor in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem.

T. Ganapathy* , R. M. Potdar, Krishnan Murugesan, N. Alagumurthi , M. Seran

*, **, * Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry .

*** Thermal Station I, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Neyveli.

Amit Keshav* , Kailas L. Wasewar, Shri Chand, Hasan Uslu, Ismail Inci

* Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore.

** Principal, A.C. College of Engg & Tech., Karaikudi.

M. Sivapragash* , P.R. Lakshminarayanan, K. Raghukandan, R. Karthikeyan, M. Hanumantha

Syed Altaf Hussain* , B. Sidda Reddy, A.V. Hari Babu*