i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 2

Design and Development of Patient Care Voice Actuated Bed in Hospital
A Low Profile Dual U Shaped Monopole Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX/C Band Applications
A Miniaturized Dual L Shaped with Truncated Ground Rectangular Monopole Antenna for 5G and Wireless Communications
A Centre C-Shaped Dual Band Rectangular Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi and Wireless Communication
Impact of Subchannel Symbol Rates on WSS Filtering Penalty in Elastic Optical Networks: A Comparative Study

Most Cited

Volume 8 Issue 2 February - April 2019

Research Paper

A Leaf Shape Patch Radiator for X-Band Satellite

P. Jothilakshmi * , R. Mohana Sundaram**

*_**Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jothilakshmi, P., and Sundaram, R. M. (2019). A Leaf Shape Patch Radiator for X-Band Satellite. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.2.16504

Abstract

Microstrip radiators are expanded because of its utilization in high operating frequency and fast information correspondence applications. A microstrip radiator for X-band satellite application is proposed in this paper. The design of antennas for satellite applications differs in several respects from other applications. The major function of a satellite antenna is communication. Accurate predictions are required to design an efficient antenna system. The design required to consider the important antenna parameters like radiation, gain, front to back ratio and impedance. The planar patch antenna provides better gain, VSWR, return loss and radiation efficiency parameters. The total dimensions of the proposed Leaf shape antenna as 15 x 12.3 x 0.787 mm³ and Roger RT Duroid 5880 is used as a dielectric substrate of the proposed antenna. Analytical and design results are obtained using 3D electromagnetic simulator termed as CST Microwave Studio Suite 2017, based on Finite Integration Technique (FIT). The FIT is probably the numerical method for electromagnetic field simulation with the most dynamic development. The FIT is a spatial discretization scheme to numerically solve electromagnetic field problems in time and frequency domain. The resulting matrix equations of the discretized fields can be used for efficient numerical simulations.

References

[1]. Adhitya, G., Abishek, V., Sundaram, R. M., & Jothilakshmi, P. (2019). Design of microstrip antenna for X-Band satellite communications. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2),342-344.

[2]. Balanis, C. A. (2007). Antenna Theory: Analysis and nd Design (2 Ed.). John wiley & sons.

[3]. Biswas, B., Ghatak, R., & Poddar, D. R. (2017). A fern fractal leaf inspired wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna for microwave imaging system. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 65(11), 6126-6129. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2748361

[4]. Breed, G. (2009). The fundamentals of patch antenna design and performance. High Frequency Electronics, 3(12), 48-51.

[5]. Deschamps, G. A. (1953). Microstrip microwave antennas. In Proceedings of the 3^rdSymposium on the USAF Antenna Research and Development Program, (pp. 18-22).

[6]. Garg, R., Bhartia, P., Bahl, I. J., & Ittipiboon, A. (2001). Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House.

[7]. Huque, M. T. I. U., Hosain, M. K., Islam, M. S., & Chowdhury, M. A. (2011). Design and performance analysis of microstrip array antennas with optimum parameters for X-band applications. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2(4), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.14569/ IJACSA.2011.020413

[8]. Imbriale, W. A., Gao, S. S., & Boccia, L. (2012). Space Antenna Handbook. John Wiley & Sons.

[9]. Iqbal, A., Saraereh, O. A., & Jaiswal, S. K. (2017). Maple leaf shaped UWB monopole antenna with dual band notch functionality. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 71, 169-175.

[10]. Jothilakshmi, K., & Jothilakshmi, P. (2017). Design of multilayer microstrip patch antenna for satellite application. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 5(3).

[11]. Kiruthika, R., & Shanmuganantham, T. (2017). A canadian leaf shaped triple band patch antenna with DGS for X and C-Band applications. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 11(4), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1315497

[12]. Kumar, B. K., Mohanasundaram, R., & Jothilakshmi, D. P. (2019). Design of multilayer stacked patch antenna for C and X-band applications. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 8(3), 1103-1109.

[13]. Kumar, G., & Ray, K. P. (2003). Broadband Microstrip Antennas. London: Artech house.

[14]. Pelton, J. N., Madry, S., & Camacho-Lara, S. (2017). Handbook of Satellite Applications. Springer.

[15]. Volakis, J. L. (2007). Antenna Engineering Handbook (4^thEd.), McGraw-Hill.

[16]. Weiland, T. (1977). A discretization model for the solution of Maxwell's equations for six-component fields. Archiv Elektronik und Uebertragungstechnik, 31, 116- 120.

[17]. Xu,H.Y., Zhang, H., Lu, K., & Zeng, X. F. (2011). A holly- leaf- shaped monopole antenna with low RCS for UWB application. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 117, 35-50.

[18]. Yamamoto, M., & Nojima, T. (2014, December). Design of a leaf-shaped bowtie slot antenna electromagnetically fed by a microstrip line. In 2014 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Conference Proceedings (pp. 261-262). IEEE. 10.1109/https://doi.org/ ISANP.2014.7026630

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Research Paper

Hexagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Biomedical Applications

M. Haran* , S. Ramesh**

*_**Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, SRM Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Haran, M., and Ramesh, S. (2019). Hexagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Biomedical Applications. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(2), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.2.16723

Abstract

This paper involves in the designing of Hexagonal microstrip antenna with H-tree fractal slots for biomedical applications. Skin cancer a deadly disease which identified early can be cured. The key application of this work is to detect cancerous tumors present in patients without skin contact. The design works with the help of electromagnetic waves directed towards human skin. The Hexagonal microstrip antenna with H-tree fractal slots is used which operates in multiband. The ground plane of the antenna is etched to increase bandwidth to enhance the performance of the antenna. The resonating frequency of the designed antenna is 2.71GHz and 4.21GHz.

References

[1]. Abbosh, A. M. (2008). Directive antenna for ultrawideband medical imaging systems. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2008. https://doi. org/10.1155/2008/854012

[2]. Abdelhamid, M. M., & Allam, A. M. (2016, November). Detection of lung cancer using ultra wide band antenna. In 2016 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LAPC.2016.7807452

[3]. American Cancer Society (n.d). What is Skin Cancer? Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/basaland- squamous-cell-skin-cancer/if-you-have-basal-orsquamous- skin-cancer.html

[4]. Cakir, B. Ö., Adamson, P., & Cingi, C. (2012). Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, 20(4), 419-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsc.2012.07.004

[5]. Caratelli, D., Massaro, A., Cingolani, R., & Yarovoy, A. G. (2011). Accurate time-domain modeling of reconfigurable antenna sensors for non-invasive melanoma skin cancer detection. IEEE Sensors Journal, 12(3), 635-643.

[6]. Fadamiro, A. O., Famoriji, O. J., Zakariyya, R. S., Zhang, Z., & Lin, F. (2019). Design of H-Tree fractal slots frequency reconfigurable hexagonal patch antenna using PIN diodes. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071. 2019.1618740

[7]. Ghorpade, S. S., Babare, V. B., & Deshmukh, V. V. (2013). Comparison of E-shape microstrip antenna and Eshape fractal antenna. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2(4), 2787- 2790.

[8]. Jadhav, P. B., & Pawar, M. M. (2014). Bandwidth and gain improvement by using suspended fractal MSA at 2.4 GHZ. IOSR Journal on Electronics Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), 9(4).

[9]. Jaleel, J. A., Salim, S., & Aswin, R. B. (2013, March). Computer aided detection of skin cancer. In 2013 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT) (pp. 1137-1142). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPCT.2013.6528879

[10]. Khandelwal, M. K., Kanaujia, B. K., & Kumar, S. (2017). Defected ground structure: Fundamentals, analysis, and applications in modern wireless trends. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2018527

[11]. Khor, W. C., Bialkowski, M. E., Abbosh, A., Seman, N.,& Crozier, S. (2006). An ultra-wideband microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection. International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2006).

[12]. Mersani, A., Osman, L., & Ribero, J. M. (2019). Flexible UWB AMC Antenna for Early Stage Skin Cancer Identification. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 80, 71-81. 10.2528/PIERM18121404

[13]. Natalia, R. (2005). 'Ultra Wide Band (UWB) and Health Applications. In IREAN Research Workshop, Virginia Tech.

[14]. Neha, G., &Kaur, A. (2016, October). Wearable antenna for skin cancer detection. In 2016 2^nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT) (pp. 197-201). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/NGCT.2016.7877414

[15]. Rajpar, S., & Marsden, J. (2008). ABC of skin cancer. Malden, Mass Blackwell Publications. (pp 5-6).

[16]. Rogers Corporation. Advanced Connectivity Solutions. Retrived from https://www.rogerscorp.com/ acs/products/55/RO4350B-Laminates.aspx

[17]. Shanwar, A. R., & Othman, N. S. (2017, November). UWB printed antenna for medical applications. In TENCON 2017-2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference (pp. 2931-2936). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON. 2017.8228364

[18]. Sievenpiper, D., Zhang, L., Broas, R. F., Alexopolous, N. G., & Yablonovitch, E. (1999). High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 47(11), 2059-2074.

[19]. Sun, Y., Cheung, S. W., & Yuk, T. I. (2014). Design of a textile ultra-wideband antenna with stable performance for body-centric wireless communications. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 8(15), 1363-1375. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2013.0658 http://doi.org/ (n.d).

[20]. Technology Networks. (2018). Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells. Retrived from https://www.technology networks.com/cancer-research/articles/cancer-cells-vsnormal- cells-307366.

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Research Paper

Radio Over Fiber Transport System with Tunable Optical Flat Comb Source

Ishwarya T.* , Priya G., Baskaran M.*

*_***Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ishwarya, T., Priya, G., and Baskaran, M. (2019). Radio Over Fiber Transport System with Tunable Optical Flat Comb Source. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(2), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.2.16745

Abstract

The main aim of the proposal is to enhance overall capacity of the passive optical network, by increasing Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) channels. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the technique to generate Optical Flat comb spectrum (OFCS) with the help of Amplitude Modulator (AM) and Single Drive Mach Zehnder Modulator (SDMZM). The OFCS generated through this technique will have 51 spectral lines with very less power difference between them. Both (AM and MZM) modulators are driven by the same RF frequency of 30 GHz and proper DC biasing is given for MZM to get very flat spectral carriers. The OFCS generated by this method can be used in WDM-PON system which can serve large number of users. Each carrier out of 51 spectral lines is capable of supporting greater than 10 Gbps Quadrature Amplitude Modulation based data with the help of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sub-carriers.

References

[1]. Arafin, S., Simsek, A., Kim, S. K., Liang, W., Eliyahu, D., Morrison, G.,.. & Rodwell, M. J. (2017). Power-efficient Kerr frequency comb based tunable optical source. IEEE Photonics Journal, 9(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1109/ JPHOT.2017.2696858

[2]. Cruz, F. C. (2008). Optical frequency combs generated by fourwave mixing in optical fibers for astrophysical spectrometer calibration and metrology. Optics Express, 16(17), 13267-13275. https://doi.org/ 10.1364/OE.16.013267

[3]. Djordjevic, I. B., & Vasic, B. (2006). Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for high-speed optical transmission. Optics Express, 14(9), 3767-3775. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.003767

[4]. Hraghi, A., Chaibi, M. E., Menif, M., & Erasme, D. (2016). Demonstration of 16QAM-OFDM UDWDM transmission using a tunable optical flat comb source. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 35(2), 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2016.2636442

[5]. Jung, E. J., Lee, J. H., Rho, B. S., Kim, M. J., Hwang, S. H., Lee, W. J., ... & Kim, C. S. (2011). Spectrally sampled OCT imaging based on 1.7-mm continuous-wave supercontinuum source. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 18(3), 1200-1208. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/JSTQE.2011.2167962

[6]. Li, J., Ma, H., Li, Z., & Zhang, X. (2017). Optical frequency comb generation based on dual-polarization IQ modulator shared by two polarization-orthogonal recirculating frequency shifting loops. IEEE Photonics Journal, 9(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT. 2017.2745558

[7]. Li, W., Wang, W. T., Sun, W. H., Wang, L. X., Liu, J. G., & Zhu, N. H. (2014). Generation of flat optical frequency comb using a single polarization modulator and a Brillouin-assisted power equalizer. IEEE Photonics Journal, 6(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2014.2311455

[8]. Mun, S. G., Lee, E. G., Lee, J. H., Park, H., Kang, S. K., Lee, H. H.,... & Lee, J. H. (2016). Demonstration of time‐and wavelength‐division multiplexed passive optical network based on VCSEL array. ETRI Journal, 38(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.4218/etrij.16.0115.0044

[9]. Nesset, D. (2015). NG-PON2 technology and standards. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 33(5), 1136- 1143. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2015.2389115

[10]. Sakamoto, T., & Chiba, A. (2017). Multiplefrequency- spaced flat optical comb generation using a multiple-parallel phase modulator. Optics Letters, 42(21), 4462-4465. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.004462

[11]. Serrano, Á. R. C., de Dios Fernandez, C., Cano, E. P., Ortsiefer, M., Meissner, P., & Acedo, P. (2013). VCSELbased optical frequency combs: Toward efficient singledevice comb generation. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 25(20), 1981-1984. https://doi.org/10.1109/ LPT.2013.2280700

[12]. Shih, P. T., Chen, J., Lin, C. T., Jiang, W. J., Huang, H. S., Peng, P. C., & Chi, S. (2009). Optical millimeter-wave signal generation via frequency 12-tupling. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 28(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/JLT.2009.2035452

[13]. Singh, S. P., & Singh, N. (2007). Nonlinear effects in optical fibers: origin, management and applications. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 73, 249-275. https://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIER07040201

[14]. Torres‐Company, V., & Weiner, A. M. (2014). Optical frequency comb technology for ultra‐broadband radio‐frequency photonics. Laser and Photonics Reviews, 8(3), 368-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201300126

[15]. Vujicic, V., Anandarajah, P. M., Browning, C., & Barry, L. P. (2013). WDM-OFDM-PON based on compatible SSB technique using a mode locked comb source. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 25(21), 2058-2061. https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2013.2280988

[16]. Yang, T., Dong, J., Liao, S., Huang, D., & Zhang, X. (2013). Comparison analysis of optical frequency comb generation with nonlinear effects in highly nonlinear fibers. Optics Express, 21(7), 8508-8520. https://doi.org/10.1364/ OE.21.008508

[17]. Zhang, J., Chi, N., Yu, J., Shao, Y., Zhu, J., Huang, B., & Tao, L. (2011). Generation of coherent and frequencylock multi-carriers using cascaded phase modulators and recirculating frequency shifter for Tb/s optical communication. Optics Express, 19(14), 12891-12902. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.012891

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Research Paper

Navigation Aid with Object Positioning for Blind using RFID and IR Sensor: A Proposal

Vulavabeti Raghunath Reddy* , K. Ravindra Reddy**

*_**Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Unverisity College of Engineering Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Reddy, V. R., and K. Reddy, R. (2019). Navigation Aid with Object Positioning For Blind Using RFID and IR Sensor: A Proposal. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(2), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.2.16528

Abstract

The motivation behind this project is to aid the visually challenged to navigate within the indoor environment with considerable ease. The system is designed on the premise that the user's movements are confined to well-defined locations that can be studied and modeled with reasonable accuracy. The objectives of this system are to help the user reach a destination and keep him informed on his current location while alerting him on any obstacle or hazard on his path. This project is implemented is based on the RFID technology and IR sensor. To implement this application, RFID tags are arranged in each room. Whenever the person is in a room, the RFID reader will detect the room and the person can reach another room by giving voice commands or by pressing switches. The MATLAB environment identifies the voice command and then generates proper voice command instructions to the user to reach the destination. The system is designed would be tested on the premise where the user's movements are well-defined that can be studied and modeled with reasonable accuracy.

References

[1]. Bahl, P., Padmanabhan, V. N., (2000). RADAR: An in-building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System. In Proceedings of 19^th Annual Joint Conference of the JEEE Computer and Communication Societies (pp. 775–784). https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2000.832252

[2]. Dharani, P., Lipson, B., & Thomas, D. (2012). RFID Navigation System for the Visually Impaired. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

[3]. Divija, M. V. S., Rohitha, M. Meghana, T. Monisha, H., Raveendra. (2018). Integrated Smart Shoe for Blind People. International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering, 8(X), 748-752.

[4]. Ivanov, R. (2010, June). Indoor navigation system for visually impaired. In Proceedings of the 11^th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing (pp. 143- 149). ACM. https://doi.org/ 10.1145/1839379.1839405

[5]. Koley, S., & Mishra, R. (2012). Voice operated outdoor navigation system for visually impaired persons. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 3(2), 153-157.

[6]. Krishnan, P., Krishnakumar, A. S., Ju, W. H., Mallows, C., & Gamt, S. N. (2004). A system for LEASE: Location estimation assisted by stationary emitters for indoor RF wireless networks. In IEEE Infocom 2004 (Vol. 2, pp. 1001-1011). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2004.1356 987

[7]. Mahesh, S. A., Supriya, K. R., Latha, M. P., Gowri, P., Sonia, T., & Nani, B. (2018). Smart assistive shoes and cane: Solemates for the blind people. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 8(4), 16665-16672

[8]. Miller, L. E. (2006). Indoor Navigation for First Responders: A feasibility study. Wireless Communication Technologies Group. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/? abstract&did=478117

[9]. Tapu, R., Mocanu, B., & Zaharia, T. (2014). Real time static/dynamic obstacle detection for visually impaired persons. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) (pp. 394-395). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE.2014.6776055

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Review Paper

Internet of Things in Smart Grid: An Overview

Urmila S. Soni* , R. H. Talwekar**

*Research Scholar, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

** Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Government Engineering College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Soni, U. S., and Talwekar, R. H. (2019). Internet of Things In Smart Grid An Overview. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 8(2), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.8.2.16689

Abstract

Smart grid is the new concept that has emerged from traditional grid. The traditional grid is having unidirectional flow of information and also having some problems like power depletion, rising power requirement, healing, consistency and most important safety. Smart grid replaced regular grid and presented bidirectional flow of energy from service providers to end users. Smart grid deals with power production, transmission, distribution and consumption. It employs different gadgets for observing, analyzing, and regulating the network. Different types of sensors, actuators and smart meters are used for analyzing the network using internet connectivity, computerization plus chasing of such gadgets. This all can be implemented only by using Internet of Things (IoT). This new technique relates people with things every moment anywhere. IoT is having a lot of applications such as intelligent transportation, environmental monitoring etc., out of which the most important application promotes the development of smart grid. IoT technique combines all the available resources in communication and electrical power system, enhancing the level of information of power network, and monitors the consumption and usage of existing infrastructures of the present grid. The requirements related to the implementation of smart grid with IoT with suitable devices are discussed in this paper.

References

[1]. Al-Ali, A. R., & Aburukha, R. (2015). Role of internet of things in the smart grid technology. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3, 229-233. https://doi.org/10. 4236/jcc.2015.35029

[2]. Al-Turjman, F., & Abujubbeh, M. (2019). IoT-enabled smart grid via SM: An overview. Future Generation Computer Systems, 96, 579-590. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.future.2019.02.012

[3]. Anvari-Moghaddam, A., Monsef, H., & Rahimi-Kian, A. (2014). Optimal smart home energy management considering energy saving and a comfortable lifestyle. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(1), 324-332. https://doi. org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2349352

[4]. Ashton, K. (2009). That ‘internet of things’ thing. RFID Journal, 22(7), 97-114.

[5]. Bedi, G., Venayagamoorthy, G. K., Singh, R., Brooks, R. R., & Wang, K. C. (2018). Review of internet of things (IoT) in electric power and energy systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), 847-870. 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2802704

[6]. De La Torre, G., Rad, P., & Choo, K. K. R. (2019). Implementation of deep packet inspection in smart grids and industrial Internet of Things: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, (135), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jnca.2019.02.022

[7]. Electricity Advisory Committee. (2009). Keeping the Lights on in a New World. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

[8]. Ezechina, M. A., Okwara, K. K., & Ugboaja, C. A. U. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): A scalable approach to connecting everything. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 4(1), 09-12.

[9]. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. (2018). Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering. Retrieved from https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staffreports/ 2018/ DR-AM-Report2018.pdf

[10]. FitzPatrick, G. J., & Wollman, D. A. (2010, July). NIST interoperability framework and action plans. In IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/pes.2010.5589699

[11]. Gupta, A., Anpalagan, A., Carvalho, G. H., Guan, L., & Woungang, I. (2019). Prevailing and emerging cyber threats and security practices in iot-enabled smart grids: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, (132), 118-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019. 01.012

[12]. Han, J., Choi, C. S., Park, W. K., Lee, I., & Kim, S. H. (2014). Smart home energy management system including renewable energy based on Zigbee and PLC. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) (pp. 544-545). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/icce.2014.6776125

[13]. Jain, S., Kumar, V., Paventhan, A., Chinnaiyan, V. K., Arnachalam, V., & Pradish, M. (2014, March). Survey on smart grid technologies-smart metering, IoT and EMS. In 2014 IEEE Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/SCEECS.2014.6804465

[14]. Jaradat, M., Jarrah, M., Jararweh, Y., Al-Ayyoub, M., & Bousselham, A. (2014, October). Integration of renewable energy in demand-side management for home appliances. In 2014 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) (pp. 571-576). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRSEC.2014.7059843

[15]. Kaur, S., & Singh, I. (2016). A survey report on internet of things applications. International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology, 4(2), 330-335.

[16]. Liu, A. J. (2002). Status and development prospect of internet of things. Internet of Things Technologies, 2(1), 69- 73.

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[18]. Liu, J., Li, X., Chen, X., Zhen, Y., & Zeng, L. (2011, February). Applications of Internet of Things on smart grid in China. In 13^th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT2011) (pp. 13-17). IEEE.

[19]. Misra, S., Maheswaran, M., & Hashmi, S. (2017). Security Challenges and Approaches in Internet of Things. Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[20]. Missaoui, R., Joumaa, H., Ploix, S., & Bacha, S. (2014). Managing energy smart homes according to energy prices: Analysis of a building energy management system. Energy and Buildings, 71, 155-167.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.018

[21]. Morgan, M. G., Apt, J., Lave, L., Ilic, M., Sirbu, M. A., & Peha, J. M. (2009). The many meanings of 'Smart Grid'. Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2364804

[22]. NIST. (2011). Guidelines for Assessing Wireless Standards for Smart Grid Applications: Priority Action Plan (2^nd Ed.). Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

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Ishwarya T.* , Priya G., Baskaran M.*

*Research Scholar, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.

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