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i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

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Volume 8 Issue 1 March - May 2019

Research Paper

Strength, Flow and Abrasion Characteristics of Cement Mortar Produced from Copper Slag

Nataraja M. C.* , Rajeeth T. J.**

* Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, India.

Nataraja, M. C., & Rajeeth, T. J. (2019). Strength, Flow and Abrasion Characteristics of Cement Mortar Produced from Copper Slag, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15784

Abstract

Across the globe river sand have been traditionally used for the production of cement mortar and concrete. The environmental limits to the utilization of sand from river beds have resulted in search for unconventional materials. Manufactured sand and industrial by-products then appear as an attractive substitute to river sand. Copper slag is an industrial by-product used as a substitute to river sand which is also recommended by IS 383: 2016. In the present work a mortar mix of 1:3 proportions is prepared with the replacement of river sand by copper slag at various proportions. The importance of its heavy specific gravity is also addressed. The microscopic and surface features of copper slag revealed its crystalline structure. The flow, strength, durability, and abrasion resistance characteristics of mortar at various water cement ratios are also studied and discussed. From the results, it can be determined that the use of copper slag as fine aggregate in cement mortar is appropriate and technically feasible.

References

[1]. Al-Jabri, K. S., Al-Saidy, A. H., & Taha, R. (2011). Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties of cement mortars and concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 933-938. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.090

[2]. Al-Jabri, K. S., Hisada, M., Al-Oraimi, S. K., & Al-Saidy, A. H. (2009). Copper slag as sand replacement for high performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(7), 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cemconcomp.2009.04.007

[3]. Ambily, P. S., Umarani, C., Ravisankar, K., Prem, P. R., Bharatkumar, B. H., & Iyer, N. R. (2015). Studies on ultra high performance concrete incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 77, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2014.12.092

[4]. American Concrete Institute. (1992). Guide to Durable Concrete, ACI 201.2R-92. USA: American Concrete Institute.

[5]. BIS. (1963). Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete (IS 2386: 1963). New Delhi, India.

[6]. BIS. (1983). Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cements and Pozzolonic Materials (IS 5512: 1983). New Delhi, India.

[7]. BIS. (1988). Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement (IS 4031: 1988 (part-VII)). New Delhi, India.

[8]. BIS. (2012). Specification for Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles, First Revision Appendix- F, Method for Determination of Resistance to Wear (IS1237:2012). New Delhi, India.

[9]. BIS. (2016a). Specification for 43 grade OPC (IS 269: 2016). New Delhi, India.

[10]. BIS. (2016b). Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete, Second Revision (IS 383: 2016). New Delhi, India.

[11]. Gorai, B., & Jana, R. K. (2003). Characteristics and utilisation of copper slag-a review. Resources, Conser vation and Recycling, 39(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00171-4

[12]. Mehta. P. K., Paulo. J. M., & Monteiro. (2001). rd Concrete, Microstructure, Properties and Materials (3 Ed). New York: McGraw Hill.

[13]. Nataraja, M. C., Manu A. S., & Girish, G. (2014). Utilization of different types of manufactured sand as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Indian Concrete Journal, 88(1), 19-25.

[14]. Prem, P. R., Verma, M., & Ambily, P. S. (2018). Sustainable cleaner production of concrete with high volume copper slag. Journal of Cleaner Production, 193, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.245

[15]. Rojas, M. I. S. D., Rivera, J., Frías, M., & Marín, F. (2008). Use of recycled copper slag for blended cements. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 83(3), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jctb.1830

[16]. Sharma, R., & Khan, R. A. (2017). Durability assessment of self compacting concrete incorporating copper slag as fine aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 155, 617-629. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.074

[17]. Siddique, R. (2003). Effect of fine aggregate replacement with Class F fly ash on the abrasion resistance of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(11), 1877-1881. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0008-8846(03)00212-6

[18]. Test Method T279. (2011). For Determining Flow Time and Voids Content of Fine Aggregate by Flow Cone. T279 is a NSW Government Document Based on NZS 3111:1986.

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Research Paper

Laboratory Investigations of Building Materials in the Vicinity of Nit Srinagar

Nadeem Gulzar Shahmir* , Manzoor Ahmad Tantray**

*_**Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, India.

Shahmir, N. G., & Tantray, M. A. (2019). Laboratory Investigations of Building Materials in the Vicinity of Nit Srinagar, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15534

Abstract

This study is undertaken based on the different tests performed on the building materials in the region of National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. A number of developments is done in the area where all the building materials get utilized on everyday schedule and most imperative being an engineering college in the civil engineering department part of casting for research motivation of beams, slabs, cylinders, cubes, columns,, and so forth is performed by B.Tech, M.Tech, and Ph.D., investigate researchers. Thus it was important to know the nature of the materials accessible at neighborhoods. No name of brand or merchant is referenced in this paper to stay away from any commercialization. The four fundamental building materials are cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water. All the important tests on all the fundamental development materials were performed by rules given by Indian standard codes. The strategy and the instruments utilized for testing were, in accordance with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), that are accessible in NIT research labs. The cement was brought from the neighborhood market of Hazratbal close to NIT Srinagar while as the fine aggregates and coarse aggregates were taken from the river (nallah) Sindh of area Ganderbal 10 kms from NIT Srinagar and the water tried was the accessible faucet water at research laboratory at NIT. All the materials tried was found reasonable to use for development. The experiments were performed in the mid months of year 2017.

References

[1]. BIS. (1962). Specification for Test Sieves. IS: 460-1962. New Delhi, India.

[2]. BIS. (1963a). Method of Tests for Aggregates of Concrete particle Size and Shape. IS: 2386 (Part I) - 1963. New Delhi, India.

[3]. BIS. (1963b). Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete Part III Specific Gravity, Density, Voids', Absorption and Bulking. IS: 2386 (Part III) - 1963. New Delhi, India.

[4]. BIS. (1970). Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete Indian Standard Code. IS: 383-1970. New Delhi, India.

[5]. BIS. (1976a). Ordinary Portland Cement - Specification. IS: 269-1976. New Delhi, India.

[6]. BIS. (1976b). Vicat Apparatus - Specification. IS: 5513- 1976. New Delhi, India.

[7]. BIS. (1982). Specification for Vibration Machine Indian Standard Code. IS: 10080-1982. New Delhi, India.

[8]. BIS. (1983). Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Waste Water Part pH Value Indian Standard Code. IS: 3025 (Part II) - 1983. New Delhi, India.

[9]. BIS. (1986a). Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Waste Water Part 22 Acidity. IS: 3025 (Part 22) - 1986. New Delhi, India.

[10]. BIS. (1986b). Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and Chemical) for Water and Waste Water Part 23 Alkalinity. IS: 3025 (Part 23) - 1986. New Delhi, India.

[11]. BIS. (1988a). Method of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement Part 1 Determination of Fineness by Dry Sieving. IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1988. New Delhi, India.

[12]. BIS. (1988b). Methods of Physical Tests for Hydralic Cement Part 3 Determination of Soundness Indian Standard Code. IS: 4031 (Part 3) - 1988. New Delhi, India.

[13]. BIS. (1988c). Methods of Physical tests for Hydraulic Cement Part 4 Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste. IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988. New Delhi, India.

[14]. BIS. (1988d). Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement Part 5 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times Indian Standard Code. IS: 4031 (Part 5)-1988. New Delhi, India.

[15]. BIS. (1988e). Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement Part 6 Determination of Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Other Than Masonry Cement. IS: 4031 (Part 6) - 1988. New Delhi, India.

[16]. BIS. (1991). Standard Sand for Testing Cement Specification Indian Standard Code. IS: 650-1991. New Delhi, India.

[17]. Shetty, M. S., & Jain, A. K. (2018). Concrete th Technology: Theory and Practice (8 Edn.). New Delhi, India: S. Chand.

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Research Paper

Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structure Elements

Siddhant Lakkad* , V. R. Panchal**

* Department of Structural Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India.

Lakkad, S., & Panchal, V. R. (2019). Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structure Elements, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15876

Abstract

Now in current practice, the whole world is in the race of looking forward to earn maximum profit. A structural engineer’s goal is to prepare an ideal solution for the design of structurewhich istaken in use. In this paper, the present work deals with the aim of achieving the optimal and ideal design of reinforced concrete structures, reducing size and reinforcement for beam members and column members in multi - bay and multi - storey structures. Generally, in current practice to optimize cost, trial and error method has been used in which numbers of models are developed in software likes STAAD PRO, ETABS, STRUDS, etc. But this method is quite complex and having less accuracy thus there is a need to adopt one proper optimization technique which enables engineer to find and to prepare the ideal design for the structure which gives more accuracy. So, in this paper, for cost optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structure, MINLP (Multi-Integer Non-Linear Programming) technique is adopted. Without changingthe functional criteria of beams and columns as per provisions given in IS456-2000, the structure is designed safely and economically. Programming of the design of structural elements beam and column has been done using MATLAB program. At the end of the study, the results of the optimized model using MINLP technique and manually optimized method are compared.This optimization task reduces 24.76% of the total approximate cost in beams and 13.79% in columns.

References

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[4]. de Larrard, F., & Sedran, T. (1996). Computer-Aided Mix Design: Predicting Final Result. The Magazine of the American Concrete Institute, 18(12), 178-186. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=67371

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[7]. Goodchild, H. C., & Lupton, J. (1999). Spreadsheets and the structural engineer. The Structural Engineer, 77, 326-334.

[8]. Guerra, A., & Kiousis, P. D. (2006). Design optimization of reinforced concrete structures. Computers and Concrete, 3(5), 313-334. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac. 2006.3.5.313

[9]. Kulkarni, A. B., & Rojiani, K. B. (1994). An object- oriented approach for reinforced concrete design. In Proceedings of the 1^st Congress on Computing in Civil Engineering (pp. 161-168). ASCE.

[10]. Kwakye, A. A. (1997). Construction Project Administration in Practice. USA: Routledge.

[11]. Lucas, W. K., & Roddis, W. M. (1996). Constraint-based reasoning for optimal concrete design and th detailing. In Proceedings of 12 Conference in Conjunction with Structures Congress XIV, Chicago, Illinois, United States. ASCE. (pp. 154-165).

[12]. Mather, K., & Rashwan, S. (1997). Model for ready mix concrete optimization. In Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (pp. 2-6).

[13]. Regupathi, R. (2017). Cost optimization of multistoried RC framed structure using hybrid genetic algorithm. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(7), 888-896.

[14]. Umar, H., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, S. A., & Huda, S. (2017). Cost optimization of RC godown. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 8(3), 244-251.

[15]. Vitaliano, W. J. (1994). Three design to cost myths. In Proceedings of International Conference of the Society of American Value Engineers (pp. 250-255).

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[17]. Young, J. A. (1997). Design phase cost control. Transactions of American Association of Cost Engineers, 24-27. https://search.proquest.com/openview/714f43 378a88e5edf2787051d5dcb5ff/1?pq-origsite=gscholar &cbl=27161)

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Research Paper

Effect of Geometry over the Fundamental Period of Vibration

S. G. Joshi* , Naveen Kwatra**

*Department of Civil Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India.

**Department of Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Joshi, S. G., & Kwatra, N. (2019). Effect of Geometry over the Fundamental Period of Vibration, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15440

Abstract

Two techniques are employed to study the effect of geometry of the building over the fundamental period of vibration. Fundamental period is determined using Stodola method for eighty reinforced concrete buildings of different configurations and a linear relationship is observed between the period and the height of the building. The relation between, constant of proportionality and aspect ratio of the building, is observed to be nonlinear. A data driven technique in the form of Genetic Programming (GP) is used to obtain the equations of the fundamental period and a linear relationship is observed between the period value and the height of the building along shorter direction of building. It is observed that GP technique gives the equations similar to those suggested by other researchers and different codes. It is also noticed that up to 40 m height of the building the equation given is exactly similar to the one recommended by many building codes. Empirical equations are suggested to determine the fundamental period of vibration using GP technique.

References

[1]. Ahamadi, N., Kamyab, M. R., & Lavaei, A. (2008). Dynamic analysis of structures using neural network. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(9), 1251-1256. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2008.1251.1256

[2]. Annan, C. D., Youssef, M. A., & El Naggar, M. H. (2009). Seismic vulnerability assessment of modular steel buildings. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 13(8), 1065-1088. https://doi.org/10.1080/136324609029 33881

[3]. BIS. (2002). Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures-Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (fifth revision) (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016), New Delhi, India.

[4]. Crowley, H., & Pinho, R. (2006, September). Simplified equations for estimating the period of vibration of existing buildings. In First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, (1122).

[5]. Crowley, H., & Pinho, R. (2010). Revisiting Eurocode 8 formulae for periods of vibration and their employment in linear seismic analysis. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 39(2), 223-235. https://doi.org/10. 1002/eqe.949

[6]. Elgohary, H., & Assas, M. (2013, April). New Empirical Formula for the Determination of the fundamental period th of vibration of multi-storey RC buildings. In RASD 2013 11 International Conference on Recent Advances in Structural Dynamics.

[7]. Gaur, S., & Deo, M. C. (2008). Real-time wave forecasting using genetic programming. Ocean Engineering, 35(11-12), 1166-1172. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.oceaneng.2008.04.007

[8]. Gilles, D., & McClure, G. (2008, October). Development of a period database for buildings in Montreal using ambient vibrations. In Proceedings of the th 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.

[9]. Goel, R. K., & Chopra, A. K. (1997). Period formulas for moment-resisting frame buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123(11), 1454-1461. https://doi.org/10. 1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:11(1454)

[10]. Heshmati, A. A. R., Salehzade, H., Alavi, A. H., Gandomi, A. H., Badkobeh, A., & Ghasemi, A. (2008). On the applicability of linear genetic programming for the formulation of soil classification. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 45, 575-583.

[11]. Johari, A., Habibagahi, G., & Ghahramani, A. (2006). Prediction of soil–water characteristic curve using genetic programming. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(5), 661-665. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5 (661)

[12]. Koza, J. R. (1992). Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by means of Natural Selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[13]. Kwon, O. S., & Kim, E. S. (2010). Evaluation of building period formulas for seismic design. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 39(14), 1569-1583. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.998

[14]. Londhe, S. N., & Dixit, P. R. (2012). Genetic programming: A novel computing approach in modeling water flows. In Genetic Programming-New Approaches and Successful Applications. InTech Open (pp.199-224). https://doi.org/10.5772/48179

[15]. Mehanny, S. S. (2012). Are theoretically calculated periods of vibration for skeletal structures error-free?. Earthquake and Structures, 3(1), 17-35. https:// doi.org/10.12989/eas.2012.3.1.017

[16]. Salama, M. I. (2015). Estimation of period of vibration for concrete moment-resisting frame buildings. HBRC Journal, 11(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj. 2014.01.006

[17]. Sangamnerkar, P., & Dubey, S. K. (2017). Equations to evaluate fundamental period of vibration of buildings in seismic analysis. Structural Monitoring and Maintenance, 4(4), 351-364. https://doi.org/10.12989/smm.2017. 4.4.351

[18]. Shaw, D., Miles, J., & Gray, A. (2004). Genetic programming within civil engineering. In Parmee, I. C. (Ed.) Adaptive Computing in Design and Manufacture VI (pp. 51-61). London: Springer.

[19]. Velani, P. D., & Ramancharla, P. K. (2017). New empirical formula for fundamental period of tall buildings in India by ambient vibration test. 16^th World Conference in Earthquake (16 WCEE, 2017), (218).

[20]. Verderame, G. M., Iervolino, I., & Manfredi, G. (2010). Elastic period of sub-standard reinforced concrete moment resisting frame buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(4), 955-972. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10518-010-9176-8

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Research Paper

Optimal Design of Roof-Truss using GA in Matlab

Krishna Amaraneni Venkata* , Chandramouli Sangamreddi, Markandeya Raju Ponnada*

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (A), Vizianagram, India.

Venkata, K. A., Sangamreddi, C., & Ponnada, M. (2019). Optimal Design of Roof-Truss using GA in Matlab, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15132

Abstract

An attempt has been made to design a roof truss optimally using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and stiffness method in Matlab. The GAs tool kit functions in Matlab and the program developed in Matlab by NewCivil.com for 2D truss analysis using stiffness method are combined to design the tubular truss. The adaptive penalty function is used as the external penalty function for the constraints violation. The objective is to minimize the total weight of the truss, subjected to satisfaction of stress and displacement constraints. The cross sectional area of the truss elements is considered as decision variables. The method is tested on a 10-bar truss. The material properties of the truss such as density, Young’s modulus, allowable axial stresses (both in compression and tension) and allowable nodal displacement are taken as 2770 kg/m³, 6.89 x105 kg/cm²,1500 kg/cm², and 5.08 cm respectively. The optimal solution with a total weight of 2472.67 kg is considered as the best in case-1 and 2288.88kg in the case-2 and the corresponding results are presented and compared with the previous research. After validation, the method is applied on a real truss. The optimal weight of the truss obtained is 138.89 kg.

References

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[11]. Ponnada, M. R., Vipparthy, R., & Sandeep, T. R. (2012). Performance of lack of fit induced steel truss. Global Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Computational Sciences, 2(1), 43-47.

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i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

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Volume 8 Issue 1 March - May 2019

Strength, Flow and Abrasion Characteristics of Cement Mortar Produced from Copper Slag

Nataraja M. C.* , Rajeeth T. J.**

* Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, India. ** Department of Civil Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, India.

Nataraja, M. C., & Rajeeth, T. J. (2019). Strength, Flow and Abrasion Characteristics of Cement Mortar Produced from Copper Slag, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15784

Abstract

References

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Laboratory Investigations of Building Materials in the Vicinity of Nit Srinagar

Nadeem Gulzar Shahmir* , Manzoor Ahmad Tantray**

*_**Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, India.

Shahmir, N. G., & Tantray, M. A. (2019). Laboratory Investigations of Building Materials in the Vicinity of Nit Srinagar, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15534

Abstract

References

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Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structure Elements

Siddhant Lakkad* , V. R. Panchal**

Lakkad, S., & Panchal, V. R. (2019). Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structure Elements, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15876

Abstract

References

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Effect of Geometry over the Fundamental Period of Vibration

S. G. Joshi* , Naveen Kwatra**

*Department of Civil Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India. **Department of Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Joshi, S. G., & Kwatra, N. (2019). Effect of Geometry over the Fundamental Period of Vibration, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15440

Abstract

References

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Optimal Design of Roof-Truss using GA in Matlab

Krishna Amaraneni Venkata* , Chandramouli Sangamreddi**, Markandeya Raju Ponnada***

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (A), Vizianagram, India.

Venkata, K. A., Sangamreddi, C., & Ponnada, M. (2019). Optimal Design of Roof-Truss using GA in Matlab, i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.1.15132

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* Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, India.

*Department of Civil Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India.

**Department of Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India.

Krishna Amaraneni Venkata* , Chandramouli Sangamreddi, Markandeya Raju Ponnada*