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i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

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Volume 8 Issue 4 December - February 2020

Research Paper

Hybrid Fiber Concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibers and Pozzolanic Materials

Saeid Golizadeh Fard* , Ehsanollah Zeighami**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.

Fard, S. G., & Zeighami, E. (2020). Hybrid Fiber concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibers and Pozzolanic Materials. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.16692

Abstract

The ability to service and increase the loadbearing capacity of structural materials has been considered as an important economic issue for a long time. Concrete is a widely used structural material today. Despite its remarkable properties, including high ductility, high durability, longevity, availability and low cost, concrete is a brittle material and performs extremely poor under flexural and tensile loads. In general, the breakdown and destruction of concrete strongly depends on the formation of cracks and micro-cracks. As loading increases, the micro-cracks interconnect and form cracks. In order to address this problem and to create homogeneous conditions, a series of thin filaments have been used throughout the concrete in recent decades; they are called fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fibers in concrete. In this study, the compressive strength of concrete was investigated, with some specimens reinforced with steel and containing pozzolanic materials, which increases the compressive strength of the control specimens. Also the flexural and tensile strength of the steel fiber reinforced specimens were investigated. According to the results, flexural strength increases with increase in steel fibers. The specimens contain 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of the dramix hooked steel fibers. By reinforcing the specimens with steel fibers, the behavior of tensile concrete is more flexible than that of non-steel specimens.

References

[1]. ASTM, C78. (2010). Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading). In American Society for Testing and Materials (Vol. 100, pp. 19428-2959). https://doi.org/10.1520/ C0078_C0078M-10.

[2]. Darwish, F. A., Oliveira, T. M., Coura, C. G., Kitamura, S., Barbosa, M. T. G., & Santos, W. (2008, July). Influence of fiber ratio in the size effect. In Proceedings, International Conference Concrete: Construction's sustainable option (pp. 123-130), Dundee, UK.

[3]. Hannant, P. J., (1978). Fiber Cements and Fiber Concrete. Chi Chester, England: Wiley (John) & Sons.

[4]. Khaloo, A. R. (1999). Behavior and applications of fiber concrete. Proceedings of the First Conference on Fiber Concrete Technology, Sharif University of Technology (pp. 1- 30).

[5]. Kim, D. J., El-Tawil, S., & Naaman, A. E. (2010). Correlation between tensile and bending behavior of high strength deformed steel fibers. ACI Special Publication, Four Decades of Progress in Prestressed Concrete, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, and Thin Laminate Composites (pp 135-150).

[6]. Nili, M., & Afroughsabet, V. (2010). Combined effect of silica fume and steel fibers on the impact resistance and mechanical properties of concrete. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 37(8), 879-886. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.004

[7]. Pul S. (2010). Experimental investigation of tensile behavior of high strength concrete. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Sciences, 15, 467-472.

[8]. Quresh, L. A. (2008). Effect of mixing steel fibers and silica fume on properties of high strength concrete. In Proceedings, International Conference Concrete: Constructions Sustainable Option (pp. 173-185), Dundee. UK.

[9]. Rodrigues, J. P. C., Laím, L., & Correia, A. M. (2010). Behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete columns in fire. Composite Structures, 92(5), 1263-1268. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.10.029

[10]. Şahin, Y., & Köksal, F. (2011). The influences of matrix and steel fibre tensile strengths on the fracture energy of high-strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(4), 1801-1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2010.11.084

[11]. Ünal, O., Demir, F., & Uygunoğlu, T. (2007). Fuzzy logic approach to predict stress–strain curves of steel fiberreinforced concretes in compression. Building and Environment, 42(10), 3589-3595. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.buildenv.2006.10.023

[12]. Vandewalle, L., (2008). Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Proceedings, International Conference Concrete: Construction's Sustainable Option (pp 11-22), Dundee, UK.

[13]. Xu, B. W., & Shi, H. S. (2009). Correlations among mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23(12), 3468-3474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.017

[14]. Yoon, Y. S., Yang, J. M., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. H., (2011). Structural enhancement of high-performance concrete th members by strategic utilization of steel fibers. The 9 International Symposium on High Performance Concrete - Design, Verification & Utilization, Rotorua, New Zealand. https://journals.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_514.html

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Research Paper

Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Quaternary Blended Bacterial Self-Compacting Concrete (QBBSCC)

Sridevi M.* , P. Srinivasa Rao , T. Seshadri Sekhar *

- Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Sridevi, M., Rao, P. S., & Sekhar, T. S. (2020). Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Quaternary Blended Bacterial Self-Compacting Concrete (QBBSCC). i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.16552

Abstract

Concrete develops cracks and get deteriorated, losing its structural performance when exposed to alternate freezing and thawing. Usually, the effect of freezing and thawing in concrete is reduced by lowering the water-cement (w/c) ratio or by using an air-entraining admixture. Researches carried out on bacterial concrete have shown that the CaCO 3 produced by the bacteria seals the micro-cracks and improves the properties of the concrete. In this study, an attempt has been done to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing of Quaternary Blended Bacterial Self-Compacting Concrete (QBBSCC), which is a blend of 40 % cement, 10 % micro-silica, 25 % fly ash and 25 % GGBFS (Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag). Bacillus Subtilis bacteria was selected for this study. For water-binder (w/b) ratios 0.3 and 0.4, super-plasticizer of 1.8 % and 1.6% by weight of binder respectively were used. QBBSCC cubes were subjected to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 numbers of freeze-thaw cycles in an ice-cream freezer box. Each freeze-thaw cycle comprised of freezing the samples from 10 ºC to -10 ºC within two hours, then maintaining the temperature at -10 ºC for half-an-hour and thawing from -10 ºC to 10 ºC within another two hours i.e., a freezing rate of 10ºC/hr was adopted. Weight loss, residual compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity were evaluated. From the result, it was found that QBBSCC exhibited better freeze-thaw resistance than reference concrete without bacteria, Quaternary Blended Self-Compacting Concrete (QBSCC).

References

[1]. Bumanis, G., Dembovska, L., Korjakins, A., & Bajare, D. (2018). Applicability of freeze-thaw resistance testing methods for high strength concrete at extreme− 52.5° C and standard− 18° C testing conditions. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8, 139-149. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cscm.2018.01.003

[2]. Cai, H., & Liu, X. (1998). Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: Ice formation process in pores. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(9), 1281-1287. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0008-8846(98)00103-3

[3]. Craeye, B., Cockaerts, G., & Kara De Maeijer, P. (2018). Improving freeze–thaw resistance of concrete road infrastructure by means of superabsorbent polymers. Infrastructures, 3(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.339 0/ infrastructures3010004

[4]. Karakurt, C., & Bayazıt, Y. (2015). Freeze-thaw resistance of normal and high strength concretes produced with fly ash and silica fume. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2015/830984

[5]. Kelly, B., & Murphy, P. (2010). Prediction of freeze-thaw resistance of concrete. Bachelor of Engineering Project, (pp.1-54).

[6]. Kosior-Kazberuk, M. (2012). Effects of interaction of static load and frost on damage mechanism of concrete elements. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 1(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01. sace.1.1.2616

[7]. Li, Y., Wang, R., Li, S., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Assessment of the freeze–thaw resistance of concrete incorporating carbonated coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 125(11), 837- 845. https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.17111

[8]. Oymael, S., Bideci, A., & Bideci, Ö. S. (2019). Oil shale ash addition effect in concrete to freezing-thawing. In Sustainable Construction and Building Materials. (pp. 75- 87). https://doi.org/10.5772/ intechopen.79285

[9]. Šelih, J. (2010). Performance of concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in different saline environments. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 16(2), 306-311.

[10]. Shang, H. S., & Yi, T. H. (2013). Freeze-thaw durability of air-entrained concrete. The Scientific World Journal, 1- 6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/650791

[11]. Shang, H. S., Cao, W. Q., & Wang, B. (2014). Effect of fast freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical properties of ordinary-air-entrained concrete. The Scientific World Journal, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/923032

[12]. Shuldyakov, K., Kramar, L., Trofimov, B., & Ivanov, I. (2016, January). Super plasticizer effect on cement paste structure and concrete freeze-thaw resistance. In AIP Conference Proceedings. (pp. 1-6). https://doi.org/10.10 63/1.4937881

[13]. Su, N., Hsu, K. C., & Chai, H. W. (2001). A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(12), 1799-1807. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00566-X

[14]. Wiktor, V., & Jonkers, H. M. (2015). Field performance of bacteria-based repair system: Pilot study in a parking garage. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.004

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Research Paper

A Study on Optimization of Water Treatment Plant Design for Efficient Removal of Suspended Solids

Sreejani T. P.* , Srinivasa Rao G. V. R., Bhuvaneswara Rao K.*, Sravya P. V. R.****

* Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India.

-* Department of Civil Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

**** Department of Civil Engineering, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Sreejani, T. P., Rao, G. V. R. S., Rao, K. B., & Sravya, P. V. R. (2020). A Study on Optimization of Water Treatment Plant Design for Efficient Removal of Suspended Solids. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.16719

Abstract

The present study aims at an optimal design of a model water treatment plant comprising of a Rapid mix unit, Clariflocculator and Rapid sand filter. The suspended solids are considered as the basic impurity whose volume is assumed to be reduced to 2 mg/lit in filtered water for different raw water qualities. Various parameters such as velocity gradient, detention time, surface overflow rate, filtration rate, diameter of sand grain, depth of sand bed and time of filter run are considered as design variables for the optimization process. A set of mathematical formulae comprising of the above design variables is used to arrive at optimal values. Algorithms developed based on dynamic programming are used to arrive at the stated optimal design variables. It can be observed from the study that the optimal design differs from conventional design mainly with reference to the two design variables, i.e., surface overflow rate in the clariflocculator and filtration rate of filtration unit. A comparison of the existing treatment plant of capacity 15 MGD locally with that of the optimal design of same capacity plant using the optimal design variables is presented.

References

[1]. Angreni, E. (2009). Review on optimization of conventional drinking water treatment plant. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7(9), 1144-1151.

[2]. Boccelli, D. L., Small, M. J., & Diwekar, U. M. (2007). Drinking water treatment plant design incorporating variability and uncertainty. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133(3), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:3(303)

[3]. Chen, J. C., Ng, W. J., Luo, R., Mu, S., Zhang, Z., Andersen, M., & Jørgensen, P. E. (2012). Membrane bioreactor process modeling and optimization: Ulu Pandan water reclamation plant. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 138(12), 1218-1226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000581

[4]. El-Nahhas, K. (2009). Water treatment plant optimization by controlling the suspended solids physicochemical environment. In 13^th International Water Technology Conference, (IWTC13), (pp. 1085-1097), Hurghada, Egypt.

[5]. Farhaoui, M., & Derraz, M. (2016). Review on optimization of drinking water treatment process. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8(8), 777-786. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.88063

[6]. Gupta, A. K., & Shrivastava, R. K. (2006). Uncertainty analysis of conventional water treatment plant design for suspended solids removal. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 132(11), 1413-1421. https://doi.org/10. 1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:11(1413)

[7]. Gupta, A. K., & Shrivastava, R. K. (2010). Reliabilityconstrained optimization of water treatment plant design using genetic algorithm. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136(3), 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000150

[8]. Joshilkar, A., Manjunath, B. S., & Kavadi, S. (2015). Analysis and optimization of water treatment plant rotating truss. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2(2), 966- 970.

[9]. Mhaisalkar, V. A., Bassin, J. K., Paramasivam, R., & Khanna, P. (1993). Dynamic programming optimization of water-treatment-plant design. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 119(6), 1158-1175. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)0733-9372(1993)119:6(1158)

[10]. Mostafa, K. S., Bahareh, G., Elahe, D., & Pegah, D. (2015). Optimization of conventional water treatment plant using dynamic programming. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 31(12), 1078-1086. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0748233713485891

[11]. Wiesner, M. R., O'Melia, C. R., & Cohon, J. L. (1987). Optimal water treatment plant design. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 113(3), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:3 (567)

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Research Paper

Static Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate Using Six Node Linear Strain Triangular Elements

K. N. V. Chandrasekhar* , K. Udaybhasakar Reddy**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Chandrasekhar, K. N. V., & Reddy, K. U. (2020). Static Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate Using Six Node Linear Strain Triangular Elements. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.16565

Abstract

Laminated composite is an emerging area of Civil Engineering. The conventional materials can be replaced with composite materials having light weight and improved strength. This study aims to perform a static analysis of laminated composite plates using a six node curved shell triangular element. The shape functions are of the second degree, which can precisely represent the variation of displacement within the element. The coding for this study is done using MATLAB®. In this study, two standard examples from the literature have been solved, - simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. The maximum central deflection for a simply supported plate carrying a uniformly distributed load using six node triangular element is 0.4449 when compared with the maximum central deflection of 0.4498 using LDT18 formulation given in the literature. The central deflections show an improved result over the existing results by many authors available in the literature. The deformed shape of the plate is presented. This study can be useful for the analysis of narrow domains where the use of quadrilateral elements is not feasible.

References

[1]. Abdelali, H. M., Harras, B., & Benamar, R. (2014, December). Geometrically non-linear free vibration of fully clamped symmetrically laminated composite skew plates. In Conference on Multiphysics Modelling and Simulation for Systems Design (pp. 443-452). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14532-7_45

[2]. Ahmad, N., Ranganath, R., & Ghosal, A. (2019). Modeling of the coupled dynamics of damping particles filled in the cells of a honeycomb sandwich plate and experimental validation. Journal of Vibration and Control, 25(11), 1706-1719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546319 837584

[3]. Benhenni, M. A., Adim, B., Daouadji, T. H., Abbès, B., Abbès, F., Li, Y., & Bouzidane, A. (2019). A comparison of closed form and finite-element solutions for the free vibration of hybrid crossply laminated plates. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 55(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11029-019-09803-2

[4]. Benjeddou, A., & Guerich, M. (2019). Free vibration of actual aircraft and spacecraft hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panels: A practical detailed FE approach. Advances in Aircraft and Spacecraft Science, 6(2), 169- 187. https://doi.org/10.12989/aas.2019.6.2.169

[5]. Bui, T. Q., Nguyen, M. N., & Zhang, C. (2011). An efficient meshfree method for vibration analysis of laminated composite plates. Computational Mechanics, 48(2), 175-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-011- 0591-8

[6]. Chakravorty, D., Bandyopadhyay, J. N., & Sinha, P. (1996). Finite element free vibration analysis of doubly curved laminated composite shells. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 191(4), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi. 1996.0136

[7]. Dai, X., Shao, X., Ma, C., Yun, H., Yang, F., & Zhang, D. (2018). Experimental and numerical investigation on vibration of sandwich plates with Honeycomb Cores Based on Radial Basis Function. Experimental Techniques, 42(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-017-0220-3

[8]. Gudonis, E., Timinskas, E., Gribniak, V., Kaklauskas, G., Arnautov, A. K., & Tamulnas, V. (2013). FRP reinforcement for concrete structures: state-or-the-art review of application and design. Engineering Structures and Technologies, 5(4), 147-158. http://doi.org/10.3846/ 2029882X.2014.889274

[9]. Jianwei, S., Akihiro, N., & Hiroshi, K. (2004). Approximate vibration analysis of laminated curved panel using higher-order shear deformation theory. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 20(3), 238-246. https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF02486716

[10]. Kapania, R. K., & Mohan, P. (1996). Static, free vibration and thermal analysis of composite plates and shells using a flat triangular shell element. Computational Mechanics, 17(5), 343-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/ Bf00368557

[11]. Koide, R. M., França, G. V. Z. D., & Luersen, M. A. (2013). An ant colony algorithm applied to lay-up optimization of laminated composite plates. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 10(3), 491- 504. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-78252013000300003

[12]. Lee, W. H., & Han, S. C. (2006). Free and forced vibration analysis of laminated composite plates and shells using a 9-node assumed strain shell element. Computational Mechanics, 39(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00466-005-0007-8

[13]. Noor, A. K. (1973). Free vibrations of multilayered composite plates. AIAA Journal, 11(7), 1038-1039. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.6868

[14]. Reddy, J. N., & Khdeir, A. (1989). Buckling and vibration of laminated composite plates using various plate theories. AIAA Journal, 27(12), 1808-1817. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.10338

[15]. Serhat, G., & Basdogan, I. (2019). Multi-objective optimization of composite plates using lamination parameters. Materials & Design, 180, 1-14. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107904

[16]. Xu, R. Q. (2008). Three-dimensional exact solutions for the free vibration of laminated transversely isotropic circular, annular and sectorial plates with unusual boundary conditions. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 78(7), 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-007- 0177-2

[17]. Yi, G., & Sui, Y. (2016). TIMP method for topology optimization of plate structures with displacement constraints under multiple loading cases. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 53(6), 1185-1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-015-1314-0

[18]. Zhang, Y. X., & Kim, K. S. (2005). A simple displacement-based 3-node triangular element for linear and geometrically nonlinear analysis of laminated composite plates. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 194(45-47), 4607-4632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2004.11.011

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Review Paper

State-of-the-Art Review on Concrete Sandwich Panels

Muthu Ganesh K.* , Bhuvaneshwari S.**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College (Autonomous), Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Ganesh, K. M., & Bhuvaneshwari, S. (2020). State-of-the-Art Review on Concrete Sandwich Panels. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.16735

Abstract

Concrete Sandwich Panel (CSP) system is an energy efficient, light weight and economic construction system for civil infrastructure. It consists of concrete wythes, shear connectors and light weight core material. This system can be used as wall, floor and roof panel for the properties of light weight, great strength and good thermal performance. The strength of Concrete Sandwich Panel systems are obtained by using high strength shear connectors and high performance concrete. Concrete strength is improved by using Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and adding admixtures to the concrete. Thermal performance and light-weight can be achieved by using light weighted core materials, such as Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) etc., and Foamed Concrete (FC) further reduces the structural weight. Concrete Sandwich Panels (CSP) will reduce the seismic effect due to light weight and lateral strength. This article provides an overview of state-of- the-art research and development and also the applications of Concrete Sandwich Panel (CSP). It discovers the problems and future potential for the wide use of these enhanced systems in civil infrastructure.

References

[1]. Amran, Y. M., Rashid, R. S., Hejazi, F., Safiee, N. A. & Ali, A. A. (2016). Response of precast foamed concrete sandwich panels to flexural loading. Journal of Building Engineering, 7, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe. 2016.06.006

[2]. Benayoune, A., Samad, A. A., Trikha, D. N., Ali, A. A., & Ellinna, S. H. M. (2008). Flexural behaviour of pre-cast concrete sandwich composite panel-experimental and theoretical investigations. Construction and Building Materials, 22(4), 580-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2006.11.023

[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2002). Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (IS: 1893-2002 (part-1)). General provisions Buildings New Delhi, India.

[4]. Chen, A., Norris, T. G., Hopkins, P. M., & Yossef, M. (2015). Experimental investigation and finite element analysis of flexural behavior of insulated concrete sandwich panels with FRP plate shear connectors. Engineering Structures, 98, 95-108. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.022

[5]. CSIR. (2017). Manual for Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Core Panel System and its field Application. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.

[6]. Eriksson, L., & Trank, R. (1991). Properties of expanded polystyrene, laborator y experiments. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linköping, Sweden.

[7]. Hopkins, P. M., Norris, T., & Chen, A. (2017). Creep behavior of insulated concrete sandwich panels with fiber-reinforced polymer shear connectors. Composite Structures, 172, 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compstruct.2017.03.038

[8]. Joseph, J.D. R., Prabakar, J.,& Alagusundaramoorthy, P. (2017). Precast concrete sandwich one-way slabs under flexural loading. Engineering Structures, 138, 447-457. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.033

[9]. Kang, W. H., & Kim, J. (2016). Reliability-based flexural design models for concrete sandwich wall panels with continuous GFRP shear connectors. Composites Part B: Engineering, 89, 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compositesb.2015.11.040

[10]. Kazem, H., Bunn, W. G., Seliem, H. M., Rizkalla, S. H., & Gleich, H. (2015). Durability and long term behavior of FRP/foam shear transfer mechanism for concrete sandwich panels. Construction and Building Materials, 98, 722-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2015.08.105

[11]. O'Hegarty, R., & Kinnane, O. (2020). Review of precast concrete sandwich panels and their innovations. Construction and Building Materials, 233, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117145

[12]. O'Hegarty, R., Reilly, A., West, R., & Kinnane, O. (2020). Thermal investigation of thin precast concrete sandwich panels. Journal of Building Engineering, 27,1- 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100937

[13]. PCI Committee Report. (1997). State of the Art of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels. PCI Committee on Precast Sandwich Wall Panels.

[15]. Richard, O., West, R., Reilly, A., & Kinnane, O. (2019). Composite behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete sandwich panels with FRP shear connectors. Engineering Structures, 198, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. engstruct.2019.109475

[16]. Shams, A., Horstmann, M., & Hegger, J. (2014). Experimental investigations on Textile-Reinforced Concrete (TRC) sandwich sections. Composite Structures, 118, 643-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct. 2014.07.056

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Review Paper

Study on the Effect of Nanosilica on Mechanical Properties of Concrete - A Review

D. S. V. S. M. R. K. Chekravarty* , Mallika Alapati, P. Sravana*, Srinivasa Rao****

* Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University College of Engineering Hyderabad and Associate Professor, Marri Laxmanreddy Institute of Technology Management, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, Vallurupalli Nageswara Rao Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

*-**** Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University College of Engineering Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Chekravarty, D. S. V. S. M. R. K., Alapati, M., Sravana, P., & Rao, S. (2020). Study on the Effect of Nanosilica on Mechanical Properties of Concrete - A Review. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 8(4), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.8.4.17053

Abstract

The usage of nano-materials in concrete is gaining increasing attention in the construction industry. Studies have shown that concrete containing nanoparticles has demonstrated increased strength and durability. The use of large quantity of cement product increases CO emissions and also consequents the greenhouse effect. The use of nano-materials reduces the cement content in the concrete mix and hence reduces the greenhouse effect. In the present paper, the influence of nano-silica on mechanical properties of concrete is studied by replacing the cement with various percentages of nano-silica. Experimental investigations are being conducted with nano-silica as a partial replacement for cement in the range of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% for concrete of grades M40, M50 and M60 mixes, respectively. The optimum dosage of replacement of nano-silica was found to be 3%, beyond which the results for the mechanical properties were not encouraging. The durability is also tested. The results of the tests are analyzed, discussed and presented.

References

[1]. Bajpai, V., Chandraul, K., & Singh, M. K. (2018). Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with nano silica in concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 1000- 1003.

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i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

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