i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 13 Issue 4

An Experimental Investigation to Determine the Failure Load of Optimal Hammer Head Pier Cap and Interpolate using Univariate Splines Machine Learning Algorithm
Assessment of Radius of Curvature along the Existing Road Networks
Sustainable Urban Infrastructure: A Comprehensive Review of Environmental Safety Practices in Civil Engineering
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Recycled Aggregate on the Durability and Mechanical Properties of Concrete
A Step by Step Analysis to Solve the Equation of Motion in Space and Time using Basis Splines - A Class Room Example

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Volume 10 Issue 3 June - August 2020

Research Paper

Synthesis of Kudremukh Iron Ore Tailing Based Geopolymer Coarse Aggregate using Fly-Ash as Precursor in the Construction Industry

Guruba Savaraja H.* , Sunil C. L. , H. K. Ramaraju*

*-**** Department of Civil Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Savaraja, H. G., Sunil, C. L., and Ramaraju, H. K. (2020). Synthesis of Kudremukh Iron Ore Tailing Based Geopolymer Coarse Aggregate using Fly-Ash as Precursor in the Construction Industry. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17526

Abstract

Fact that the large-scale dumping of the mining and industrial waste causes various environmental impacts and health issues in human and animals. It is necessary to use the wastes in an effective manner to prevent such environmental problems. Fly ash and iron ore tailings are the two major wastes of such kind. Even though these two wastes are being used in various sector, the utilization of these waste is less than the waste generated. This study mainly concerns with the usage of fly-ash and iron ore tailings in construction industry in sustainable manner. Geopolymer coarse aggregates are synthesized by using the fly-ash and iron ore tailing with alkaline activator solution which activates geopolymeric source. The cubes of side 75 mm x 75 mm x 75 mm are prepared by mixing fly-ash and IOT in 70:30 proportion respectively with varying molarity of alkaline activator as 6M, 8M, 10M up to 12M. Compression test are carried out on the prepared cubes. It has been observed that as the molarity of alkaline activator increases, the compressive strength also increases. 10M of Alkaline activator is used for the synthesis of geopolymer coarse aggregates. Aggregates are prepared by crushing of cubes. XRD and SEM analysis are preferred for the characterization of raw materials.

References

[1]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1970). Specification for Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete (IS 383-1970). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[2]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2000) Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (IS 456-2000). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2009). Indian Standard Code for Guidelines of Concrete Mix Proportioning (IS 10262-2009). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[4]. Carrasco, E. V. M., Magalhaes, M. D. C., Santos, W. J. D., Alves, R. C., & Mantilla, J. N. R. (2017). Characterization of mortars with iron ore tailings using destructive and nondestructive tests. Construction and Building Materials, 131, 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016. 11.065

[5]. Da Silva, F. L., Araújo, F. G. S., Teixeira, M. P., Gomes, R. C., & Von Krüger, F. L. (2014). Study of the recovery and recycling of tailings from the concentration of iron ore for the production of ceramic. Ceramics International, 40(10), 16085- 16089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.07.145

[6]. Joshi, S. V., & Skadu, M. (2012). Role of Alkaline activator in development of eco-friendly fly ash based Geopolymer concrete. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 3(5), 417-421.

[7]. Junaid, M. T., Khennane, A., & Kayali, O. (2015). Performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete made using non-pelletized fly ash aggregates after exposure to high temperatures. Materials and Structures, 48(10), 3357- 3365. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0404-6

[8]. Nadesan, M. S., & Dinakar, P. (2017). Structural concrete using sintered flyash lightweight aggregate: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 154, 928-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.005

[9]. Okoye, F. N., Durgaprasad, J., & Singh, N. B. (2015). Mechanical properties of alkali activated flyash/Kaolin based geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 98, 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbu ildmat.2015.08.009

[10]. Osinubi, K. J., Yohanna, P., & Eberemu, A. O. (2015). Cement modification of tropical black clay using iron ore tailings as admixture. Transportation Geotechnics, 5, 35- 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2015.10.001

[11]. Ravi, K., Kumar, A., Prashanth, M. H., & Reddy, D. V. (2012). Experimental studies on iron-ore tailing based interlocking paver blocks. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 5(3), 501–504.

[12]. Sharath, B. P., Shivaprasad, K. N., Athikkal, M. M., & Das, B. B. (2018). Some studies on sustainable utilization of iron ore tailing (IOT) as fine aggregates in fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Management Science and Engineering, 431(9), 092010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899X/431/9 /092010

[13]. Shettima, A. U., Hussin, M. W., Ahmad, Y., & Mirza, J. (2016). Evaluation of iron ore tailings as replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 120, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuil dmat.2016.05.095

[14]. Their, J. M., & Özakça, M. (2018). Developing geopolymer concrete by using cold-bonded fly ash aggregate, nano-silica, and steel fiber. Construction and Building Materials, 180, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.conbuildmat.2018.05.274

[15]. Ugama, T. I., Ejeh, S. P., & Amartey, D. Y. (2014). Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concrete. Civil and Environmental Research, 6(10), 7-13.

[16]. Xiong, C., Li, W., Jiang, L., Wang, W., & Guo, Q. (2017). Use of grounded iron ore tailings (GIOTs) and BaCO to 3 improve sulfate resistance of pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 150, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2017.05.209

[17]. Young, G., & Yang, M. (2019). Preparation and characterization of Portland cement clinker from iron ore tailings. Construction and Building Materials, 197, 152-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.236

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Research Paper

Effect of Counterforts and Buttresses on Retaining Wall

Karthik Thipparthi* , Srikanth Kandalai , Kastro Kiran V. *

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Bhuvanagiri, Telangana, India.

Thipparthi, K., Kandalai, S., and Kiran, V. K. (2020). Effect of Counterforts and Buttresses on Retaining Wall. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17412

Abstract

The design of rigid retaining wall (Cantilever, Counterfort, Buttress) is based on pressure exerted by the retaining material, wall slope, height, ease of construction and stability. When the retaining wall height is more than 8 m, the selection of extra supports, i.e., either counterforts or buttresses is based upon the designer's experience. By conducting comparative study on resisting forces for varying heights, the behavior of these supports on retaining wall can be depicted. The depiction of forces can be achieved by running an analysis in STAAD.Pro with preliminary dimensions and soil parameters respectively. Resisting forces from counterfort and buttress supports on retaining wall are equal when the height is in between 9 m to 24 m but buttress support has shown less resisting forces when the height is less than 9 m.

References

[1]. Ching, F. D., Faia, R. S., & Winkel, P. (2006). Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2006 International Building Code (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

[2]. Coulomb, C. A. (1776). Essai sur une application des regles de maximis et minimis quelques problemes de statique, relatits a l'architecture. Memoires de Mathematique de l'Academie Royale de Science, 7, 343-382.

[3]. Farhat, M., & Issa, M. (2017). Design principles of totally prefabricated counterfort retaining wall system compared with existing cast-in-place concrete structures. PCI Journal, 62, 89-106.

[4]. Kezdi, A. (1958). Earth pressure on retaining wall tilting about the toe. In Proceedings of the Brussels Conference on Earth Pressure Problems (Vol. 1, pp. 166-132).

[5]. Nagre, S., Shinde, R., Ladkat, S., Mahisare, K. (2017). Case study of retaining wall. In International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Science Management (ICRTESM-17), 2, 653-657.

[6]. Patil, S. S., & Bagban, A. A. R. (2015). Analysis and design of stepped cantilever retaining wall. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 4(02).

[7]. Raju, N. K., Pranesh, R. N. (2008). Reinforced concrete design – IS 456-2000 principles and practice. New Age International Publishers.

[8]. Terzaghi, K. (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics, (pp. 11- 15) New York: John Wiley & Sons.

[9]. Wang, Y. Z. (2000). Distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall. Geotechnique, 50(1), 83-88.

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Research Paper

An Overview of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement Aggregate Proportioning Enhancement

Hossein Khazaei* , P. Sravana **

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Khazaei, H., and Sravana, P. (2020). An Overview of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement Aggregate Proportioning Enhancement. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17579

Abstract

Most of the specifications restricted the maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate up to 25 mm for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, while this maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate can be increased up to 31 mm by considering certain steps. These recommendations might contain amendments to the selection of the maximum nominal size and combined aggregate gradation constraint to enhance and improve the quality of the concrete pavement criteria. In the present study, two similar concrete mix designs with a maximum nominal size of 25 mm (PQC-20) in accordance with the Indian specifications and proposed samples with a nominal size of 38 mm (PQC- 40) have been prepared. The effect of increasing the maximum nominal size of coarse aggregates and change of combined gradation limit on air voids, packing density, compressive, flexural strength and the initial cost of the mixes were investigated.

References

[1]. Ajamu, S. O., &Ige, J. A. (2015). Effect of coarse aggregate size on compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete beams. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5(4), 67-75.

[2]. Albarwary, I. H. M., Aldoski, Z. N. S., &Askar, L. K. (2017). Effect of aggregate maximum size upon compressive strength of concrete. Journal of Duhok University, 20, 790- 797.

[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (1963). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete Part III - Specific gravity, density, voids absorption and bulking (No. IS 2386:1963). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2000). Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice (4th Revision) (No. IS 456:2000). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[5]. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2004). Indian standard method of test for strength of concrete (No. IS 516:2004). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

[6]. Ekwulo, E. O., &Eme, D. B. (2017). Effect of aggregate size and gradation on compressive strength of normal strength concrete for rigid pavement. American Journal of Engineering Research, 6(9), 112-116.

[7]. Ioannides, A. M., & Mills, J. C. (2006). Larger sized coarse aggregates in portland cement concrete pavements and structures (No. FHWA/OH-2006/10A). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Transportation.

[8]. Indian Road Congress (2017). Guidelines for cement concrete mix design for pavements (No. IRC:44-2017). Indian Road Congress.

[9]. Issa, S. A., Islam, M., Issa, M. A., &Yousif, A. A. (2000). Specimen and aggregate size effect on concrete compressive strength. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, 22(2), 103-115.

[10]. Jimoh, A. A. (2007). A study of the influence of aggregate size and type on the compressive strength of concrete. Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, 4 (2).

[11]. Khazaei, H., &Sravana, P. (2019). Statistical analyses of compressive strength of jointed plain concrete paving. 3rd International Congress on Contemporary in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development, Tehran University.

[12]. Kozul, R., & Darwin, D. (1997). Effects of aggregate type, size, and content on concrete strength and fracture energy [Research Report]. University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, Kansas.

[13]. Krishna, A. V., Rao, B. K., &Rajagopal, A. (2010). Effect of different sizes of coarse aggregate on the properties of NCC and SCC. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(10), 5959-5965.

[14]. Kwan, A. K. H., Li, L. G., & Fung, W. W. S. (2012). Wet packing of blended fine and coarse aggregate. Materials and Structures, 45(6), 817-828. https://doi.org/10.1617/s 11527-011-9800-3

[15]. MoRTH Road Specification. (n.d.). Ministry of road th transport and highways Government of India (5 Revision). Non-Searchable.

[16]. Musa, M. F., & bin Saim, A. A. (2017). The effect of aggregate size on the strength of concrete. In the colloquium (Vol. 10, pp. 9-11).

[17]. Neville, A. (1997). Aggregate bond and modulus of elasticity of concrete. Materials Journal, 94(1), 71-74.

[18]. Raj, N., Patil, S. G., &Bhattacharjee, B. (2014). Concrete mix design by packing density method. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-11213446

[19]. Richardson, D. N. (2005). Aggregate gradation optimization - Literature search [Report]. University of Missouri-Rolla, Missouri Department of Transportation, Missouri.

[20]. Shetty M. S. (2000). Concrete technology theory and practice. New Delhi, India: S.Chand and Company.

[21]. Tumidajski, P. J., & Gong, B. (2006). Effect of coarse aggregate size on strength and workability of concrete. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33(2), 206-213.

[22]. Wong, H. H., & Kwan, A. K. (2005, May). Packing density: a key concept for mix design of high performance concrete. In Proceedings of the Materials Science and Technology in Engineering Conference, HKIE Materials Division, Hong Kong (pp. 1-15).

[23]. Woode, A., Amoah, D. K., Aguba, I. A., &Ballow, P. (2015). The effect of maximum coarse aggregate size on the compressive strength of concrete produced in Ghana. Civil and Environmental Research, 7(5), 7-12.

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Research Paper

Study on the Flexural Behaviour of SCC with Nano-Particles and Steel Fibers

Mohit Kambanna* , Shrithi S. Badami**

*-** Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Kambanna, M., and Badami, S. S. (2020). Study on the Flexural Behaviour of SCC with Nano-Particles and Steel Fibres. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17432

Abstract

Self-computing concrete (SCC) is a highly workable type of concrete which does not require any further external compaction or vibration. Super plasticizers are used to increase the ease and flow ability of SCC to a remarkable extent. Many experiments have been conducted by researchers to understand the properties and behaviour of SCC. Validation of finite element modelling with experimental data helps engineers in parametrically characterizing and analyzing the large structural components, which in turn saves time, energy and cost. Incorporation of fibres into SCC to increase its flexural strength is an ongoing research which has gained worldwide attention. This study is an effort to evaluate the behaviour of SCC with steel fibres by incorporating nano silica. Nan-su method of mix design is adopted in this study to obtain the control mix of SCC (SCC-CM) through experimental research. This analysis of FE modelling using Abaqus / CAE proposes to study the behaviour of SCC beam with and without incorporation of nano-silica and steel fibre. Analytical response of SCC beam is in good correspondence with the experimental results which is then compared to SSC beam containing nano-silica and steel fibres (SCC-NS). Response obtained from FEM indicates that SCC beam with nano-silica and steel fibre exhibits significant improvement in load deflection comparison at first crack and failure load, resistance against deflection, load carrying capacity and flexural strength in comparison with normal SCC (NSCC) beam.

References

[1]. Achara, B. E., Mohammed, B. S., & Liew, M. S. (2019). Bond behaviour of nano-silica-modified self-compacting engineered cementitious composite using response surface methodology. Construction and Building Materials, 224, 796-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbu ildmat.2019. 07.115

[2]. Amir, H., Wani, & Bhawna, E. (2017). Effect of micro steel fibre on properties of concrete. International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development (IJRERD), 02(11), 60-63.

[3]. Asif, M., & Mehta, G. (2019). Experimental study on self compacting concrete using nano silica. Fibres, 7(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7040036

[4]. Beigi, M. H., Berenjian, J., Omran, O. L., Nik, A. S., & Nikbin, I. M. (2013). An experimental survey on combined effects of fibers and nanosilica on the mechanical, rheological, and durability properties of self-compacting concrete. Materials & Design, 50, 1019-1029. https://doi.o rg/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.046

[5]. Ben Aicha, M., Burtschell, Y., Alaoui, A. H., El Harrouni, K., & Jalbaud, O. (2017). Correlation between bleeding and rheological characteristics of self-compacting concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(6).

[6]. Bureau of Indian Standard. (1959). Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete (IS: 516). Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.

[7]. Bureau of Indian Standard. (1963). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete Part 3 Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking (IS: 2386-3). Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.

[8]. Bureau of Indian Standard. (1970). Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete - Specification (IS: 383). Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.

[9]. Bureau of Indian Standard. (1987). Specifications for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement (IS: 12269). Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.

[10]. Bureau of Indian Standard. (1998). Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Part 4: Determination of consistency of standard cement paste (IS: 4031-4). Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.

[11]. Faherty, K.F. (1972). An Analysis of a Reinforced and a Prestressed Concrete Beam by Finite Element Method, (Doctoral Dissertation), University of Iowa, Iowa City.

[12]. Güneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Al-Goody, A., & İpek, S. (2015). Fresh and rheological behavior of nano-silica and fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2015.07.142

[13]. Hafezolghorani, M., Hejazi, F., Vaghei, R., Jaafar, M. S. B., & Karimzade, K. (2017). Simplified damage plasticity model for concrete. Structural Engineering International, 27(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686616X1081

[14]. Hameed, M. H., Abbas, Z. K., & Al-Ahmed, A. H. A. (2020, January). Fresh and hardened properties of nano self-compacting concrete with micro and nano silica. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 671, No. 1, p. 012079). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/1 0.10 88/1757-899X/671/1/012079

[15]. Jalal, M., Pouladkhan, A., Harandi, O. F., & Jafari, D. (2015). Comparative study on effects of Class F fly ash, nano silica and silica fume on properties of high performance self compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 94, 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.conbuildmat.2015.07.001

[16]. Khaloo, A., Raisi, E. M., Hosseini, P., & Tahsiri, H. (2014). Mechanical performance of self-compacting concrete reinforced with steel fibers. Construction and Building Materials, 51, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.054

[17]. Mahmod, M., Hanoon, A. N., & Abed, H. J. (2018). Flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete beams strengthened with steel fiber reinforcement. Journal of Building Engineering, 16, 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jobe.2018.01.006

[18]. Manzi, S., Mazzotti, C., & Bignozzi, M. C. (2017). Selfcompacting concrete with recycled concrete aggregate: Study of the long-term properties. Construction and Building Materials, 157, 582-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuild mat.2017.09.129

[19]. Nieto, D., Dapena, E., Alaejos, P., Olmedo, J., & Pérez, D. (2019). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse recycled concrete aggregates and different water: Cement ratios. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(2), 78-82.

[20]. Okeh, C. A., Begg, D. W., Barnett, S. J., & Nanos, N. (2019). Behaviour of hybrid steel fibre reinforced self compacting concrete using innovative hooked-end steel fibres under tensile stress. Construction and Building Materials, 202, 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuild mat.2018.12.067

[21]. Paul, T., Bida, H., Kiron, B., & Varghese, M. (2016). Experimental study on self compacting concrete with steel fibre reinforcement. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 5(4), 1166–1169.

[22]. Rajhans, P., Panda, S. K., & Nayak, S. (2018). Sustainable self compacting concrete from C&D waste by improving the microstructures of concrete ITZ. Construction and Building Materials, 163, 557-570.

[23]. Subramanian, S., & Nadu, T. (2014). Self-compacting concrete with micro and nano-silica silica. International Journal of Innovative Science Engineering and Technology, 3(4), 11239–11244.

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[26]. Yaw, L. T., BanaheneOsei, J., & Adom-Asamoah, M. (2017). On the non-linear finite element modelling of selfcompacting concrete beams. Journal of Structural and Transportation Studies, 2(2), 1-18.

[27]. You, Z., Chen, X., & Dong, S. (2011). Ductility and strength of hybrid fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete beam with low reinforcement ratios. Systems Engineering Procedia, 1, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.s epro.2011.08.006

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Research Paper

Assessment of Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction Based on Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics: A Case Study of Jhelum Basin, Kashmir, India

Dar Sarvat Gull * , Ishfaq Amin , Shoib Bashir Wani*, Ayaz Mohmood**, Tariq Ahmad Mir *, Mir Rayees Rashid ****

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

* Department of Civil Engineering, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

**** Junior Engineer, Jammu and Kashmir Power Development Corporation, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Gull, D. S., Amin, I., Wani, S. B., Mohmood, A., Mir, T. A., and Rashid, M. R. (2020). Assessment of Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction Based on Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics: A Case Study of Jhelum Basin, Kashmir, India. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17283

Abstract

The current examination has been done as a fundamental advance to contemplate the general groundwater – surface water interaction along River Jhelum in Valley of Kashmir. Generally, water table occurs at relatively deeper levels in plateau lands and at shallower depths in low-lying areas. The precise sampling has been carried out throughout the River Jhelum and its tributaries in the months of January and February in Srinagar and other districts, with a view to understand the source of major ions (Ca^2+, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, HCO^3-, Cl^-, SO₄^2-) in the groundwater of the territory under examination. About nineteen representative wells (bore wells, dug wells, springs) were selected for a baseline study to comprehend the groundwater – surface interaction along River Jhelum and to assess the overall hydro-geochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes. The predominant chemical character of groundwater and surface water as well as relative abundance of major ions has been evaluated on Piper Tri-linear diagram and three water groups were identified. The concentrations of major ions in the groundwater and surface water of the area under study are well within the maximum permissible limits as per the specifications of the World Health Organization for drinking purposes. The low sodium hazard and slightly high salinity along with safe to moderate category of water in terms of left over sodiumcarbonate (RSC) document the suitability of groundwater for agricultural purposes.

References

[1]. Adams, F. D. (1928). Origin of springs and rivers; an historical review (abstract with discussion by OE Meinzer). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 39(1), 149-150. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1139

[2]. Irvine, D. J., Brunner, P., Franssen, H. J. H., & Simmons, C. T. (2012). Heterogeneous or homogeneous? Implications of simplifying heterogeneous streambeds in models of losing streams. Journal of Hydrology, 424, 16-23.

[3]. Jeelani, G. (2005). Chemical quality of Anantnag springs, Kashmir, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 66, 453-462.

[4]. Kumar, M., Ramanathan, A. L., Rao, M. S., & Kumar, B. (2006). Identification and evaluation of hydrogeo chemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environmental Geology, 50(7), 1025-1039.

[5]. Mulligan, C. N., Yong, R. N., & Gibbs, B. F. (2001). Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: An evaluation. Engineering Geology, 60(1-4), 193-207.

[6]. Sophocleous, M. (2002). Interactions between groundwater and surface water: The state of the science. Hydrogeology Journal, 10(1), 52-67.

[7]. Todd, D. K. (1980). Groundwater Hydrology (2 ed.). John Wiley and Sons.

[8]. Veličković, B. (2005). Colmation as one of the processes in interaction between the groundwater and surface water. Factauniversitatis-Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, 3(2), 165-172.

[9]. Winter, T. C., Harvey, J. W., Franke, O. L., & Alley, W. M. (1998). Ground Water and Surface Water A Single Resource. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved from https://pubs. usgs.gov/circ/1998/1139/report.pdf

[10]. Wurster, F. C., Cooper, D. J., & Sanford, W. E. (2003). Stream/aquifer interactions at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado: Influences on interdunal wetland disappearance. Journal of Hydrology, 271(1-4), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00317-7

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

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Volume 10 Issue 3 June - August 2020

Synthesis of Kudremukh Iron Ore Tailing Based Geopolymer Coarse Aggregate using Fly-Ash as Precursor in the Construction Industry

Guruba Savaraja H.* , Sunil C. L. **, H. K. Ramaraju***

*-**** Department of Civil Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Savaraja, H. G., Sunil, C. L., and Ramaraju, H. K. (2020). Synthesis of Kudremukh Iron Ore Tailing Based Geopolymer Coarse Aggregate using Fly-Ash as Precursor in the Construction Industry. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17526

Abstract

References

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Effect of Counterforts and Buttresses on Retaining Wall

Karthik Thipparthi* , Srikanth Kandalai **, Kastro Kiran V. ***

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Bhuvanagiri, Telangana, India.

Thipparthi, K., Kandalai, S., and Kiran, V. K. (2020). Effect of Counterforts and Buttresses on Retaining Wall. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17412

Abstract

References

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An Overview of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement Aggregate Proportioning Enhancement

Hossein Khazaei* , P. Sravana **

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Khazaei, H., and Sravana, P. (2020). An Overview of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement Aggregate Proportioning Enhancement. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17579

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Study on the Flexural Behaviour of SCC with Nano-Particles and Steel Fibers

Mohit Kambanna* , Shrithi S. Badami**

*-** Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Kambanna, M., and Badami, S. S. (2020). Study on the Flexural Behaviour of SCC with Nano-Particles and Steel Fibres. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 10(3), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.10.3.17432

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Assessment of Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction Based on Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics: A Case Study of Jhelum Basin, Kashmir, India

Dar Sarvat Gull * , Ishfaq Amin **, Shoib Bashir Wani***, Ayaz Mohmood****, Tariq Ahmad Mir *****, Mir Rayees Rashid ******

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Guruba Savaraja H.* , Sunil C. L. , H. K. Ramaraju*

Karthik Thipparthi* , Srikanth Kandalai , Kastro Kiran V. *

Dar Sarvat Gull * , Ishfaq Amin , Shoib Bashir Wani*, Ayaz Mohmood**, Tariq Ahmad Mir *, Mir Rayees Rashid ****