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i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering (JME)

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Mechanization and Import Substitution in Zimbabwean Farmers' Equipment: A Case Study of the Revitalization of an Abandoned Tractor Trailer
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Volume 3 Issue 1 November - January 2013

Research Paper

Flow Simulation and Size Optimization of Centrifugal Impeller

Wesam Dawood Salman Al-rubia* , S. Pavithran**

* Research Scholar, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.

** Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.

Al-rubia,W.D.S., & Pavithran, S .(2013). Flow Simulation and Size Optimization of Centrifugal Impeller. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2082

Abstract

The important parameters affecting the impeller performance are the impeller diameter ratio, blade angles and number of blades. The current work describes the design and redesign (Size Optimization) of a 3D centrifugal impeller. Three impeller models with different shape numbers are considered. The initial design is carried out by using the design procedure and empirical equations. The flow field is obtained by computational flow simulation. Specific work and shaft power are obtained from the simulation and are used to calculate the impeller design efficiency. Thereafter, for a given specific work and flow rate, the impeller size is decreased gradually. As a result, the impeller number of blades and outlet blade angle are recalculated in order to maintain the model design specific work. This is done as before using the standard design procedure. Then, the flow field is simulated to calculate the efficiency. The flow simulation outcomes validate the design and redesign procedure. Accordingly, the efficiency curve against impeller sizes is plotted to study the effect of changing the impeller diameter ratio on the efficiency. Further, the predicted specific work curves for original and optimized impeller are plotted and compared. Finally, for each model, the corresponding peak efficiency size is selected. As expected, the higher diameter ratios are obtained for lower shape numbers. The number of blades and the outlet blade angle increase with decrease in diameter ratio. The lowest diameter ratio is obtained under the conditions that the efficiency be more than 95% of the peak one and the number of blades be under 16.

References

[1]. Pfleiderer (1964). “Stromungsmachinen” Spring Verlag, Berlin.

[2]. G. Gopalakrishnan, & D. Prithvi Raj (2011). “A treatise On Turbo machines, SciTech publications (India) Pvt. Ltd.

[3]. E.C. Bacharoudis, A.E. Filios, M.D. Mentzos and D.P. Margaris (2008).“Parametric Study of a Centrifugal Pump Impeller by Varying the Outlet Blade Angle.” The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2, 75-83.

[4]. Maitelli, C.W.S de P., Bezerr, V.M., de F., da Mata, W. “Simulation of flow in a centrifugal pump of ESP systems using Computational Fluid Dynamics”

[5]. L.M., Larosiliere and G.J. Skoch. “Aerodynamic synthesis of a centrifugal impeller using cfd and Measurements.” U.S. Army Research Laboratory, NASA Lewis Research Center, NASA Technical Memorandum 107515.

[6]. Shasa Xie. “Studies of the ERCOFTAC Centrifugal Pump with OpenFoam”. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 2010.

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Research Paper

Development And Microstructural Characterisation Of Inconel Cladding On Stainless Steel Through Microwave Irradiation

Sunny Zafar* , Apurbba Kumar Sharma, Navneet Arora*

* Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India.

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttrakhand, India.

Zafar, S., Sharma, A. K., & Arora, N. (2013). Development and microstructural characterisation of Inconel cladding on stainless steel through microwave irradiation. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2155

Abstract

Processing of ceramics through microwave is well established route, but processing metallic materials through microwave has been a challenge. The present paper reports cladding of austenitic stainless steel with a Inconel 718 powder, developed through microwave hybrid heating route. The average thickness of clads was found to be nearly 1 mm. The microstructural study revealed excellent metallurgical bonding between clad and substrate. The clad layer is developed due to partial melting of outer layer of substrate and partial diffusion of powder particles into the substrate. The phases developed in clads were characterised using X-ray diffraction. Clads were further investigated using Field emission- Scanning Electron Microscope and Elemental Analysis. The clads developed were free from porosity and interfacial cracking.

References

[1]. Sun, Y., & Bell, T. (2002). Dry sliding wear resistance of low temperature plasma carburized austenitic stainless steel, Wear, 253, 689-693.

[2]. Zhou, S., Zeng, X., Hu, Q., & Huang, Y. (2008). Analysis of crack behaviour for Ni-based WC composite coatings by laser cladding and crack-free realization, Applied Surface Science,255, 1646–1653.

[3]. Sutton, W.H. (1989). Microwave processing of ceramic materials, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 168, 376-386.

[4]. Sharma, A. K., Aravindhan, S., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2002). Microwave glazing of alumina- titania ceramic composite coatings, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 22, 2849-2860.

[5]. Ahmed, A., & Siores, E. (2001). Microwave joining of 48% alumina-32% zirconia-20% silica ceramics, Journal of Material Processing Technology, 118, 88-95.

[6]. Jerby, E. (2004). Microwave drilling of ceramic thermal-barrier coatings, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 87 (2), 308–310.

[7]. Roy, R., Agrawal, D., Cheng, J., & Gedevanishvili, S. (1999). Full sintering of powdered metals parts in microwaves, Nature, 399, 664-667.

[8]. Sethi, G., Upadhyaya, A., & Agrawal, D. (2003). Microwave and conventional sintering of pre-mixed and prealloyed Cu-12 Sn bronze, Science of Sintering, 35, 49-65.

[9]. Leonelli, C., Veronesi, P., Denti, L., Gatto, A., & Iuliano, L. (2008). Microwave assisted sintering of green metal parts, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 205, 489–496.

[10]. Souto, P.M., Menezes, R. R., & Kiminami R. H. G. A. (2011). Effect of Y2O3 additive on conventional and microwave sintering of mullite, Ceramic International, 37, 241–248.

[11]. Oghbaei, M., & Mirzaee, O. (2010). Microwave versus conventional sintering: A review of fundamentals, advantages and applications, Journal of Alloys Compounds, 494, 175–189.

[12]. Anklekar, R.M., Agrawal, D. K., & Roy, R. (2001). Microwave sintering and mechanical properties of P/M steel, Powder Metallurgy, 44 (4), 355-362.

[13]. Srinath, M.S., Sharma, A.K., & Pradeep Kumar (2011). A new approach to joining of bulk copper using microwave energy, Materials and Design, 32(5), 2685–2694.

[14]. Sharma, A. K., & Gupta, D. (2010). A method of cladding /coating of metallic and non metallic powders on metallic substrates by microwave irradiation, Indian Patent 527/ Del/2010.

[15]. Dheeraj Gupta, & Sharma A.K. (2011). Development and microstructural characterization of microwave cladding on austenitic stainless steel, Surface & Coatings Technology, 205, 5147–5155.

[16]. Mondal, A., Shukla, A., Upadhyaya, A., & Agrawal, D.(2010). Effect of Porosity and Particle Size on Microwave Heating of Copper, Science of Sintering, 42, 169-182.

[17]. Ramesh, C.S., Devaraj, D.S., Keshavamurthy, & R., Sridhar, B.R. (2011). Slurry erosive wear behaviour of thermally sprayed Inconel-718 coatings by APS process, Wear, 271, 1365– 1371.

[18]. Ping, D.H., Gu, B.R., Cui, C.Y., & Harada, H. (2007). Grain boundary segregation in a Ni–Fe-based (Alloy 718) superalloy, Material Science Engineering A, 456, 99–102, 2007.

[19]. Sindo Kou (2003). Welding Metallurgy, second edition, Basic concepts of solidification, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publication, 145-166.

[20]. Cieslak, M.J., Knorovsky, G.A., Headley, T.J., & Riming, Jr. A.D. (1989). Solidification metallurgy of alloy 718 and other Nb-containing superalloys in: E.A. Loria (Ed.), Conference proceedings on Superalloys 718- Metallurgy and Applications, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 59.

[21]. DuPont, J.N., Robino, C.V., & Marder, A.R. (1998). Solidification and weldability of Nb bearing superalloys, Welding Journal, 77 , 417.

[22]. Vincent R. (1985). Precipitation around welds in Nickel based super alloys Inconel 718, Acta Materila, 30(7), 1205-1216.

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Research Paper

On the introduction of return mapping schemes in elasto-plastic finite element simulations for isotropic and kinematic hardening

Moosa Esmaeili* , Andreas ?chsner**

* School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, UK.

** Deportment of Applied Mechanics, University of Technology of Malaysia, Malaysia.

Esmaeili, M. & ?chsner,A. (2013). On the introduction of return mapping schemes in elasto-plastic finite element simulations for isotropic and kinematic hardening. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2084

Abstract

Elasto-plastic constitutive equations are integrated in the framework of nonlinear finite element techniques based on so-called predictor corrector schemes. An Introduction of material nonlinearities (elasto-plastic behaviour) applied in the framework of finite element analysis. The restriction to the one-dimensional case facilities significantly the mathematical notation while the steps remain the same as in the general three dimensional cases. In addition, the entire solution procedure can be easily observed in the classical stress-strain diagram. The concept of the predictor corrector scheme is presented for the case of isotropic, kinematic and combined hardening. Numerical examples illustrate the influence of different boundary conditions for different hardening laws.

References

[1]. Owen, D. R. J., & Hinton, E. (1980). Finite elements in plasticity: theory and practice. Swansea, Pineridge Press Limited.

[2]. Crisfield, M. A. (1991). Non-linear finite element analysis of solids and structures (Vol. 1). Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

[3]. Crisfield, M. A. (1997). Non-linear finite element analysis of solids and structures (Vol. 2). Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

[4]. Simo, J. C., & Hughes, T. J. R. (1998). Computational Inelasticity. New York, Springer-Verlag.

[5]. Belytschko, T. W. K., Liu, & Moran, B. (2000). Nonlinear finite elements for continua and structures. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

[6]. Dunne, F., & Petrinic, N. (2005). Introduction to computational plasticity. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

[7]. de Souza Neto, E. A., Peric, D., & Owen, D. R. J. (2008). Computational Methods for Plasticity: Theory and Applications. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

[8]. Esmaeili, M. and Öchsner, A. (2011). A one-dimensional implementation of a coupled elasto-plastic model for ductile damage, Mat. Science and Eng. Tech. J., 42(5), 444–45.

[9]. Armen, H. (1979). Assumptions, models, and computational methods for plasticity, Comput. Struct., 10(1), 161-174.

[10]. Reddy, J. N. (2006). An introduction to the finite element method. Singapore, McGraw Hill.

[11]. Cook, R. D., Malkus, D. S., Plesha, M. E., & Witt, R. J. (2002). Concepts and applications of finite element analysis. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.

[12]. Simo, J. C., & Ortiz, M. (1985). A unified approach to finite deformation elasto plasticity based on the use of hyper elastic constitutive equations. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 49 , 221–245.

[13]. Moran, B., Ortiz M., & Shih, C. F. (1990). Formulation of implicit finite element methods for multiplicative finite deformation plasticity, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 29/3 (1990), 483–514.

[14]. Wriggers, P. (2001). Nichtlineare Finite-Element-Methoden. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.

[15]. Merkel, M., Öchsner, A. (2010). Eindimensionale Finite Elemente – Ein Einstieg in die Methode. Berlin, Springer.

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Research Paper

Optimization of Tool Travel Path in A Multiple Holes Cutting Process By Genetic Algorithm

Neeraj Sharma* , Rahul Dev Gupta, Nirmal Kumar*

* Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.P. Inderaprastha Institute of Technology, Karnal, India.

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Mullana, India.

* Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, N.G.I., Karnal, Haryana, India.

Sharma, N., Gupta, R. D., & Kumar, N. (2013). Optimization of Tool Travel Path in A Multiple Holes Cutting Process By Genetic Algorithm..i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2085

Abstract

To economize cutting process used in component manufacturing number of procedures are used. Typical parameters which are optimized are feed rate, spindle speed, depth of cut, machining time etc. Almost no consideration is given to non-productive machining time, which is an important parameter on modern computer numerical control machine tools. Its importance is further augmented in the area of numerically controlled cutting where surface area to thickness ratio is high. The problem is formulated as a large scale traveling salesman problem (TSP). The stochastic search procedure genetic algorithm is used to solve these instances of TSP. This solution allows the optimization of non-productive movement thus reducing the cycle time and increasing the productivity of the process.

References

[1]. Dantzig, G., Fulkerson, R., & Johnson, S. (1954). Solution of a large traveling-salesman problem. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 2 (4), 393-410.

[2]. Taha, H.A. (1998). Operation Research- An introduction, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

[3]. Rahbary, M.A. (2006). A minimum route for machine tool travel. Scientia iranica, 13(1), 83-90.

[4]. Oysu, C. & Bingul, Z. (2009). Application of heuristic & hybrid – GASA algorithm to tool- path optimization problem for minimizing air time during machining. Engineering applications of artificial intelligence, 22, 389-396.

[5]. Khan, W.A., Hayhurst, D.R. & Cannings, C. (1999). Determination of optimal path under approach & exit constraints. European Journal of operation research, 117, 310-325.

[6]. Fiechter, C.N. (1994). A parallel tabu search algorithm for large travelling salesman problems. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 51, 243- 267.

[7]. Fred, F. C., Mohebbi, E. & Khoo, H. (2006). A multi-objective tabu search for a single-machine scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times. European Journal of Operational Research, 175 (1), 318-337.

[8]. Kolahan, F. & Liang, M. (2000), Optimization of hole-making operations: a tabu-search approach. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 40, 1735–1753.

[9]. Thamilselvan, R. & Balasubramanie, P. (2011). Analysis of various alternate crossover strategies for genetic algorithm to solve job shop scheduling problems. European Journal Sci. Res., 64, 538-554.

[10]. Fisher, M. L., Nemhauser, G. L. & Wolsey, L. A. (1979). An analysis of approximations for finding a maximum weight hamiltonian circuit. Operations Research, 27(4), 799–809.

[11]. Kosaraju, R., Park, J. & Stein, C. (1994). Long tours and short superstrings. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 166–177.

[12]. Lee, D.T., Yang, C.D. & Wong, C.K. (1996). Rectilinear paths among rectilinear obstacles. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 70 (3), 185-215.

[13]. Goldberg, D. (1989), Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA.

[14]. Holland, John H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, Ann Arbor, Univ. Michigan Press.

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Research Paper

Study of structure-properties (corrosion and mechanical) of TRIP-assisted steels by nondestructive testing

Animesh Talapatra* , N.R. Bandhyopadhyay, Jayati Datta*

* Department of Automobile Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, West Bengal, India.

Professor & Director, School of Materials Science and Engineering, BESU, Howrah, West Bengal, India.

* Professor & H.O.D, Chemistry Department, BESU, Howrah, West Bengal.

Talapatra, A., Bandhyopadhyay, N. R., & Datta, J. (2013). Study of structure-properties (corrosion and mechanical) of TRIP-assisted steels by nondestructive testing. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2086

Abstract

In the present study, two TRIP-assisted steels were designated as A (having no Cr and Cu content) and B (having higher Ni, Cr and Cu content) heat treated under different conditions, and the correlation between its heatreatment, microstructure and properties were investigated. Micro structural examination was carried out by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope after electrolytic etching. Non-destructive electrochemical and ultrasonic testing on two TRIP-assisted steels was used to find out corrosion and mechanical properties of different alter microstructure phase’s steels. Furthermore, micro structural studies accompanied by the evaluation of mechanical properties revealed that steels having martensite phases with higher corrosive and hardness value were less sound velocity and also steel’s microstructure having finer grains that was more grain boundary was less corrosion resistance. Steel containing more Cu, Ni and Cr was less corrosive compared to other steels having same processing or microstructure.

References

[1]. CIISI, (2002). Ultra light steel auto body-advanced vehicle technology (ULSAB-AVC) Overview report, p.66, www.worldautoteel.org.

[2]. H. Gutte, A. Weiß, (2010). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, A, submitted.

[3]. J. Niedbala, (2011). Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, ul. Bankowa 12, Poland, Surface morphology and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited composite coatings containing polyethylene or polythiophene in Ni–Mo base, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 34, No. 4, July, pp. 993–996. © Indian Academy of Sciences.

[4]. H. Berns, B. Hussong, S. Riedner, F. Wischnowski, (2010). Steel Research. 81 3, 245–251.

[5]. Sadhukhan, S., Das, K. P., Bandyopadhyay, N. R. and Banerjee, M. K. (2001). Journal of the Institution of Engineers, India, 82 65.

[6]. Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Honeycombe, R. W. K. (2006). Steels: Microstructure and Properties, Elsevier, UK.

[7]. V. F. Zackay, E. R. Parker, D. Fahr, and R. Busch, (1987). Transaction Quarterly, ASM. 60,252.

[8]. Krüger L, Meyer LW, Brüx U, Frommeyer G & Grässel O (2003). Stress-deformation behaviour of high manganese (Al, Si) TRIP and TWIP steels. J Phys IV 110: 189-194.

[9]. Frommeyer, G., Brüx, U., & Neumann, P. (2003). Supra-Ductile and High-Strength Manganese-TRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes. ISIJ Int 43:438-446.

[10].Han, YS., & Hong, S.H. (1997). The effect of Al on mechanical properties and microstructures of Fe-32Mn-12Cr-xAl-0.4C cryogenic alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 222:76-83.

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[12].Matsumura, O., Sakuma, Y., & Takechi, H. (1987). Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute 27, 570.

[13]. Hakan, C.G., & Orkun, B.T., (2005). “Characterization of micro structural phases of steels by sound velocity measurement', Materials Characterization Vol. 55, pp. 160-166.

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Research Paper

A Review Study of Submerged Arc welding Fluxes

Ajay Kumar* , Hari Singh, Sachin Maheshwari*

* Associate Professor, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Gr. Noida.

Professor, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra.

* Professor, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi.

Kumar, A., Singh, H., & Maheshwaric, S. (2013). A Review Study of Submerged Arc welding Fluxes. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 3(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.3.1.2087

Abstract

In this paper, the work done by previous investigators for the development of new agglomerated flux used during submerged arc welding process is reviewed, and the gaps are identified. The new fluxes are developed by using CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 basic elements and with the minor addition of MnO, CaF2, NiO, MgO and Fe-Cr are chosen as variables. The effect of variable flux constituents on weld metal are analyzed in the light of mechanical properties, bead morphology, element transfer analysis and physical properties by using response surface methodology technique. The results indicate that the newly developed flux behavior is at par of commercial fluxes.

References

[1]. Jackson, C. E. (1973, December). Fluxes and slag in welding. WRC Bulletin, No.190.

[2]. Tuliani, S.S., Boniszewski, & Eaton, N.F. (1969, February). Notch toughness of commercial submerged arc weld metal. Weld Met. Vol.8, 327-339.

[3]. Visvanath, P. S. Submerged arc welding fluxes. Advani-Oerlinkon Technical.

[4]. Lewis, W. J., Faulkner, G. E., & Rieppel, P. J. (1961, August). Flux and filler –wire developments for submerged –arc welding HY-80 steel. Welding Journal, 337s- 345s.

[5]. Pokhodnya, I. K., & Kostenko, B. A. (1965). Fusion of electrode metal and its Interaction with the slag during submerged arc welding. Avt. Svarka, No.10.16- 22.

[6]. Bennet, A. P., & Stanley, P. J. (1966, February). Fluxes for the submerged-arc-welding of Q.T.35 steel. British Welding Journal, 59-66.

[7]. Butler, C. A., & Jackson, C. E. (1967, April). Submerged arc welding characteristics of the CaO-TiO2 - SiO21. system. Welding Journal, 448s-455s.

[8]. Bennet, A. P. (1970, December). Metallurgy using basic fluxes. Metal Construction and British Welding Journal, 523-527.

[9]. Colvin, P. (1970, February). Basic submerged –arc welding fluxes. Metallurgia, 45-50.

[10]. Drayton, P. A. (1972). An examination of the influence of process parameters on submerged arc welding. Welding Research International, Vol.2,1-19.

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[12]. Palm, J. H. (1972, July). How fluxes determine the metallurgical properties of submerged arc welds. Welding Journal, 358s- 360s.

[13]. Potapov, N. N., & Babin, S. A. (1974). Special features of the transfer of alloying elements into the metal in deposition under a fused agglomerated flux. Svar. Proiz., Vol.3, 22-25.

[14]. Sorokin, L. I., & Sidlin, Z. A. (1974). Transfer of elements from the electrode into the deposited metal. Svar. Proiz., Vol.5, 5-6.

[15]. Ferrera, K. P., & Olson, D. L. (1975, July). Performance of the MnO-SiO2 1. CaO system as a welding flux. Welding Journal, 211s-215s.

[16]. Wittstock, G. G. (1976, September). Selecting submerged arc fluxes for carbon and low alloy steels. Welding Journal, 733-741.

[17]. Eagar, T. W. (1978, March). Sources of weld metal oxygen contamination during submerged arc welding. Welding Journal.

[18]. Potapov, N. N., & Kurlanov, S. A. (1978). Quantitative evaluation of the basicity of welding fluxes. Svar. Proiz., Vol.9,4-7.

[19]. North, T. H., Bell, H. B., Nowicki, A., & Craig, I. (1978, March). Slag/Metal interaction oxygen and toughness in submerged arc welding. Welding Journal, 63s-75s.

[20]. Charles, H., & Entrekin, J. R. (1979). The influence of flux basicity on weld –metal microstructure. Metallography, Elsevier, 295-312.

[21]. Schwemmer, D. D., Olson, D. L., & Williamson D. L. (1979, May). The relationship of weld penetration to the welding flux. Welding Journal, 153s- 160s.

[22]. Koukabi, A. H. (1979, December). Properties of submerged arc deposits-effects of zirconium, vanadium and titanium/Boron. Metal Construction, 639-642.

[23]. Chai, C. S., & Eagar, T. W. (1980, March). The effect of SAW parameters on weld metal chemistry. Welding Journal, 93s- 98s.

[24]. Davis, M. L. E., & Bailey, N. (1980, April). How submerged arc flux composition influences element transfer. Conference on Weld-Pool Chemistry and Metallurgy. the Welding Institute U.K., Paper-34, 289-310.

[25]. Slivinskii, A. M., Kopersak, V. N., Solokha, A. M., & Yushchenko, K. A. (1981). The physico-chemical and technological properties of CaF2- SiO2- Al2O3-MgO flux systems. Avt. Sevarka, No.7, 31-35.

[26]. Podgaetskii, V. V., & Galinich, V. I. (1981). The structure of molten welding slags. Avt. Sevarka, No.7, 36-45.

[27]. Davis, M. L. E., & Bailey, N. (1982, April). Properties of submerged arc fluxes- a fundamental study. Metal Construction, 202-209.

[28]. Chai, C. S., & Eager, T. W. (1982, July). Slag metal reactions in binary CaF2 -1.metal oxide welding fluxes. Welding Journal, 230s -232s.

[29]. Snyder, J. P., & Pense , A. W. (1982, July). The effects of titanium on submerged arc weld metal. Welding Journal, 201s-211s.

[30]. Terashima, H., & Tsuboi, J. (1982, December), Submerged arc flux for low oxygen and hydrogen weld metal. Metal Construction, 648-654.

[31]. Kohno, R., Takami, T., Mori, N., & Nagano K. (1982, December). New fluxes of improved weld metal toughness for HSLA steels. Welding Journal, 373s-380s.

[32]. Potapov, N. N. (1983). Calculating the principal reactions between slag and metal in submerged arc welding. Automatic Welding, Avt. Svarka, No.2, 29-31.

[33]. Davis, M. L. E., Pargeter, R. J., & Bailey, N. (1983, June). Effects of titanium and boron additions to submerged arc welding fluxes. Metal Construction, 338-344.

[34]. Indacochea, J. E., & Olson, D. L. (1983, December). Relationship of weld-metal microstructure and penetration to weld-metal oxygen content. Materials for Energy Systems, Vol.5. No.3, 139-148.

[35]. Mitra, U., & Eager. T. W. (1984, January). Slag metal reactions during submerged arc welding of alloy steels, Metallurgical Transactions A, Volume 15A, 217-227.

[36]. Lau, T., Weatherly, G. C., & McLean, A. (1985, December). The sources of oxygen and nitrogen contamination in submerged arc welding using CaO-Al2 O3 1.based fluxes. Welding Journal, 343s-347s.

[37]. Lau, T., Weatherly, G. C., & McLean, A. (1986, February). Gas/metal/slag reactions in submerged arc welding using CaO-Al2O3 based fluxes. Welding Journal, 31s.

[38]. Tandon, S., Kaushal, G. C., & Gupta, S. R. (1988, September). Effect of flux characteristics on HAZ during submerged arc welding. Int. Conf. on welding Technology, University of Roorkee, India, II-65-II-71.

[39]. Burck, P. A., Indacochea, J. E., & Olson, D. L. (1990, March). Effects of welding flux additions on 4340 steel weld metal composition. Welding Journal, 115s-122s.

[40]. Mitra, U., & Eagar, T. W. (1991). Slag-metal reactions during welding: part I. Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 22B, 65-71.

[41]. Mitra, U., & Eagar, T. W. (1991). Slag-metal reactions during welding: part II, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 22B, 73-81.

[42]. Mitra, U., & Eagar, T. W. (1991). Slag-metal reactions during welding: part III, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 22B, 83-100.

[43]. Gupta, S. R., & Arora, Navneet. (1991, July). Influence of flux basicity on weld bead geometry and HAZ in submerged arc welding. Indian Welding Journal, 127-133.

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[45]. Paniagua, Ana. Ma., Estrada-Diaz, Paulino., & Lopez-Hirata, Victor, M. (2003). Chemical and structural characterization of the crystalline phases in agglomerated fluxes for submerged-arc welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141, 93-100

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