i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 3

ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RCC BOX CULVERT USING STAAD-PRO
Study of Optimal Span-to-Depth Ratio for Two-Span Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridges
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF TIME AND COST OVERRUNS IN CONSTRUCTION OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS
Efficient Use of Manufactured Sand and Mineral Admixtures in High-Strength Concrete
Construction of Light weight Bricks Using Coconut Leaf Ash and Building By-products

Most Cited

Volume 4 Issue 2 March - May 2014

Article

Plastics and FRP Materials used in Railways

Pawan Malik*

Department of Chemistry, SL Bawa DAV College, Batala (Punjab), India.

Malik,P. (2014). Plastics And FRP Materials Used In Railways. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2983

Abstract

The emergence of Plastic industries has become a boon for various engineering applications. Plastics are durable, light weight materials, which are easy to transport. The major advantage of plastic is it is recyclable in nature, which helps to conserve landfill space, natural resources and reduce pollution. Earlier in railways, wooden, concrete or steel sleepers are used. Due to their high cost and limited life span, nowadays plastics sleepers are used all over the world at large scale. An attempt has been made to study various engineering plastics used in railways and the advantages of plastics over other construction materials. Moreover, special attention is given to Fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) i.e. plastics composites. The study concluded that plastics composites are more reliable, more economically viable and have longer life span.

References

[1]. Miller, (1983). “E.Plastic products design handbook”, CRC Press.

[2]. Erhard,G., (2006). “Designing with plastics”, Trans. Martin Thompson Munich: Hanser Publisher.

[3]. http://www.technologystudent.com/ joints/joindex.htm

[4]. Smallman, R.E.Bishop.R.J., (1993). “Modern physical metallurgy and materials engineering”, 6^th ed Oxford; Butterworth-Heineman.

[5]. Donald, V.R.Dominick, V; Rosato and Murphy, J.Elsevier., (2004). “Reinforced plastics handbook”.

[6]. http://www.atkearney.es/.

[7]. Baksi, S.Biswas, (2013). “S.Composites in chemical industry”. Proceeding of national convention of chemical engineering, Udaipur.

[8]. www.mpponline.in-waste –plastics- in railway sleepers.

[9]. www.webzfast.com/mmt/tags/ plastics.

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Research Paper

Investigation on Characteristics of Fly Ash and Crusher Waste Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Bricks

T. Sekar*

Professor of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sekar.T. (2014). Investigation On Characteristics Of Fly Ash And Crusher Waste Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Bricks. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2984

Abstract

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the feasibility of manufacturing bricks from locally available black cotton soil using industrial waste materials such as fly ash and crusher waste. In order to study the characteristics of brick, a total of 504 numbers of brick specimens of 230 x 110 x 70 mm size were cast in three series by combining black cotton soil, fly ash and crusher waste in different proportions. The brick specimens were then air dried, baked in kiln and tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence and density as per IS:3495 code. Also, for comparison purpose, 18 numbers of conventional burnt clay bricks and 18 numbers of pressed type water cured cement fly ash bricks were tested for the aforesaid brick properties. Test results obtained in the present investigation indicate that it is possible to manufacture good quality bricks from locally available black cotton soil by suitably adding either fly ash or crusher waste or both, and such bricks can be used in lieu of conventional burnt clay bricks or pressed type water cured cement fly ash bricks presently in use for various construction activities.

References

[1]. Agbede, I.O., and Joel, M. (2011). “Effect of carbide waste on the properties of Makurdi shale and burnt bricks made from the admixtures”, American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol.2 (4), pp.670 - 673.

[2]. Amit S. Kharade, Vishal V. Suryavanshi, Bhikaji S. Gujar, and Rohankit R. Deshmukh. (2014). “Waste product 'Bagasse ash' from sugar industry can be used as stabilizing material for expansive soils”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, Vol.3(3), pp.506 - 512.

[3]. BairwaRamlakhan, Saxena Anil Kumar, and Arrora, T.R. (2013). “Effect of lime and fly ash on Engineering properties of black cotton soil”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol.3 (11), pp.535 - 541.

[4]. Basha, E.A., Hashim, R., Mahmud, H.B., and Muntohar, A.S. (2005). “Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.19 (6), pp.448 - 453.

[5]. ChayanGupta, and Ravi Kumar Sharma. (2014). “Influence of micro silica fume on sub grade characteristics of expansive soil”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, Vol.5 (1), pp.77 - 82.

[6]. Geographical features. (2014, May 29). “Ramanathapuram district”. Retrieved from http://www. ramnad.tn.nic.in/geo.htm

[7]. Geography of India part 1. (2014, June 1). “UPSC civil services notes”. Retrieved from http://nagahistory. wordpress.com/2014/05/19/geography-of-india-part-i/

[8]. Gyanen.Takhelmayum, Savitha. A.L., and KrishaGudi. (2013). “Laboratory study on soil stabilization using fly ash mixtures”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, Vol.2 (1), pp.477 - 482.

[9]. IS 1077. (1992). “Common burnt clay building bricks – Specification (fifth revision)”, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

[10]. IS 3495 (parts 1 to 3). (1992). “Methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks (third revision)”, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

[11]. Jagmohan Mishra, Yadav, R.K., and Singhai, A.K. (2014). “Effect of granite dust on index properties of lime stabilized black cotton soil”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Science & Technology, Vol.3 (1), pp.19 - 23.

[12]. Javier Fernando Camacho Tauta, Oscar Javier Reyes Ortiz, Catalina MayorgaAntolinez, and Dolly Fernanda Mendez G.(2006). “Evaluation of additives used in treatment of expansive clays”, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Columbia, Vol.16 (2), pp.45 - 53.

[13]. Krishhnamurthy, N. R., Masthanayya, G., and Gopalakrishnayya, A. (1994). “Characteristics of fly ash treated black cotton soil bricks”, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) - CV, Vol.74, pp.184 - 186.

[14]. Manasseh Joel, and Issac O. Agbede. (2010). “Cement stabilization of Igumale shale lime admixture for use as flexible pavement construction material”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.15, pp.1661 - 1673.

[15]. Mir, B.A. (2013). “Effect of fly ash on swelling potential of BC soil”, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference on Geotechnical Advances and NovalGeomechanical Applications, December 22 - 24, Roorkee, 1-9, Vol.1, pp.1-9.

[16]. Nadgouda, K.A., and Hegde, R.A. (2010). “The effect of lime stabilization on properties of black cotton soil”, Indian Geotechnical Conference - 2010, GEOtrendz, IGS Mumbai Chapter and IIT Bombay, December 16 - 18, pp.511 - 514.

[17]. Ogundalu, A.O., Oyekan, G.L., and Meshida. (2013). “Effects of steel mill scale on the strength characteristics of expansive clay soils (Black cotton clay soil)”, International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, Civil and Environmental Research, Vol.3(12), pp.52 - 62.

[18]. Oriola, F.O.P., and Moses, G. (2011). “Compacted black cotton soil treated with cement kiln dust as hydraulic barrier material”, American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol.2 (4), pp.521 - 530.

[19]. Oriola, Folagbade and Moses, George. (2010). “Groundnut shell ash stabilization of black cotton soil”, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15, Bund. E, Vol. 15, pp.415 - 428.

[20]. Oyekan, G.L., Meshida, E. A., and Ogundalu, A. O. (2013). “Effect of ground polyvinyl waste on the strength characteristics of black cotton clay soil”, Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Technology, Vol.1 (1), pp.1 - 10.

[21]. Oza, J.B., and Gundaliya, P.J. (2013). “Study of black cotton soil characteristics with cement waste dust and lime”, Procedia Engineering, Vol.51, pp.110 - 118.

[22]. Prasad Dahale, and Vaishali J. Rajurkar. (2014). “Effect of rice husk ash on lime stabilized black cotton soil”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol.9 (2), pp.219 - 222.

[23]. Rajasekaran, G. (2005). “Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays”, Ocean Engineering, Vol.32 (8-9), pp.1133 - 1159.

[24]. Ramanathapuram district. (2014, May 29). “In Wikipedia”. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ramanathapuram_district

[25]. Soils in India: Indian geography. (2014, June 1). “Bit4all”. Retrieved from http://www.bit4all.com/topic/soilstypes- indian-geography/

[26]. Udayashankar D. Hakari, and Puranik, S.C. (2012). “Stabilisation of black cotton soils using fly ash, Hubballi- Dharwad municipal corporation area, Karnataka, India”, Global Journal of Research in Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol.12 (2), Version 1.0, pp.21 - 29.

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Research Paper

Plastic Optic Fiber (POF) Based Phase Difference Measurement Method For Estimation Of Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) In Concrete

K. Samrajyam* , B. Sobha, T. D. Gunneswara Rao*, R.L.N. Sai Prasad****

* Research Scholar, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.

Associate Professor, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.

**** Professor, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India.

Samrajyam.K., Sobha.B., Rao,G.T.D., and Prasad,S.R.L.N. (2014). Plastic Optic Fiber (POF) Based Phase Difference Measurement Method For Estimation Of Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) In Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2985

Abstract

Crack detection and measurement of crack width in concrete are important for structural health monitoring of structures. In this paper, we report on a technique for estimation of crack mouth opening displacement ((CMOD) in concrete specimens of M20 composition. It is based on the principle of using Plastic Optical Fiber(POF) based strain displacement sensor employing phase difference measurement technique. The motivation for the method has been to improve on the sensitivity of detection of crack width measurement and propagation by looking at the phase changes rather than amplitude changes as attempted earlier by the authors.

References

[1]. López-Higuera, . M., Rodríguez, L., Quintela, A., and Cobo, A., (2010). “Currents and Trends on Fiber Sensing Technologies for SHM”.: The 2nd Mediterraenean Photonics Conference, Eilat, Israel, 30 November,. Photonic Engineering Group of the University of Cantabria, Avda, Los Castros, Santander, Spain.

[2]. Chong, K.P., Carino, N.J., Washer, G., (2003). “Health monitoring of civil infrastructures”, Smart Mater. Struct., Vol.12 (3), pp.483–493.

[3]. Verma, S. K., Bhadauria, S. S., and Akhtar, S., (2013). “Review of Nondestructive Testing Methods for Condition Monitoring of Concrete Structures”, Journal of Construction Engineering, 2013, pp.1-11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/ 834572

[4]. Teng Fei, B., JiaLin, W., and Yuan, Y., (2010). “A fiber optic sensor for detecting and monitoring cracks in concrete structures”, Science China Technological Sciences, Vol.53 (11), pp.3045-50

[5]. Merzbacher, C.I. Kersey, A.D., Friebele, E.F., (1996). “Fiber optic sensors in concrete structures: A review”, Smart Mater. Struct., Vol.5, pp. 196–208.

[6]. Mousumi Majumder, Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, Ashim Kumar Chakraborty, Kamal Dasgupta, & Bhattacharya, D.K., (2008). “Fibre Bragg gratings instructural health monitoring-Present status and applications”, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol.147 (1), pp.150–164.

[7]. Zhou, G., Sim. L. M., (2002). “Damage detection and assessment in fibre-reinforced composite structures with embedded fiber optic sensors-review”, Smart Mater. Struct., Vol.5, pp.925–940.

[8]. Kuang, K.S.C., Akmaluddin, Cantwell, W.J., & Thomas, C., (2003). “Crack detection and vertical deflection monitoring in concrete beams using plastic optical fibre sensors”, Measurement Science and Technology. Vol.14 (2), pp.205–216

[9]. Kuang, K.S.C., Quek, S. T., Koh, C .G., Cantwell, W. J ., and Scully, P. J.,(2009). “Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: A Review of Recent Progress”, Journal of Sensors, Article ID 312053, 13 pages.

[10]. Bilro, L., Alberto, N., Pinto, J. L., and Nogueira, R., (2012). “Optical Sensors Based on Plastic Fibers”, Sensors, Vol. 12, 12184-12207; doi:10.3390/s120912184

[11]. Carullo, A, Casalicchio, M. .L., Perrone, G., Vallan, A ., (2013). “Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors for Smart Structres“, 6th ECCOMAS Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, SMART2013, pp.24-26 June , Italy, Politecnico di Torino, Italy.

[12]. K. Samrajyam, B. Sobha and T.D. Gunneswara Rao (2011). A POF Based Local (Point) Sensor For Crack Opening Studies: Application In Concrete. i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(4), Sep-Nov 2011, Print ISSN 2231- 1068, E-ISSN 2249-0779, pp. 38-43.

[13]. Durana, G., Kirchoff, M., Luber, M., Sáez de Ocáriz, I., Zubia, J., and Vázquez, J, (2009). “Use of a Novel Fiber Optical Strain Sensor for Monitoring the Vertical Deflection of an Aircraft Flap”, IEEE Sensors Jou., Vol.9 (10), pp.1219- 1225.

[14]. Subhash Chander, (1995–96). Concrete Technology, New Delhi, Jain Brothers

[15]. Muralidhara Rao, T. (2010). Minimum Flexural reinforcement of RC members –A fracture Energy approach, Ph.D thesis by, submitted in Civil Engineering Department, NIT Warangal.

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Research Paper

Relationship Between The Optimum Usage Of Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate And Compressive Strength In Copper Slag Admixed Concrete

Binaya Patnaik* , T. Seshadri Sekhar, P. Srinivasa Rao*

* Research Scholar, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University, Hyderabad, India.

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management University, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.

* Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telengana, India.

Patnaik,B., Sekhar,S.T., and Rao,S. (2014). Relationship Between The Optimum Usage Of Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate And Compressive Strength In Copper Slag Admixed Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2986

Abstract

The rapid urbanization and natural resources scarcity had created a huge demand for non-conventional resources in the construction industry. Copper slag, which is a by-product obtained during the refining and metal smelting process of Copper Ore having Silica (SiO ) as a major composition, could potentially be used as a partial replacement of Sand in 2 the manufacturing of Concrete. In the present Experimental Investigation, for M30 grade of Concrete, fine aggregate (River Sand) was partially replaced with Copper Slag from 0% to 50% and compressive strength at the ages of 28 & 90 days were investigated. Finally, mathematical equations were derived for compressive strength at 28 & 90 days with percentage of Copper Slag used as partial replacement of Fine aggregate in copper slag admixed concrete.

References

[1]. Chandana Sukesh, Katakam Bala Krishna, P. Sri Lakshmi Sai Teja, S.Kanakambara Rao (2013). “Partial Replacement of Sand with Quarry Dust in Concrete”. (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-3075, Vol.2, No 6. pp.254-258.

[2]. Omar M. Omara, Ghada D. Abd Elhameedb, Mohamed A. Sherifa, Hassan A. Mohamadienc (2012). “Influence of limestone waste as partial replacement material for sand and marble powder in concrete properties”. HBRC Journal, Vol. 8, No 3,pp. 193–203.

[3]. Sreekrishnaperumal Thanga Ramesh, Rajan Gandhimathi, Puthiya Veetil Nidheesh, Shanmugam Rajakumar and Subramani Prateepkumar. (2013). “Use of furnace slag and welding slag as replacement for sand in concrete”. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. Vol.4, No.3, pp.1-6.

[4]. Saveria Monosi, Daniela Sani and Francesca Tittarelli. (2010). “Use of Foundry Sand in Cement Mortars and Concrete Production”. The Open Waste Management Journal, Vol. 3, pp.18-25.

[5]. Ion Dumitru, Tony Song, Bob Bornstein, Phillip Brooks and Justin Moss. (2013). “Field Trials Using Recycled Glass as Natural Sand Replacement and Powdered Glass as Cementitious Materials Replacement in Concrete Pavement”. Third international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies.

[6]. Al-Jabri, K., Taha, R. and Al-Ghassani, M. (2005). “Use of copper slag and cement by-pass dust as cementitious materials Cement”, Concrete Aggregates, Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 7-12.

[7]. Washington Almeida, Moura Jardel, Pereira Gonc, and Monica Batista Leite Lima (2007). “Copper slag waste as a supplementary cementing material to concrete”. J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 42, pp. 2226-2230.

[8]. Brindha, D and Nagan, S. (2010). “Utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregate”. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Vol.3, No.4, pp.579-585.

[9]. Ishimaru, K., Mizuguchi, H., Hashimoto, C., Ueda, T., Fujita, K. and Ohmi, M. (2005). “Properties of copper slag and second class fly ash as a part of fine aggregate”. Jounal of Society Material Science Japan, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 828-833.

[10]. Binaya Patnaik, Seshadri Sekhar T and Srinivasa Rao. (2014). “An Experimental Investigation on Optimum Usage of Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate in Copper Slag admixed Concrete”. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.5.

[11]. Joshua, Amusan, Fagbenle, & Kukoyi. (2014). “Effects of Partial Replacement of Sand with Lateritic Soil in Sandcrete Blocks”. Covenant Journal of Research in the Built Environment (CJRBE), Vol. 1, No. 2. pp.91-102.

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Review Paper

Hydraulics of Fluid Flow in a Single Cohesive Crack: A Review of Some Basic Concepts

K.K.Pandey* , V.Kumar**

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.

** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.

Pandey.K.K., and Kumar.V. (2014). Hydraulics Of Fluid Flow In A Single Cohesive Crack: A Review Of Some Basic Concepts. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2987

Abstract

Present review discusses the scope and limitations of basic equations of continuity and momentum used in the study of flow behavior in single crack. The continuity equation for liquid flow used in the literature does not account for source and sink which occurs during crack wall leakages. In two-phase continuity equation, inter-phase transfer terms have been identified to be used as source or sink terms. Navier-Stokes momentum equation and its simplifications under various assumptions, leading to derivations of Stokes and Reynolds equations, and their limitations along with computational difficulty in crack flow problems is discussed. Emergence of Local Cubic Law (LCL) equation and its limitations has been indicated. Validity of LCL equation has been tested in the literatures under the influence of various factors. The relative importance of inertial and viscous forces show that LCL equation is valid for Reynolds number of 10 and a non-linear relation between pressure gradient and volumetric flow rate need to be used when Reynolds number is between 10 and 100. The use of scaling law used in the fracture mechanics shows that in smooth walled fracture, the volumetric flow rate vary with fifth power of crack aperture and so this law is termed as 'quintic' law. There are few published works in literature to study the effect of slip boundary condition in deriving the correction factor in hydraulic conductivity of fracture using Beaver-Joseph slip boundary conditions in case of smooth permeable fracture walls. Some works have shown that formulation of momentum equation for different flow regimes of two phase flow in cracks is a difficult task.

References

[1]. Adler,P.M. and Thovert,J.F. (1999). “Fractures and Fracture Networks”. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Academic Publishers.

[2]. Bagherian, B., Sarmadivaleh, M.,Ghalambor, A.,Nabipour, A., Rasouli, V. and Mahmoudi, M. (2010). “Optimization of multiple-fractured horizontal tight gas well”. Int. Symp. And Exhib.On Formation Damage Control, LA, USA, Vol.1(2), pp.476-500.

[3]. Bahrami, V. and Mortazavi, A. (2008). “A numerical investigation of hydraulic fracturing process in oil reservoirs using non-linear fracture mechanics”. Asian Rock Mech. Symp., Tehran.

[4]. Basha, H.A. and El-Asmar, W. (2003). “The fracture flow equation and its perturbation solution”. Water Resour. Res. Vol.39(12), pp.1365.

[5]. Bastian, P.(1999). “Numerical computation of multiphase flow in porous media”. Habilitationsschrift.

[6]. Bazant, Z.P. (1975). “Pore pressure, uplift and failure analysis of dams”. Proc., Symp.On Criteria and Assumptions for Numer. Analysis of Dams, Brit. Nat. Committee on Large Dams, Swansea, Wales, 781-808.

[7]. Bear, J.(1979). “Hydraulics of Ground water”. McGraw- Hills, New York.

[8]. Beavers, G.S. and Joseph, D.D (1967). “Boundary condisions at naturally permeable walls”. J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 30, pp.197-207.

[9]. Beavers, G.S., Sparrow, E. M., and Maguson, R. A.(1970). “Experiments on coupled parallel flows in a channel and bounding porous medium”. ASME J. Basic Eng., Vol. 92, pp.843-848.

[10]. Berkowitz, B.(1989). “Boundary conditions along permeable fracture walls: influence on flow and conductivity”. Water Resour. Res., Vol. 25, pp.1919-1922.

[11]. Berman, A.S. (1953). “Laminar flow in channels with porous walls”. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 24, pp.1232-1235.

[12]. Boussinesq J (1868). “Thesis about the influence of friction within the steady flow of fluids)”. J Math. Pures. App.l Vol. 13, pp.377–42

[13]. Bout, D.F., Grasselli, G., Fredrich, J.T., Cook, B. K. and Williams, J. R. (2006). “Trapping Zones: The effect of fracture roughness on directional anisotropy of fluid flow and colloid transport in a single fracture”. Geophys. Res. Let. Vol. 33, L21402

[14]. Box, G.P.E. and Jenekis, G.M.(1976). “Time series analysis forecasting and control”. Holden Day, San Fransisco.

[15]. Brooks, R. and Corey, A. T. (1964). “Hydraulic properties of porous media”. Hydrology Paper, Vol. 3, Colorado State University.

[16]. Brown, S.R. (1987). “Fluid flow through rock joints: the effect of surface roughness”. J. Geophys. Res. Vol.(92), pp.1337–1347.

[17]. Brown, S.R. (1995). “Simple mathematical model of a rough fracture”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.(100), pp.5941-5952.

[18]. Brown, S. R., Stockman, H. W., and Reeves, S. J. (1995). “Applicability of Reynolds equation for modeling fluid flow between rough surfaces”. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.22, pp.2537-2540.

[19]. Brown,S.R. and Scholz, C.H. (1985). “Broad bandwidth study of the topography of natural science”. J.Geophys. Res, Vol.90, pp.12575-12582.

[20]. Brown,S.R., Kranz R. L.and Bonner B.P. (1986). “Correlation between the surfaces of natural rock joints”. J. Geophys. Res.Lett, Vol.13(13), pp.1430-1433.

[21]. Brush, D. J. and Thomson, N. R. (2003). “Fluid flow in synthetic rough walled fractures: Navier-Stokes, Stokes, and local cubic law simuations”. Water Resour. Res, Vol.39(4), pp.1085.

[22]. Chang, M.H., Chen, F. and Straughan, B. (2006). “Instability of Poiseuille flow in a fluid overlying a porous layer”. J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 564, pp.287-303.

[23]. Christian, K., Richard A., Schultz. A., Rishi P. and Donald M. R.(2010). “Cubic law with aperture-length correlation: implications for network scale fluid flow”. Hydrogeology Journal, Springer-Verlag,

[24]. Christianovich, S. A. and Zheltov, Y. P. (1955). “Formation of vertical fractures by means of highly viscous fluid”. Proc. 4th Petrol. Congress, 579-586.

[25]. Cleary, M. P. (1980). “Comprehensive design formulae for hydraulic fracturing”. Annual Tech. Conference and Exhib., Dallas, TX, USA.

[26]. Crandall, D.,Ahmadi, G. and Smith, G.S. (2010). “Computational modeling of fluid flow through a fracture in permeable rock”. Transp. Porous Media, Vol. 84, pp.493- 510.

[27]. Dagan,G. (1993). “Higher order correction for effective permeability of heterogeneous isotropic formations of lognormal conduntivity distribution”. Transp. Porous Media, Vol.12, pp.279-290.

[28]. Durham W. P., and Bonner, B.P.(1994). “Self propping and fluid flow in slightly offset joints at high effective pressures”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.99, pp.9391-9399.

[29]. Elrod, H.G.(1979). “A general theory of laminar lubrication with Reynolds roughness”. J. Lubr. Tech, Vol. 101, pp. 8-14.

[30]. Fetter, C. W. (1999). “Contaminant Hydrogeology”, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

[31]. Fischer, U.B.,Kulli, B., and Fluhler,H. (1998). “Constitutive relationships and pore structure of undisturbed fracture zone samples with cohesionless fault gouge layers”. Water Resour. Res., Vol.34(7), pp.1695- 1701.

[32]. Fourar, M., and Bories, S. (1995). “Experimental study of air-water two phase flow through a fracture (narrow channel)”. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 21, pp.621–637.

[33]. Fourar, M., Lenormand, R., and Persoff, P. (1993). ''Twophase flow in smooth and rough fractures: Measurement and correlation by porous medium and pipe flow models.'' Water Resour. Res., Vol. 29, pp.3699–3708.

[34]. Gang,i A.F. (1978). “Variation of whole and fractured porous rock permeability with confining pressure”. Int. J. Rock Min. Sci. Geomech.Abstr, Vol.15, pp.249–257.

[35]. Ge, S.(1997). “A governing equation for fluid flow in rough fractures”. Water resources Research, Vol. 33, pp. 53-61.

[36]. Hakami, E. and Larsson E.(1996). “Aperture measurements and flow experiments on single natural fracture”. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abs., Vol 33, pp.395-404.

[37]. Hasgawa, E. and Izuchi, H. (1983). “On the steady flow through a channel consisting of an uneven wall and plane wall”. Bull. Jap. Soc. Mech. Eng, Vol.26, pp.514-520.

[38]. Helmig, R.(1997). “Multiphase flow and transport processes in the subsurface: a contribution to the modeling of hydrosystems”. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

[39]. Illangasekare, T., Amadei, B., and Chinnaswamy, C. (1992). “CRFLOOD: A numerical model to estimate uplift pressure distribution in cracks in concrete gravity dams”. Tech. Rep. TR-101671, Vol.4, EPRI, Prepared by university of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

[40]. Indraratna, B., Ranjith, P.G, Price, J.R. and Gale, W. (2003). “Two-phase (air and water) flow through rock joints:analytical and experimental study”. J. Geotech. Geomech. Eng., ASCE, Vol.129(10), pp.918-928.

[41]. Ishii, M. (1975). “Thermo-fluid dynamic theory of twophase flow”, Electricite de France, Paris.

[42]. Iwai, K. (1976). “Fundamental studies of fluid flow through a single fracture”. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Cali., Berkeley.

[43]. Javanmardi, F., Leger,P., and Tinawi, R.(2004). “Seismic water pressure in cracked concrete gravity dams: Experimental study and theoretical modeling”. J. Struc. Engg., ASCE, Vol.131(1), pp.139-150.

[44]. Javanmardi, F., Leger,P., and Tinawi, R. (2005). “Seismic structural stability of concrete gravity dams considering transient uplift pressures in cracks”. Engg.Struc., Elsevier, Vol.27, pp.616-628.

[45]. Jeffery, R. G., Settari, A. Mills, K. W., Zhang, X. and Detourmay, E. (2001). “Hydraulic fracturing to induce caving: Fracture model development and comparison to field data”. Proc., 38th US Rock Mechanics Symp., Balbema, Lisse, The Netherland, Vol. 1, pp.251-259.

[46]. Krantz, R.E., Franke, l A.D., Engelder, T., and Scholz, C.H. (1979). “The permeability of whole and jointed Barre granite”. Int. J. Rock Min. Sci. GeomechAbstr, Vol. 16, pp.225–234.

[47]. Kim, I., Lindquist, B. and Durham, W. (2003). “Frature flow simulation using a finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method”. Phys. Rev. E., Vol. 67, pp.046708.

[48]. Liu, E. (2005). “Effect of fracture aperture and roughness on hydraulic and mechanical properties of rocks : implication of seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs”. J. Geophys, Eng, Vol. 2, pp.38-47.

[49]. Liu, R., Liu,Q.S. and Zhao, S.C. (2006). “Instability of Poiseuille flow in a fluid- porous system”. Phys.Fluids, Vol. 20, pp.104105.

[50]. Logan, J. M., Rudnicki, J. W., Wawersik, W. R., and Wong, T. (2000). “Geomechanics perspective in terrestrial sequestration of CO2 : an assessment of research needs”. Adv. Geophys., Vol. 43, pp.97-117

[51]. Lomize, G.M. (1951). “Water flow in jointed rock”. Gosenergoizant, Moscow.

[52]. Louis, C. (1969). “A study of groundwater flow in jointed rock and its influence on stability of rock masses”. Rock Mechanics Research Report No. 10, Imperial College London, England.

[53]. Mandelbrot , B. B.(1982). “Self-affine fractals and fractal dimension”. Phys. Scr., Vol. 32, pp.257-260.

[54]. Mohais,R.,Xu,C. and Dowd, P.A. (2011). “Fluid flow and heat transfer within a single horizontal channel in an Enhanced Geothermal System”. J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 133, pp.1126031.

[55]. Mohais,R., Xu,C., Dowd, P.A., Hand, and Phillip, M. (2012). “Permeability correction factor for fracture with permeable walls”. Geophysical Research, Vol. 39(3), L03403.

[56]. Mourzenko, V. V., Thovert, J. F., and Adler, P. M. (1995). “Permeability of a single fracture-validity of Reynolds equation”. J. Phys. II, Vol. 5, pp.465-482.

[57]. Murdoch, L. C., and Slack, W. W. (2002). “Forms of hydraulic fractures in shallow fine grained formations”. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Engg., Vol. 128(6), pp. 479-487.

[58]. Neale, G. and Nader, W. (1974). “Practical significance of Brinkman's extension of Darcy's law”. Can. J. Chem. Eng, Vol. 52, pp. 475-478.

[59]. Nichol, M. J., and Glass, R. J. (2001). “Simulation of immiscible viscous displacement within the plane of a horizontal fracture”. Rock mechanics in the national interest, Elsworth, Tinucci, and Heasley, eds., Swets and Zeitlinger Lisse, pp.205–210

[60]. Nicholl, C.E.,Rajaram,H.,Glass R.J. and Detwiler,R. (1999). “Saturated flow in single fracture: evaluation of Reynolds equation in measured aperture fields”. Wat. Res. Res., Vol. 35, pp.3361-3373.

[61]. Novakowski, K.S., Evans, G.V., Lever, D.A. and Raven, K.G. (1985). “A field example of measuring hydrodynamic dispersion in a single fracture”. Water Resour. Res, Vol. 21, pp.1165-1174.

[62]. Novakowski, K.S., Lapcevic, P.A., Voralec, J. and Bickerton, G. (1995). “Preliminary interpretation of tracer experiments conducted in a discrete rock fracture under conditions of natural flow”. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 1417-1420

[63]. Olson, J.E. (2003). “Sublinear scaling of fracture aperture versus length: an exception or the rule?”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol. 108(B9), pp.2413.

[64]. Oron, P. F. and Brian B. (1998). “Flow in rock fractures: the local cubic law reexamined”. Water Resources Research, Vol. 34, pp.2811-2825.

[65]. Patir, N. and Cheng, H.S. (1978). “An average flow model for determining the effects of three dimensional roughness on partial hydrodynamic lubrication”. J. Lubr. Tech., Vol.100, pp.12-17.

[66]. Peakau, O. A., and Zhu, X.(2008). “Effect of seismic uplift pressure on the behavior of concrete gravity dams with penetrated crack”. J. Engg. Mech., ASCE, Vol.134(11), pp.991-999.

[67]. Phillips, O. M. (1991). “Flow and reaction in permeable Rocks”. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[68]. Poon, C. Y., Sayles, R.S. and Jones, T. A.(1992). “Surface measurements and surface characterization of naturally fractured rocks”. J. Phys. D, Vol.25, pp.1269-1275.

[69]. Power, W. L. and Tullis, T.E. (1991). “Euclidean and fractal models for the description of rock surface roughness”. J. Geophys.Res, Vol. 96, pp.415-424.

[70]. Pruess, K., and Tsang, Y. W. (1990). “On two-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure of roughwalled rock fractures”. Water Resour.Res., Vol. 26, pp.1915–1926.

[71]. Pyrak-Nolte, L. J., Cook, N. G.W. Nolte, D.D.and Witherspoon, P.A. (1987). “Hydraulic and mechanical properties of natural fractures in low permeable rocks”. Proc.6th Int. Congress Rock. Mech., pp.225-231.

[72]. Quin, J., Zhan, H., Zhao, W. and Suan, F. (2005). “Experimental study of turbulent unconfined groundwater flow in a single fracture”. J, Hydrol, Vol.311, pp.134-142.

[73]. Quin, J., Zhan, H.,and Zhao, W. F. (2007). “Experimental evidence of scale-dependen hydraulic conductivity for fully developed turbulent flow in a single fracture”. J.Hydrol., Vol. 311(3-4), pp.206-215.

[74]. Quin, J., Chen, Z. Zhan, H.,and Guan, H. (2010). “Experimental study of the effect of roughness and Reynold number on fluid flow in rough-walled single fracture: A check of local cubic law”. Hydrol.Process, (24).

[75]. Quin, J., Zhan H., Chen, Z. ,and Ye, H. (2011). “Experimental study of solute transport under non-Darcian flow in single fracture”. J. Hydrol., Vol. 399, pp.246-254.

[76]. Rasmuson, A. and Neretnieks, I. (1986). “Radionuclide transport in fast channels in crystalline rock”. Water Resour. Res., Vol. 22, pp.1247-1256.

[77]. Rasmussen, T. C. (1991). “Steady fluid flow and travel times in partially saturated fractures using discrete air–water interfaces”. Water Resour. Res., Vol. 27, pp.67–76.

[78]. Raven , K. G. and Gale, J.E.(1985). “Water flow in natural rock fracture as a function of stress and sample size”. Int. J. Rock Mech.Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., Vol. 22(4), pp.251-261.

[79]. Raven, K.G., Novakowski, K.S. and Lapcevic, P.A. (1988). “Interpretation of field tracer tests of a single fracture using a transient solute storage model”. Water Resour. Res., Vol. (24), pp.2019-2032.

[80]. Reichenberger, V., Jakobs, H.,Bastian, P. and Helmig, R.(2005). “A mixed dimensional finite volume method for two-phase flow in fractured porous media”. Elsevier Science.

[81]. Renshaw, C.E.(1995). “On relationship between mechanical and hydraulic apertures in rough walled fractures”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.100, pp.24629-24636.

[82]. Sahraoui, M. and Kaviany, M. (1992). “Slip and no-slip velocity boundary condiions at interface of porous, plain media”. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.35, pp.927-943.

[83]. Saouma, V., Broj, J., Bruhwiler, E., and Boggs, H. (1991). “Effect of aggregate and specimen size on fracture properties of dam concrete”. J. Mat. In Civil Engg., ASCE Vol.3(3), pp.204-218.

[84]. Sarris, E. and Papanastasiou, P. (2012). “Modeling of hydraulic fracturing in a poroelastic cohesive formation”. Int. J. Geomech., ASCE, Vol.12(2).

[85]. Sausse, J, and Genter, A. (2005). “Types of permeable fractures in granite, in Ptrophysical Properties of Crystalline Rocks”, edited by P. K. Harvey, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.

[86]. Schmittbuhl, J. F.,Schmitt, F. and Scholz, C. H. (1995). “Scaling ivariance of crack surfaces”. J. Geophys.Res., Vol.100, pp.5953-5973.

[87]. Schultz, R.A., Soliva, R., Fossen, H., Okubo, C.H., Reeves, D.M. (2008). “Dependence of displacementlength scaling relations for fractures and deformation bands on the volumetric changes across them”. J. Struct. Geol, Vol. 30, pp.1405–1411

[88]. Sharp, J.C., and Maini, Y.N.T. (1972). “Fundamental considerations on hydraulic characteristics of joints in rock”. Proc. Symp. On Percolation through Fissured Rock, International Society for Rock Mechanics, Stuttgart, n. T1-F.

[89]. Sisavath, S. A., Al-Yarubi, A., Pain, C,C. and Zimmermann, R.W. (2003). “A simple model for deviations from the cubic law for fracture undergoing dilation or closure”. Pure Appl. Geophys, Vol.106, pp.1009-1022.

[90]. Slowik, V., and Saouma, V. E. (2000). “Water pressure in propagating concrete cracks”. J. Struc. Engg., ASCE, Vol.126(2), pp.235-142.

[91]. Skjetne, I.N., Hansen, A. and Gudmundsson, J.S. (1999). “High velocity flow in rough fracture”. J. Fluid Mech. Vol. 383, pp.1-28.

[92]. Soliman, M. Y., East, L. and Adams, D. (2004). “Geomechanics aspects of multiple fracturing of horizontal and vertical wells”. Int. Therm. Operations and Heavy Oil Symp.And Western Regional Meeting, CA, USA.

[93]. Sung-Hoon,J., Yeo, I. W., and Lee, K. (2003). “Influence of ambient ground water flow on DNAPL migration in a fractured network”. Geoph.Res. Lett., Vol.30 (10).

[94]. Terzhagi, K. (1936). “Simple tests to determine hydrostatic uplift”, Engg. News Rec., June 18,872

[95]. Thompson, M. and Brown, S.(1991). “The effect of anisotropic surface roughness on flow and transport in fractures”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.(96), pp.21923-21932.

[96]. Tilton, N. and Cortelezze (2006). “The destabilizing effects of wall permeability in channel fkow: a linear stability analysis”. Phys. Fluids, Vol.(18), pp.051702.

[97]. Tsang, Y. W., and Tsang, C. F. (1987). “Channel model of flow through fractured media”. Water Resour. Res., Vol.23(3), pp.467-479.

[98]. Tsang, Y.W., and Witherspoon, P.A. (1981). “Hydromechanical behavior of a deformable rock fracture subject to normal stress”. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.(86), pp.9287–9298.

[99]. Tsang, Y.W., and Witherspoon, P. A. (1983). ''The dependence of fracture mechanical and fluid flow properties on fracture roughness and sample size.'' J. Geophys. Res., Vol.(88), pp.2359–2366.

[100]. Vermilye, J.M. and Scholz, C.H. (1995). “Relation between vein length and aperture”. J. Struct. Geol, Vol.(17), pp.423–434.

[101]. Waite,M., Ge, S and Spetzler, H.(1999). “A new conceptual model for flow in discrete fractures: an experimental and numerical studies”. J. Geophy. Res., Vol.104,pp.13049-13059.

[102]. Wen, Z., Huang, G., and Zhan, Z. (2006). “Non- Darcian flow in a single confined vertical fracture toward a well”, J. Hydrol., Vol.330 (3-4), pp.698-708.

[103]. White, F.M.(1994). “Fluid Mechanics”, McGraw Hills Publ.

[104]. Witherspoon, P.A., Wang, J.S.Y., Iwai, K.,and Gale, J.E. (1980). “Validity of cubic law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture”. Water Resou.r Res, Vol.16, pp.1016– 1024.

[105]. Wittke, W. (1990). “Rock mechanics theory and applications with case studies”. Berlin (Germany), Springer –Verlag.

[106]. Yeo,I., de Freitas, M.H.and Zimmerman, R.W. (1998). “Effect of shear displacement on the aperture and permeability of rock fracture”. Int. J. Rock Mech. And Min. Scien., Vol.28, pp.325-331.

[107]. Yeo, W. and Ge, S.(2005). “Applicable range of Reynolds equation for fluid flow in a rock fracture”. Geosc.J. Vol.9, pp.347-352.

[108]. Zhan, H. (1998). “Transport of waste leakages in stratified formation”. Adv. Water Resour., Vol.22(2), pp.159- 168.

[109]. Zimmerman, R. W., and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1996). “Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures”. Transp. Porous Media, Vol.23, pp.1-30.

[110]. Zimmerman, R. W., Chen, G.S.and Cook, N. G. W. (1992). “The effect of contact area on permeability of fractures”. J.Hydrol. Vol.139, pp.79-96.

[111]. Zimmerman, R. W., Kumar, S. and Bodvarsson, G.S. (1991). “Lubrication theory analysis of the permeability of rough-walled fractures”. Int. J. Rock Mech, Vol. 28 pp.325- 331.

[112]. Zimmerman, R. W., and Main I.G.(2004). “Hydromechabical behavior of fractured rocks-Mechanics of Fluid-Saturated Rocks”. Ed. Y Gueguen and M. Bouteca, Elsevier, London.

[113]. Zimmerman, R.W. and Yeo, I.W. (2000). “Fluid flow in rock fractures: from the Navier-Stokes equations to the cubic law”. In B.Fabishenko, P.A. Witherspoon and S.M. Benson, ed. Dynamics of Fluids in Fractured Rocks, American Geoph. Union, Washington.

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 3

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 4 Issue 2 March - May 2014

Plastics and FRP Materials used in Railways

Pawan Malik*

Department of Chemistry, SL Bawa DAV College, Batala (Punjab), India.

Malik,P. (2014). Plastics And FRP Materials Used In Railways. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2983

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Investigation on Characteristics of Fly Ash and Crusher Waste Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Bricks

T. Sekar*

Professor of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sekar.T. (2014). Investigation On Characteristics Of Fly Ash And Crusher Waste Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Bricks. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2984

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Plastic Optic Fiber (POF) Based Phase Difference Measurement Method For Estimation Of Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) In Concrete

K. Samrajyam* , B. Sobha**, T. D. Gunneswara Rao***, R.L.N. Sai Prasad****

Samrajyam.K., Sobha.B., Rao,G.T.D., and Prasad,S.R.L.N. (2014). Plastic Optic Fiber (POF) Based Phase Difference Measurement Method For Estimation Of Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) In Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2985

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Relationship Between The Optimum Usage Of Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate And Compressive Strength In Copper Slag Admixed Concrete

Binaya Patnaik* , T. Seshadri Sekhar**, P. Srinivasa Rao***

Patnaik,B., Sekhar,S.T., and Rao,S. (2014). Relationship Between The Optimum Usage Of Copper Slag As Fine Aggregate And Compressive Strength In Copper Slag Admixed Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2986

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Hydraulics of Fluid Flow in a Single Cohesive Crack: A Review of Some Basic Concepts

K.K.Pandey* , V.Kumar**

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India. ** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.

Pandey.K.K., and Kumar.V. (2014). Hydraulics Of Fluid Flow In A Single Cohesive Crack: A Review Of Some Basic Concepts. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 4(2), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2987

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

K. Samrajyam* , B. Sobha, T. D. Gunneswara Rao*, R.L.N. Sai Prasad****

Binaya Patnaik* , T. Seshadri Sekhar, P. Srinivasa Rao*

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.

** Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.