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ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC STUDY OF RCC BOX CULVERT USING STAAD-PRO
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Volume 1 Issue 2 March - May 2011

Research Paper

Seismic Soil Liquefaction Mitigation for Waterfront Slopes

Ahmad Jafari Mehrabadi* , Radu Popescu**

* Parsconsult Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran.

** URS Corporation, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Mehrabadi, A, J., and Popescu, R. (2011). Seismic Soil Liquefaction Mitigation For Waterfront Slopes. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1437

Abstract

During past earthquakes soil liquefaction has had catastrophic effects including loss of human life and severe damage to many structures all over the globe. This paper presents some results of numerical studies on the performance and effectiveness of different seismic liquefaction countermeasures considered for a waterfront slope within the framework of the NSERC Liquefaction Remediation Initiative (LRI) centrifuge experiments. The performance of several remediation techniques proposed in LRI is studied and discussed. In addition, one more feasible mitigation solution is proposed for waterfront slopes with a performance comparable to that of the measures studied in LRI. Fragility curves are used to represent the effectiveness of different liquefaction remediation techniques at different earthquake intensities. It is shown that the relative effectiveness of various types of liquefaction countermeasures is strongly associated with the level of seismic intensity.

References

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[7]. Bardet, J. P., Idriss, I. M., & O'Rourke, T. D. (1997). North America-Japan workshop on the geotechnical aspects of the Kobe, Loma Prieta, and Northridge earthquakes. A report to National Science Foundation, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and Japanese Geotechnical Society, Osaka, Japan.

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[10]. Das, B. M. (1999). Principles of foundation engineering (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

[11]. Elgamal, A., Parra, E., Yang, Z., & Adalier, K. (2002). Numerical analysis of embankment foundation liquefaction countermeasures. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 6(4), 447-471.

[12]. Ferritto, J. M. (1997). Seismic design criteria for soil liquefaction. Technical report TR-2077-SHR, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, California.

[13]. Ferritto, J. M., Dickenson, S., Priestley, N., Werner, S., Taylor, C., Burke, D., … Kelly, S. (1999). Seismic criteria for California marine oil terminals. Naval Facilities Engineering Center, Shore Facilities Department, Structures Division, Port Hueneme, California.

[14]. Gallagher, P. M., Pamuk, A., & Abdoun, T. (2007). Stabilization of liquefiable soils using colloidal silica grout. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(1), 33-40.

[15]. Hausmann, M.R. (1990). Engineering principles of ground modifications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

[16]. Honda, T., Tanaka, T., Towhata, I., & Tamate, S. (2005). Mitigation techniques of damages of quay walls due to seismic liquefaction. Proceedings of the 5th workshop on safety and stability of infrastructures against environmental impacts (pp. 39-46). De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.

[17]. Jafari-Mehrabadi, A. (2006). Seismic liquefaction countermeasures for waterfront slopes. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Memorial University, St. John's, Canada.

[18]. Jafari-Mehrabadi, A., & Popescu, R. (2006). Study on effectiveness of liquefaction countermeasures using fragility curves. Proceedings of the 59th Canadian Geotechnical Conference (pp. 649-655). Vancouver, Canada.

[19]. Keanne, C. M., & Prevost, J. H. (1989). An analysis of earthquake data observed at the Wildlife Liquefaction Array Site, Imperial County, California. Proceedings of the 2nd U.S.-Japan workshop on liquefaction, large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines (pp. 176-192). New York, NY.

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[23]. Popescu, R. (2002). Finite element assessment of the effects of seismic loading rate on soil liquefaction. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 331-344.

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[25]. Popescu, R., & Prevost, J. H. (1995). Comparison between VELACS numerical class “A” predictions and centrifuge experimental soil test results. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 14, 79-92.

[26]. Popescu, R., Prevost, J. H., Deodatis, G., & Chakrabortty, P. (2006). Dynamics of nonlinear porous media with applications to soil liquefaction. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(6-7), 648-665.

[27]. Prevost, J. H. (1985). A simple plasticity theory for frictional cohesinless soils. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 4(1), 9-17.

[28]. Prevost, J. H. (1989). DYNA1D, a computer program for nonlinear seismic site response analysis. Technical report NCEER-89-0025, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo.

[29]. Prevost, J. H. (2002). DYNAFLOW - Version 02 User's manual. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

[30]. Riemer, M. F., Lok, T. M., & Mitchell, J. K. (1996). Evaluating effectiveness of liquefaction remediation measures for bridges. Proceedings of the 6th Japan-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction (pp. 441-455). Buffalo, NY.

[31]. Seed, R. B., Cetin, K. O., Moss, R. E. S., Kammerer, A. M., Wu, J., Pestana, J. M., Faris, A. (2003). Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering: A unified and consistent framework. Proceedings of the 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar. H.M.S. Queen Mary, Long Beach, California.

[32]. Seid-Karbasi, M. (2003). Review of input motion time histories suggested for dynamic testing in C-CORE centrifuge facilities. Report No. 2003/01, Civil Engineering Department of University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

[33]. Shinozuka, M., Feng, M. Q., Lee, J., & Naganuma, T. (2000). Statistical analysis of fragility curves. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 126(12), 1224-1231.

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[35]. Uniform Building Code (1994). International Conference of Building Officials, ICBO, 2. Whittier, CA.

[36]. Yanagihara, S., Takeuchi, M., & Ishihara, K. (1991). Dynamic behavior of embankment on locally compacted sand deposits. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (pp. 365-376). New York: Computational Mechanics Publication, Boston, and Elsevier Applied Science.

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Research Paper

Kinematic analysis of landslides along National Highway 1B between Batote and Doda NW Himalaya

B.A. Lone* , Kaiser Bukhari**

* Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu.

** Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar.

Lone, B. A. and Bukhari, S. K. (2011). Kinematic Analysis Of Landslides Along National Highway 1b Between Batote And Doda Nw Himalaya. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1438

Abstract

When a natural process disrupts humans, it no longer operates as a separate entity, but one that intersects and possesses a threat to humans. This intersection is termed ‘natural hazard’. India is vulnerable to different natural hazards due to its proximity to geodynamically active locales and unique climatic pattern. Both these factors in different combinations lead to the occurrence of disasters resulting from natural hazards like floods, earthquakes, draught, cyclones and landslides in different parts of the country at frequent intervals. It is observed that impact of natural disasters is felt more severely by people who are socio-economically weak because their habitats are located in vulnerable areas and not designed to withstand the impact of natural disasters. Therefore, the processes of poverty eradication and disaster management are intricately linked. A great majority of slope failures in Jammu & Kashmir State occurs along National Highways and roads. The study of the landslide/slope failure problem in this region is of great concern and a challenge before the geoscientific community to be tackled. The factors generally responsible for this problem are topography, climate, lithology, relative relief (local height), slope angle, structure, drainage, seismicity, landuse and landcover, and anthropogenic activities. The present work is focused on the factors responsible for the initiation of landslide/slope failure along the Jammu - Kishtwar National highway in the Batote - Doda sector.

References

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[2]. Davis, G.H., (1984). Structural Geology of Rocks and regions: John Willey & Sons, New York, Chichister Brisbane. Toronto. Singapore, pp. 1 – 447.

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[4]. Dewy, J.F. and Bird, J.M., (1970). Mountain Belts and its new global tectonics, Jour. Geophys. Res., 75, pp. 2625 – 2647.

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[8]. Mead, W.J., (1925). The Geologic role of Dilatancy. Jour. Geol., Vol. 33 pp 685- 698.

[9]. Molnar, P. and Tapponnier, P., (1975). Cenozoic tectonics of Asia. Effects of the Continental Collision Science, 189, pp. 419 – 426.

[10]. Nemcok, A., (1972). Gravitational slope deformation in high mountains, Proc. 24th Inter, Geol. Congr. Monreal, Sec. 13, pp. 132–141

[11]. Price, N. J., (1960). The Compressice strength of coal measure rocks. Colliery Eng. Lond., pp. 106 – 118.

[12]. Powel, C. McA., (1979). A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings: some constraints from the Indian Ocean: Geodynamics of Pakistan (Farah, A. and Dejong, K.A., Ed.). Geological Survey of Pakistan Quetta, pp. 5 – 24.

[13]. Rehbinder, P.A. and Lichman, V., (1957). Effects of surface active media on strain and rupture in solids. Proc. 2nd Int. Con. On Surface Activity, 3, pp. 563.

[14]. Searle, M,P., (1991). Geology and Tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, 358 p.

[15]. Sharpe, C.S., 1938. Landslide Inventory, Bulletin of International mass movements of soil and Rock, Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

[16]. Skempton and Hutichson (1969). Stability on natural slopes and embankment foundation. Proceedings 7th International Conference on soil Mechanics and foundation Engineering. Mexico City state of Art Volume, pp. 291 – 340.

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[21]. Varnes, D.J., (1978). “Slope Movements and Types And Processes.” Landslides Analysis and Control Transportation Research Board Special Report, 176: pp. 11-33.

[22]. Wadia, D. N., (1928). The Geology of Poonch State (Kashmir) and Adjacent Portions of Punjab. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 51: pp. 331-362.

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Research Paper

Strength Behaviour of Clay Soil Reinforced With Coir, Glass and Metal Fibres

Indhumathi* , R. Thenmozhi**

* PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore.

Indhumathi, P. and Thenmozhi, R. (2011). Strength Behaviour Of Clay Soil Reinforced With Coir, Glass And Metal Fibres. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1439

Abstract

A large part of central India and a portion of south India are covered with clay soils. These soils have high swelling and shrinkage characteristics and extremely low shear strength. Hence, there is need for improvement of these properties. The practice of using reinforced earth has been well established in soil engineering profession. The use of natural and artificial fibres is a suitable method for soil reinforcing. This method is considered on the condition of optimum mix and suitable moisture. The present study is aimed at determining the behaviour of clay soil reinforced with glass fibre of length 6mm, coir fibre with 12mm length and metal fibre with 20mm length in a random manner. The soil used is a type of clay soil collected from Saibaba colony in Coimbatore district. The composite soils were tested under laboratory conditions and examined for unconfined compression strength (UCS) and compaction test. The fibres are mixed randomly with soil in varying percentages (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) by dry weight of soil and compacted to maximum dry density at optimum moisture content. The test results indicate a reduction in the maximum dry density and increase in optimum moisture content of soil due to the addition of fibres. It also indicates an improvement in the UCS of soil due to the addition of fibres.

References

[1]. Marandi.S.M, Bagheripour,M.H, Rahgozar and Zare,H. [2008]. “Strength and Ductility of Randomly Distributed Palm Fibres Reinforced Silty-Sand Soils.” American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.5, No.3, pp. 209-220.

[2]. Al-Rafeai, T.O. [1991]. “Behaviour of granular soils reinforced with discrete randomly oriented inclusions”. Geotechnical and Geo-membranes, Int, Geo-textile Soc., Elsevier Science Publishers, England, Vol. 10, No.4,, pp.319-333.

[3]. Arvind Kumar, Walia, B.S. and Jatinder Mohan. [2006]. “Compressive Strength of fibre reinforced highly compressible clay”. Journal of Construction and Building materials, Elsevier ltd., U.K. Vol.20, No.10, , pp.1063-1068.

[4]. Consoli, N.C., Prietto, P.D.M. and Ulbrich, L.A. [1998]. “Influence of fibre and cement addition on behaviour of sandy soil”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental engineering (ASCE), Vol.124, No.12, pp. 1211-1214.

[5]. Ghavami, K., Romildo D. Toledo Filho and Barbosa, N.P. [1999]. “Behaviour of composite soil reinforced with natural fibres'. Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.21, No.1, pp. 39-48.

[6]. Pradip D. Jadhao and Nagarnaik, P.B.[2008]. “Influence of Polypropylene Fibres on Engineering Behaviour of Soil-Fly Ash Mixtures for Road Construction”. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.13, Bund. C, pp. 1-11.

[7]. Santhi Krishna, K. and Sayida, M.K. [2009]. “Behaviour of Black Cotton Soil Reinforced with Sisal Fibre”. Proceedings of National Conference on Technological Trends, Kerala, India.

[8]. Amir Kalhor. [2008]. “Effect of Metal Fibres on Clayey Soils”. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol.13, Bund. K, pp.1-17.

[9]. Ramesh, H.N., Manoj Krishna, K.N. and Mamatha, H.V. [2010]. “Compaction and Strength behaviour of lime-coir fibre treated Black Cotton Soil”. Geomechanics and Engineering, Vol.2, No.1, pp. 19-28.

[10]. Ranjan, G., Vasan, R.M. and Charan, H.D. [1996]. “Probabilistic Analysis of Randomly Distributed Fibres-Reinforced Soil”. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.122, No.6, pp. 419-426.

[11]. Kaniraj, S.R. and Havanagi, V.G. [2001]. “Behaviour of cement-stabilization fibre-reinforced fly ash-soil mixtures”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, Vol.127, No.7. pp. 574-584.

[12]. Consoli, N. C., Casagrande, M. D. T., Prietto, P. D. M. and Thome, A.[2003]. “Plate Load Test on Fiber-Reinforced Soil”.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.129, pp. 951-955.

[13]. Andersland, O.B. and Khattak, A.S.[1979]. “Shear Strength of kaolinite / fibre soil mixtures”. Proceedings of International Conference on soil reinforcement, P[14]. Paris, France.

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Research Paper

Study of Key Parameters and Monitoring of Sediment Concentration by ANN Model in Brahmaputra River, Assam

B. Tripti* , M. Chandan**

* Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

Tripti, B., and Chandan, M. (2011). Study Of Key Parameters And Monitoring Of Sediment Concentration By Ann Model In Brahmaputra River, Assam. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1440

Abstract

High sediment load is an integral component of the Brahmaputra system and its role, despite being critical in the overall systemic behaviour of the river, is little understood. Due to its sheer amount and the complex behaviour of the sediment transport, its control has remained a challenge. Therefore it is very essential to know the physo-chemical characteristics and sediment load. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the properties of the sediment with the help SEM, XRD, EDX, AAS and Particle size distribution analysis and estimation of sediment load with the help of ANN to relate these properties towards. The samples were collected from three locations viz. Neamatighat (Jorhat), Bhomoraguri (Tezpur) and Pandu (Guwahati) in Assam. Mineralogical analysis is based on the bulk sample and clay sized fractions. Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K were analyzed in AAS for determining chemical composition of the sediments. The main aim is to identify the best technique that could adequately predict sediment load to a desired accuracy. Regression model and ANNs were developed using the toolbox of the MATLAB software and also compared with results of Datafit software models. The R2 values were ranging from 0.87 to 0.93 and COE values varied from 0.70 to 0.87 for ANNs in case of sediment concentration. Using Datafit software R2 values for same dataset varied from 0.93 to 1.0 and COE values varied from 0.72 to 0.88 for sediment concentration prediction.

References

[1]. Raghuwanshi,N.S., Singh, R.,and Reddy, L.S., “Runoff and Sediment Yield Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks: Upper Siwane River, India”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 1 ,January 1, 2006,pp71-79.

[2]. Alp, M., Cigizoglu, H.K, “Suspended sediment load simulation by two artificial neural network methods using hydrometrological data”. Elsevier, Received 3 November 2004; Received in revised form 29 August 2005; accepted 16 September 2005.

[3]. Cigizoglu, H.K., “Application of Generalized Regression Neural Networks to Intermittent Flow Forecasting and Estimation”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 4, July 1, 2005, pp 336-341.

[4]. Agarwal, A., Singh, R.D., Mishra, S.K., Bhunya, P.K., “ANN-based sediment yield models for Vamsadhara river basin (India)”,Water SA Vol. 31 No.1 pp95-100, January 2005.

[5]. Bhattacharya,B., Price, R.K.,Solomatine,D.P., “A data mining approach modeling sediment transport”,6th International Conference on Hydroinformatics (2004).

[6]. Alagarsamy, R. and Zhang, J., “Comparative studies on trace metal geochemistry in India and Chinese rivers”, Current Science, Vol.89, No.2, 25 July 2005.

[7]. Cigizoglu, H.K., Alp, M., 2004. Rainfall-runoff modeling using three neural networks methods. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer-Verlag, pp.166-171.

[8]. Webster, J.G., Brown,K.L.,Webster, K.S., “Source and transport of trace metals in the Hatea River catchment and estuary, Whangarei, New Zealand” .New Zealand Journal of marine and Freshwater Research, 2000, Vol. 34:187-201.

[9]. Wu, J.S, P.E, Asce, P.,Han, J., Annambhotla, S, Bryant, S., “Artificial Neural Networks for Forecasting Watershed Runoff and Stream Flows”, Journal of Hydrologiic Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3 ,May 1, 2005,pp216-222.

[10]. Chakrapani, G.J., “Factors controlling variation in river sediment loads”, Current Science, vol.88 No. 4, 25 February 2005.

[11]. Subramanian, V.,(1993) “Sediment load of Brahmaputra River” Current Science, vol.64, nos. 11& 12. 10& 25 June 1993.

[12]. Anctil, F., Asce, M., Rat, A., “Evaluation of Neural Network Streamflow Forecasting on 47 Watershed”, Journal of Hydrologiic Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1 ,January 1, 2005, pp 85-88.

[13]. Le Roux, J.P., “Particle size, shape, settling velocity and transport”, Int. Workshop HWK Delmenhorst 15-18 April 2004.

[14]. Kisi,O.,Asce,M., “River Flow Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks”, Journal of Hydrologiic Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1 , January 1, 2004,pp60-63.

[15]. Ariffin, J., Ghani, A.A., Zakaria, N.A., Yahya, A.S., “Sediment Prediction Using ANN and Regression Approach”, 1st International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st Century: Issues & Challenges., River (2004).

[16]. Wassan, R.J., (2003) “A Sediment Budget for the Ganga- Brahmaputra Catchment”, Current Science, Vol. 84, No.8, 25, pp 1044.

[17]. Sudheer, K.P., and Jain, S.K., “Radial Basis Function Neural Network for Modeling Rating Curves”, Journal of Hydrologiic Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3 ,May 1, 2003,pp161-164.

[18]. Walling, D.E. and Fang, D., “Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world's rivers”, Received 1 April 2001; accepted 18 December( 2002).

[19]. Percival, J.B., Hunt, P.,and Wygergangs “ Mineralogical investigation of Canadian till and lake- and stream-sediment reference materials: Part 1. Standarized X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope methods”, Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-E9.

[20]. Stummeyer, J., Marchig, V., Knabe, W., “The composition of suspended matter from Ganmges- Brahmaputra sediment dispersal system during low sediment transport season”, Journal of Chemical Geology, Received12 October 2000; accepted 9 October 2001.

[21]. Cigizoglu, H.K., “Suspended Sediment Estimation for Rivers using Artificial Neural Networks and Sediment Rating Curves” Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Received 20.10.2000.

[22]. Udelhoven, T., and Schutt, B., “Capability of feed-forward neural networks for chemical evaluation of sediments with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy”, Chemometrics and intelligent laboratory systems, 51(2000)9-22.

[23]. Dekov, V.M., Araujo, F., grieken R.V., Subramanian, V., “Chemical composition of sediments and suspender from the Cauvery and Brahmaputra rivers (India)”,The Science of the Total Environment 212(98)89-105.

[24]. Kiling, I., Cigizoglu, H.K., Zuran, A., “A Comparison of Three Methods for the Prediction of Future Stream Flow Data”.

[25]. DibiKe, Y.B., and Solomatine D.P., “River Flow Forecasting using Artificial Neural Networks”, ESG Journal of Physics and Chemistry of the Earth19-23 April, 1999.

[26]. Fernando, D.A.K., Jayawardena, A.W., 1998. Runoff forecasting using RBF networks with OLS algorithm. Journal of hydrologic Engineering 3(3), 203-209.

[27]. Minns, A. W., Hall, M.J., 1996. Artificial neural networks as rainfall runoff models. Hydrological Sciences Journal 41 (3), 399-417

[28]. Chakrapani, G.L., Subramanian, V., Gibbs, R.J., Jha, P.K. (1995) “Size characteristics and mineralogy of suspended sediments of the Ganges River, India”, Journal of Environmental Geology, Vol.25,pp 192-196.

[29]. Shirely, C.V., Mammone, K., Pisias, N., “Clay mineralogy and multi-element chemistry of surface sediments on the Siberian- Arctic Shelf: implication for sediment provenance and grain size sorting”; Journal of Continental shelf Research, Vol. 23 pp. 1175-1200, 2003.

[30]. Singh, V.P., Sharma, N. and Ojha, C.S.P., “The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources” Water Science and Technology Library.(Book)

[31]. Subramanian, V., (1993) “Sediment load of Brahmaputra River” Current Science, Vol.64, nos. 11& 12. 10& 25 June 1993.

[32]. Ranjithan, S., Eheart, J.W., Garrett, J.H., 1993. Neural network-based screening for groundwater reclamation under uncertainty. Water Resources Research 29 (3), 563-57

[33]. Goswami, D.C. (1988), “Estimation of Bed load transport in the Brahmaputra River”, Journal of Earth Science”Vol. 15, No 1, pp.14-26 1988.

[34]. Goswami, D.C.(1985), “Brahmaputra River, Assam,India: Physiography, Basin Denundation, and Channel Aggradation”.Water Resources Research, 21,pp.959-978.

[35]. Morphological studies of River Brahmaputra (WAPCOS) 2003

[36]. Indian Standard (IS: 4890-1968), Methods for Measurements of Suspended Sediment in Open Channels.

[37]. Master Plan of Brahmaputra Basin, Part I, Main stream, 1986.

[38]. Simon Haykin, “Neural Networks, A Comprehensive Foundation”, Second Edition, Pearson Egucation.

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Research Paper

Waste Tyre Rubber Based Concrete – A New Generation Practice for Solid Waste Management and Preventing Depletion of Natural Resources

T. Senthil Vadivel* , R. Thenmozhi**

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Vadivel, S, T., and Thenmozhi, R. (2011). Waste Tyre Rubber Based Concrete - A New Generation Practice For Solid Waste Management and Preventing Depletion Of Natural Resources. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1443

Abstract

Integrated waste management proposes the most progressive options for waste disposal and management; numerous research studies have indicated that waste administration, collection and recycling of waste materials for the sustainable development of resources for the forthcoming years. One of the critical solid wastes to manage in today’s scenario is waste tyre because large amounts of waste tyre rubbers are produced in the world in each year. 275 millions of waste rubbers are produced by the United States every year and about 180 millions of waste tyres produced by European Continents. Disposing of tyre wastes in a landfill is the conventional practice commonly followed by all the countries. These dumps are served as a great breeding ground for insects and mosquitoes and responsible for the spread of many diseases, this becomes a dangerous health hazard. Incineration is an alternate method of disposing the waste tyre that involves combustion due to high temperature creates global warming. Few quantities of waste tyre rubber used as fuel, pigments, roof and roof covering and for road pavement. In this study experimental investigation is carried out for the complimentary use of waste tyre rubber in both fine and coarse aggregate in concrete.

References

[1]. Ali,A.M.and Goulias,D.G. [1996]. “Enhancement of Portland Cements Concrete with Tyre Rubber”,12th International Conference On Solid Waste Management, University of

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA,Nov.

[2]. Amirkhanian, S.N. and Arnold, L.C. [ 2001]. “A Feasibility Study of the use of Waste Tyres in Asphaltic Concrete Mixtures”, Report No. FHWA-SC-92-04, Jan.

[3]. Chou, L.H, Lu,C.K, Chang, J.R, & Lee, M.T. [2007]. “Use of Waste Rubber as Concrete Additive”, International Solid Waste Association.

[4]. Chung,K.H., & Hong,Y.K., [1999]. “Introductory Behavior of Rubber Concrete”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science ”, Vol 72, pp 35-40.

[5]. Eldin, N. and Senuci, A.B. [2002]. “Experts Join Panels to Guide Industry and Asphalt Rubber Technology Transfer”, Advisory Committee-RPA, Annual Meeting, May.

[6]. Fairburn, B. and Larson, J. [2001]. “Experience with Asphalt Rubber Concrete – An Overview and Future Direction”, National Seminar on Asphalt Rubber, Cansas City, Missouri, Nov., pp 417-431.

[7]. Goulias, D.G. and Ali. A.H.[1998]. “Evaluation of Rubber Filled Concrete and Correlation between Destructive and Non-destructive Testing Results”, Cement, Concrete and Aggregate, CCAGDP, Vol.- 20, No.1, pp 140-144.

[8]. Joe, P.E., and Chandler, A.Z. [1992]. “Asphalt – Rubber System in Road Rehabilitation” Board of Asphalt Rubber Pavements, Technical Committee, Mar.

[9]. Larson, J.[2003]. “Mixing of Old Tyres Inflates Potential for Commercial Projects, Roads”, Arizona Republic, May.

[10]. Li,G.Garrick,G., Edggers,J., Abadie,C., tubblefield,M.A., & Pang, S. S. [2004]. “Waste Tire Fiber Modified Concrete,” Composite Part B: Engineering.

[11]. Senthil Vadivel, T. and Thenmozhi, R. [2010]. “Experimental Study on Waste Rubber Replaced Concrete”, International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Green Building Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, March, pp 148-151.

[12]. Zhu, A.H. [1999]. “Florida's Experience Utilizing Crumb Tyre Rubber in Road Pavements”, National Seminar on Asphalt Rubber, Cansas City, Missouri, PP-499-535.

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Research Paper

Numerical Analysis of Damage Propagation for Shaped Charge Jet Impacts into a Concrete Target

Joseph Indeck* , Andrew Thompson, Seokbin Lim*

* Energetic Systems Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro.

Indeck, J., Thompson, A., and Lim, S. (2011). Numerical Analysis Of Damage Propagation For Shaped Charge Jet Impacts Into A Concrete Target. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1445

Abstract

Jet impacts, from a conical shaped charge, onto a brittle concrete target were examined utilizing the numerical analysis software AUTODYN® to identify a general damage propagation trend. In order to understand general damage propagation, parameters other than penetration depth were used. Specific parameters including the impact angle and jet coherency were varied. Since concrete is a heterogeneous material that contains large amounts of impurities, voids, and non-linear material characteristics, the study of damage propagation is an important topic in various applications areas. A simplified numerical analysis of the impact event was accomplished as a preliminary study to understand the relationship of a shaped charge jet impact and subsequent damage propagation behaviors. It was identified that the particulated jet, after elongation, creates more substantial damage propagation characteristics than that of solid jets.

References

[1]. Century Dynamics. (2005). AUTODYN Theory Manual Revision 4.3 (Vol. Revision 4.3). Concord, CA: Century Dynamics Inc.

[2]. Hasenberg, D. (2010). Consequences of coaxial jet penetration performance and shaped charge design criteria. Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School.

[3]. Hayhurst, C. J., Clegg, R. A., Livingstone, I. H., & Francis, N. J. (1996). The application of SPH techniques in AUTODYN-2D to ballistic impact problems. 16th International Symposium on Ballistics. San Francisco.

[4]. Quan, X., Birnbaum, K., Cowler, M. S., Gerber, B. I., Clegg, R. A., & Hayhurst, C. J. (2003). Numerical Simulation of structural deformation under shock and impact loads using a coupled multi-solver approach. 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Shock and Impact Loads on Structures. Hunan, China.

[5]. Razorenov, & Kanel. (1992). The strength of copper single crystal and the factors governing metal fracture in uniaxial dynamic stretching. Physics Metals Metallography, 526-530, 74(5).

[6]. Riedel, W. (2004). Beton unter dynamischen Lasten – Meso- und Markomechanische. Ernst-Mach-Institut. Freiburg: Fraunhofer IRB.

[7]. Riedel, W., Kawai, N., & Kondo, K.-i. (2009). Numerical assessment for impact strength measurements in concrete materials. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 283-293.

[8]. Riedel, W., Thoma, K., Hiermaier, S., & Schmolinske, E. (1999). Penetration of Reinforced Concrete. International Symposium on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures, (p. 315). Berlin.

[9]. Walters, W. P., & Zukas, J. A. (1989). Fundamentals of Shaped Charges. Baltimore, MD: CMC Press.

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Research Paper

Effect of Alkali activator/ Fly ash ratio on Strength and Workability of Low lime Fly ash based Geopolymer concrete

B. Siva Konda Reddy* , J. Varaprasad, K. Naveen Kumar Reddy*

* Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, A.P, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, AVR & SVR College of Engineering & Tech, Nandyal, A.P, India.

* Department of Civil Engineering, Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, A.P, India.

Reddy, S, K, B., Varaprasad, J., and Reddy, N, K, K. (2011). Effect Of Alkali Activator/ Fly Ash Ratio On Strength And Workability Of Low Lime Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1448

Abstract

This paper presents the effect of Alkali activator / Fly ash ratio (A/F) on strength and workability of geopolymer concrete prepared from low lime based fly ash and a mixed alkali activator of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. The workability of concrete is found to be increasing when the A/F ratio is increased. An increase in compressive strength of the concrete samples is observed when the A/F ratio is increased for the samples cured at 60oc.

References

[1]. Davidovits, J. (1994). High-alkali Cements for 21st Century Concretes. Concrete Technology: Past, Present and Future. P. K. Mehta, ACI, Detroit, USA. SP144-19: 383-397.

[2]. Davidovits, J. (1999). Chemistry of Geopolymeric Systems, Terminology. Geopolymer '99 International Conference, France.

[3]. Hardjito D, Rangan B.V (2005), 'Development and properties of low calcium based geopolymer concrete', Research report GC1: Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, pp.1-94.

[4]. Heidrich, C. (2002). Ash Utilisation - An Australian Perspective. Geopolymers 2002 International Conference, Melbourne, Australia, Siloxo.

[5]. Gourley, J. T. (2003). 'Geopolymers; Opportunities for Environmentally Friendly Construction Materials', Materials 2003 Conference: Adaptive Materials for a Modern Society, Sydney, Institute of Materials Engineering Australia.

[6]. Malhotra V.M. (1999). 'Making Concrete Greener with Fly-ash', Concrete International, Vol. 21 (5), p.61-66.

[7]. Malhotra, V. M. (2002). "High-Performance High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete." ACI Concrete International 24(7): 1-5.

[8]. Malhotra, V. M. (2002). "Introduction: Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology." ACI Concrete International 24(7): 22.

[9]. Malhotra, V. M. and P. K. Mehta (2002). High-Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Materials, Mixture Proportioning, Properties, Construction Practice, and Case Histories. Ottawa, Canada, Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development Inc.

[10]. Palomo, A., M. W. Grutzeck, M.T. Blanco (1999). "Alkali-Activated Fly Ashes, A Cement for the Future." Cement and Concrete Research 29(8): 1323-1329.

[11]. Xu, H. and J. S. J. van Deventer (2000). "The Geopolymerisation of Alumino-Silicate Minerals." International Journal of Mineral Processing 59(3): 247-266.

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 3

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Volume 1 Issue 2 March - May 2011

Seismic Soil Liquefaction Mitigation for Waterfront Slopes

Ahmad Jafari Mehrabadi* , Radu Popescu**

* Parsconsult Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran. ** URS Corporation, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Mehrabadi, A, J., and Popescu, R. (2011). Seismic Soil Liquefaction Mitigation For Waterfront Slopes. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1437

Abstract

References

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Kinematic analysis of landslides along National Highway 1B between Batote and Doda NW Himalaya

B.A. Lone* , Kaiser Bukhari**

* Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu. ** Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar.

Lone, B. A. and Bukhari, S. K. (2011). Kinematic Analysis Of Landslides Along National Highway 1b Between Batote And Doda Nw Himalaya. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1438

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Strength Behaviour of Clay Soil Reinforced With Coir, Glass and Metal Fibres

Indhumathi* , R. Thenmozhi**

* PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore. ** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore.

Indhumathi, P. and Thenmozhi, R. (2011). Strength Behaviour Of Clay Soil Reinforced With Coir, Glass And Metal Fibres. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1439

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Study of Key Parameters and Monitoring of Sediment Concentration by ANN Model in Brahmaputra River, Assam

B. Tripti* , M. Chandan**

* Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. ** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

Tripti, B., and Chandan, M. (2011). Study Of Key Parameters And Monitoring Of Sediment Concentration By Ann Model In Brahmaputra River, Assam. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1440

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Waste Tyre Rubber Based Concrete – A New Generation Practice for Solid Waste Management and Preventing Depletion of Natural Resources

T. Senthil Vadivel* , R. Thenmozhi**

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. ** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Vadivel, S, T., and Thenmozhi, R. (2011). Waste Tyre Rubber Based Concrete - A New Generation Practice For Solid Waste Management and Preventing Depletion Of Natural Resources. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1443

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

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Numerical Analysis of Damage Propagation for Shaped Charge Jet Impacts into a Concrete Target

Joseph Indeck* , Andrew Thompson**, Seokbin Lim***

* Energetic Systems Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Tech, Socorro.

Indeck, J., Thompson, A., and Lim, S. (2011). Numerical Analysis Of Damage Propagation For Shaped Charge Jet Impacts Into A Concrete Target. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1445

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Effect of Alkali activator/ Fly ash ratio on Strength and Workability of Low lime Fly ash based Geopolymer concrete

B. Siva Konda Reddy* , J. Varaprasad**, K. Naveen Kumar Reddy***

* Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, A.P, India. ** Department of Civil Engineering, AVR & SVR College of Engineering & Tech, Nandyal, A.P, India. *** Department of Civil Engineering, Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, A.P, India.

Reddy, S, K, B., Varaprasad, J., and Reddy, N, K, K. (2011). Effect Of Alkali Activator/ Fly Ash Ratio On Strength And Workability Of Low Lime Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 1(2), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.1.2.1448

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

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* Parsconsult Engineering Company, Tehran, Iran.

** URS Corporation, Princeton, NJ, USA.

* Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu.

** Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar.

* PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore.

* Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.

* Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Joseph Indeck* , Andrew Thompson, Seokbin Lim*

B. Siva Konda Reddy* , J. Varaprasad, K. Naveen Kumar Reddy*

* Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, A.P, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, AVR & SVR College of Engineering & Tech, Nandyal, A.P, India.

* Department of Civil Engineering, Nizam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, A.P, India.