i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering (JCE)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 2

Behavioral Studies on Sorptivity of the Concrete Blended with Nano Silica
Optimization of Lane Based Signalized Intersections through VISSIM at Outer Ring Road Bengaluru
Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data using Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's Slope Estimator
A Review on Sustainable Utilization of Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) for the Production of Mortar and Concrete
A Critical Review of Experimental Research on the Durability of Cement Modified with Partial Steel Slag Replacement

Most Cited

Volume 11 Issue 4 September - November 2021

Research Paper

Biochar Bricks from Waste Material: Preparation, Analysis and Applications

Abhishek * , Ayush Mittal, Nitin Kumar Shukla*, Asit Singh****

* Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

-* Department of Civil Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Uttar Pradesh, India.

**** Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Singh, A. K., Mittal, A., Shukla, N. K., and Singh, A. (2021). Biochar Bricks from Waste Material: Preparation, Analysis and Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 11(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.11.4.18417

Abstract

The use of biomass as a renewable energy source as well as by using it as a new construction material has attracted global attention over the decades. While works had been conducted on deploying biochar for road construction, there is an emerging trend of using biochar as concrete admixture. In comparison, using biochar in this way will reduce more greenhouse gas emissions than if carbon is captured and sequestered through mineralization and deployment in construction. The use of biochar containing construction materials to capture and then lock atmospheric carbon dioxide in buildings and structures can potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an additional 25%. The results from this project are indicative of a promising future for biochar bricks as a building material. Based on the above results it concludes that biochar bricks would make good veneer because it will easily manipulate shape and surface during molding and are very good insulators, have more compressive strength, and are quite light compared to classic bricks.

References

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[3]. Ahmad, S., Khushnood, R. A., Jagdale, P., Tulliani, J. M., & Ferro, G. A. (2015). High performance selfconsolidating cementitious composites by using micro carbonized bamboo particles. Materials & Design, 76, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.048

[4]. Alaya, M. N., Girgis, B. S., & Mourad, W. E. (2000). Activated carbon from some agricultural wastes under action of one-step steam pyrolysis. Journal of Porous Materials, 7(4), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10096 30928646

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[6]. Angın, D. (2013). Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. Bioresource Technology, 128, 593-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.150

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[9]. Azargohar, R., & Dalai, A. K. (2008). Steam and KOH activation of biochar: Experimental and modeling studies. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 110(2- 3), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.06.047

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[11]. Boateng, A. A. (2007). Characterization and thermal conversion of charcoal derived from fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis oil production of switchgrass. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 46(26), 8857-8862. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie071054l

[12]. Brewer, C. E., Chuang, V. J., Masiello, C. A., Gonnermann, H., Gao, X., Dugan, B., ... & Davies, C. A. (2014). New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity. Biomass and Bioenergy, 66, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.059

[13]. Ithaka Institute. (n.d.). Bio-char as Building Material. Ithaka Institute – Building Material, Ithaka Institute. Retrieved from https://www.ithaka-institut.org/en/ct/97

[14]. Joseph, S. D., Downie, A., Munroe, P., Crosky, A., & Lehmann, J. (2007, December). Biochar for carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement of soil fertility; A review of the materials science. In Proceedings of the Australian Combustion Symposium (pp. 130-133).

[15]. Khushnood, R. A., Ahmad, S., Restuccia, L., Spoto, C., Jagdale, P., Tulliani, J. M., & Ferro, G. A. (2016). Carbonized nano/microparticles for enhanced me c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d e l e c t r oma g n e t i c interference shielding of cementitious materials. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 10(2), 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0330-5

[16]. Rodgers, L. (2018). Climate change: The massive CO2 emitter you may not know about. BBC News, 17(12), 1-5.

[17]. Yip, K., Tian, F., Hayashi, J. I., & Wu, H. (2010). Effect of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on biochar reactivity and syngas compositions during steam gasification. Energy & Fuels, 24(1), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900534n

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Research Paper

Heavy Metal Estimation and Non-Carcinogenic Human Health Risk Assessment of a Soil Contaminated by the Carpet Industry Waste (Sludge)

S. Gupta* , R. K. Srivastava**

* Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

** Department of Civil Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.

Gupta, S., and Srivastava, R. K. (2021). Heavy Metal Estimation and Non-Carcinogenic Human Health Risk Assessment of a Soil Contaminated by the Carpet Industry Waste (Sludge). i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 11(4), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.11.4.18437

Abstract

The soils contaminated with various organic and inorganic contaminants proceed to the degradation of urban and arable lands throughout the world. The presence of toxic elements may pose a considerable health risk to humans, animals, flora & fauna and other ecological systems. This study investigates the soil contaminated by the carpet industry waste (sludge) and the human non-carcinogenic health risk through the ingestion pathway. A comparative study has also been observed to simulate the field conditions. A typical virgin soil of the region has been selected and mixed with the different proportions of sludge (5%, 15%, 25% & 50%) with respect to the dry weight of soil and the human noncarcinogenic health risk has been evaluated. This research observed that in case of child the Average Daily Exposure (ADE) is very high and the Total Chronic Hazard Index (THI) for all the soil-sludge mixes is more than 10. The THI of industrial sludge is more than the soil-sludge mixed samples with the magnitude of 20.2 and 10.32 in the aspects of child and adult respectively.

References

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[12]. Malik, D. S., & Bharti, P. K. (2010). Textile pollution (p. 383). India: Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp: 383.

[13]. Mehta, R., & Yadav, K. (2013). Soil contamination due to Textile Effluent-Case study on the Printing cluster of Jaipur. Journal of the Textile Association, 367-370.

[14]. Ogunkunle, C. O., Fatoba, P. O., Ogunkunle, M. O., & Oyedeji, A. A. (2013). Potential health risk assessment for soil heavy metal contamination of Sagamu, Southwest Nigeria due to cement production. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3(2), 89-96.

[15]. Petersen, E. J., Jennings, A. A., & Ma, J. (2006). Screening level risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Cleveland area commons. Journal of E n v i ro nme n t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , 1 3 2 ( 3 ) , 3 9 2 - 4 0 4 . https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2006)132:3(392)

[16]. Qiao, M., Cai, C., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Lin, A., & Zheng, Y. (2011). Characterization of soil heavy metal contamination and potential health risk in metropolitan region of northern China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172(1), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 10661-010-1339-1

[17]. Shakery, A., Moor, F., & Razikordmahalleh, L. (2010). Distribution of soil heavy metal contamination around industrial complex zone, Shiraz, Iran. 19^th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane, Australia, 51-54.

[18]. Wang, X., Wang, F., Chen, B., Sun, F., He, W., Wen, D., Liu, X., & Wang, Q. (2012). Comparing the health risk of toxic metals through vegetable consumption between industrial polluted and non-polluted fields in Shaoguan, South China. J FoodAgric Environ, 10(2), 943-948.

[19]. Wcislo, E. (2006, June). Examples of health risk assessment applications for contaminated sites in the Upper Silesia, Poland. In NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Meeting, Prevention and Remediation in Selected Industrial Sectors, Athens, Greece.

[20]. Weldemariam, M. M., & Kahsay, A. W. (2014). Heavy Metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and Fe) Content in Almeda Textile Industr y Sludge, Northern Tigrai, Ethiopia. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(1), 1-3.

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Research Paper

Evaluation of Ground Motion Response Spectra for Coupled Translation and Rotational Tilts

Engammagari Ganesh*

National Center for Defense Manufacturing & Machining, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Ganesh, E. (2021). Evaluation of Ground Motion Response Spectra for Coupled Translation and Rotational Tilts. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 11(4), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.11.4.18462

Abstract

Rotational and vertical parts of ground movement are quite often overlooked in plan or in the appraisal of structures in spite of the way that vertical movement can be twice as much as the even movement and may surpass 2g level, and rotational excitation may arrive at barely any degrees in the closeness of deficiency crack. Coupling of various parts of ground excitation may essentially enhance the seismic interest by presenting extra horizontal powers and upgraded force deflection impacts. In this paper, an overseeing condition of movement is hypothesized to figure the reaction of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom Linear Oscillator (SDOF) under a multi-part excitation. The extended condition incorporates auxiliary force deflection parts related with the joined effects of tilt and vertical excitations notwithstanding the inertial compelling terms because of the precise and translational increasing speeds.

References

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[2]. Baker, J. W., & Cornell, C. A. (2005). A vector valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 34(10), 1193-1217. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.474

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[9]. Graizer, V. M. (2006). Equation of pendulum motion including rotations and its implications to the strongground motion. In Earthquake source asymmetry, structural media and rotation effects (pp. 471-485). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31337-0_34

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Review Paper

Stabilization of Lithomargic Soil using Bio-Enzymes for Subgrade Pavements - A Review

Nischith Nirmal Raj G. S.* , Mallikarjun H., Nethravathi S.*

*-*** Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Raj, G. S. N. N., Mallikarjun, H., and Nethravathi, S. (2021). Stabilization of Lithomargic Soil using Bio-Enzymes for Subgrade Pavements - A Review. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 11(4), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.11.4.18313

Abstract

Lithomargic soil, known locally as Shedi soil, is typically found below the lateritic soil at a shallow depths, destabilizes the pavements developed on the embankment or subgrade, as they do not have the required shear strength. Deformation of the soft subgrade soil is frequently troublesome during the building of flexible pavements as well as in the postconstruction stage, resulting in increased road operation and maintenance cost. Several studies have investigated the influence of lithomargic soil on contact erosion failure at the boundary between coarse granular material and surface material due to vertical changes in water level. Therefore, before it can be used as a road material, it is necessary to improve the engineering properties of this soil. The properties of lithomargic soils were improved by various additives such as chemicals, mechanical reinforcement, and a combination of chemical and mechanical methods, and with the use of biopolymers and bio-enzymes. Bio-enzymes are eco-friendly in nature and exhibit a good soil stabilization effect by forming bond between clay mineral and polar end groups of bio-enzymes, and reduces air voids. In this present study, TerraZyme is used as a lithomargic soil stabilizer and the compaction, strength, durability, and performance of a soil- TerraZyme mixture are reviewed.

References

[1]. AbouKhadra, A., Zidan, A. F., & Gaber, Y. (2018). Experimental evaluation of strength characteristics of different Egyptian soils using enzymatic stabilizers. Cogent Engineering, 5(1), 1517577. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 23311916.2018.1517577

[2]. Bergmann, R. (2000). Soil Stabilizers on Universally Accessible Trails. CA: San Dimas Technology and Development Center.

[3]. Bhuvaneshwari, S., Soundra, B., Robinson, R. G., & Gandhi, S. R. (2007, August). Stabilization and microstructural modification of dispersive clayey soils. In 1^st International Conference on Soil and Rock Engineering, Srilankan Geotechnical Society (pp. 1-7).

[4]. Chitragar, S. F, Shivayogimath, C. B, & Mulangi, R. H. (2019). Study on strength and volume change behavior of expansive soil using non-traditional (bio-enzyme) and traditional (lime and bagasse ash) stabilizers. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (Vol. 29). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6713-7_46

[5]. Das, S. K., & Varma, A. (2010). Role of enzymes in maintaining soil health. In Soil Enzymology (pp. 25-42). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3-642-14225-3_2

[6]. Ganapathy, G. P., Gobinath, R., Akinwumi, I. I., Kovendiran, S., Thangaraj, M., Lokesh, N., Anas, S. M., Murugan, R. A., Yogeswaran, P., & Hema, S. (2017). Bioenzymatic stabilization of a soil having poor engineering properties. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(3), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0056-8

[7]. Gidday, B. G., & Mittal, S. (2020, February 14). Improving the characteristics of dispersive subgrade soils using lime. Heliyon, 6(2), E03384. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.heliyon.2020.e03384

[8]. Goodarzi, A. R., & Salimi, M. (2015). Stabilization treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag. Applied Clay Science, 108, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.02.024

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[21]. Shankar, A. U., Rai, H. K., & Mithanthaya, R. (2009, July). Bio-enzyme stabilized lateritic soil as a highway material. Journal of the Indian Roads Congress, 70(2), 143-51.

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[26]. Taha, M. R., Khan, T. A., Jawad, I. T., Firoozi, A. A., & Firoozi, A. A. (2013). Recent experimental studies in soil stabilization with Bio-Enzymes–A. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 18, 3881-3894.

[27]. Thomas, A. G., & Rangaswamy, B. K. (2021). Strength behavior of enzymatic cement treated clay. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15(3), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1622854

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Review Paper

A Review on Self-Healing Construction Materials Made of Cement

A. R. Karthik* , B. K. Shaka**

*-** Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Karthik, A. R., and Shaka, B. K. (2021). A Review on Self-Healing Construction Materials Made of Cement. i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering, 11(4), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.26634/jce.11.4.18382

Abstract

Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the entire world. However, deterioration of cement made structures are unavoidable right from the very beginning of service life, accompanied by maintenance and repair work, which is frequently labor-intensive and capital-intensive. During the 20th and 21st centuries, concrete was used widely worldwide as a building material. One of the significant signs of concrete technical advancement and overall quality growth is the rapid production of ready-mixed concrete, but there are some new issues. The most prominent issue is the higher likelihood of cracking caused by non-load factors, such as shrinkage cracks, thermal cracks and chemical reaction cracks, due to low concrete tensile strength. Cracking raises the probability of ingress of aggressive substances into the concrete, endangering the material's durability. Usually, Cracks are hand- mended, which is unsatisfactory because cracks are often difficult to find, and the cost of maintenance and repair is high. Self-healing of cracked concrete will also be extremely beneficial, and research on self-healing concrete has been extensively carried out.

References

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[2]. Jakhrani, S. H., Qudoos, A., Kim, H. G., Jeon, I. K., & Ryou, J. S. (2019). Review on the self-healing concreteapproach and evaluation techniques. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 20(S1), 1-18.

[3]. Joseph, C., Gardner, D., Jefferson, T., Isaacs, B., & Lark, B. (2011). Self-healing cementitious materials: A review of recent work. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Construction Materials, 164(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1680/coma.900051

[4]. Luo, M., Qian, C. X., & Li, R. Y. (2015). Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 87, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.117

[5]. Mihashi, H., & Nishiwaki, T. (2012). Development of engineered self-healing and self-repairing concretestate- of-the-art report. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 10(5), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.10.170

[6]. Tang, W., Kardani, O., & Cui, H. (2015). Robust evaluation of self-healing efficiency in cementitious materials–A review. Construction and Building Materials, 81, 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.054

[7]. Van Tittelboom, K., & De Belie, N. (2013). Self-healing in cementitious materials—A review. Materials, 6(6), 2182-2217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062182

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