i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Nursing (JNUR)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 2

The Key to Confidence is Simulation-Based Learning
Knowledge of Workplace Violence against Nurses in the Emergency Department of Public Sector Tertiary Care Hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan
Initiation of Nursing Education Services (NES) at Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital MTI Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Unleashing the Power of Transformational Leadership: Revolutionizing the Nursing Profession in Pakistan
Addressing the Issue of Nurses Leaving Bedside Jobs with Reasons
Cognitive Stacking: A Concept Analysis

Most Cited

Volume 5 Issue 3 August - October 2015

Article

On the Road to Therapeutics: Biological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease

Dennis*

*Correspondent, Piirus, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.

Relojo, D. (2015). On the Road to Therapeutics: Biological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3622

Abstract

This paper has sought to explore and summarise more recent findings on the genetic underpinnings of Parkinson's disease (AD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have contributed to our understanding of these two devastating diseases. As the most common neurodegenerative disease, AD accounts for about two thirds of cases of dementia – ranging in various studies from 42 to 81 per cent of all dementia – with vascular causes and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Pick's disease and diffuse Lewy-body disease constituting the majority of the remaining cases. Meanwhile, it has been identified that PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, after AD. The cause of PD remains unknown, but epidemiological studies suggest an association with pesticides and other environmental toxins, and biochemical studies implicate a systemic defect in mitochondrial complex. In light of the current findings and issues on PD and AD, this paper highlights the range of therapies available for those afflicted with these diseases.

References

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[2]. Alzheimer's Society. (2014). Diagnosing dementia. London.

[3]. Bonakis, A., Economou, N., Paparrigopoulos, T., Bonanni, E., Maestri, M., Carnicelli, L., et al. (2013). “Sleep in frontotemporalfementia is equally or possibly more Ddsrupted, and at an earlier stage, when compared to sleep in Alzheimer's disease.” Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Vol.38, No.1, pp.85-91.

[4]. Cai, W., Uribarri, J., Zhu, L., Chen, X., Swamy, S., Zhao, Z et al. (2013). Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]. Chaudhuri, K.R. & Schapira, A.H. (2009). “Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment.” Lancet Neurology, Vol.8, No.5, pp.464-474.

[6]. Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M.O. & Rockwood, K. (2013). “Frailty in elderly people.” The Lancet, Vol.381, No.9868, pp.756-762.

[7]. Costa, L.G., Cole, T.B., Coburn, J., Chang, Y., Dao, K., & Roque, P. (2014). “Neurotoxicants are in the air: Convergence of human, animal, and in vitro studies on the effects of air pollution on the brain.” BioMed Research International, pp.1-8.

[8]. Davie, C.A. (2008). “A review of Parkinson's disease.” British Medical Bulletin, Vol.86, pp.09-127.

[9]. DeMunter, J.P.J.M., Melamed, E., &Wolters, E.C. (2014). “Stem cell grafting in parkinsonism – Why, how and when.” Parkinsonism & Related Disorder, Vol.20, No.1, pp.150-153.

[10]. Dibble, L.E., & Addison, O., & Papa, E. (2009). “The effects of exercise on balance in persons with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review across the disability spectrum.” Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, Vol.33, No.1, pp.14-26.

[11]. Duncan, G.W., Yarnall, A.J., Firbank, , M.J., Barker, R.A., O'Brien, J.T., & Burn, D.J. (2013). “Grey matter and CSF amyloid in early non–demented Parkinson's disease: The incidence of cognitive impairment in cohorts with longitudinal evaluation in Parkinson's disease (ICICLE–PD) study.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, Vol.84, No.11.

[12]. Earhart, G.M. (2009). “Dance as therapy for individuals with Parkinson Disease.” European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Vol.45, No.2, pp.231-38.

[13]. Gardner, R.C., & Yaffe, K. (2014). “Traumatic brain injury may increase risk of young onset dementia.” Annals of Neurology, pp.1-3.

[14]. Goldman, S.M. (2014). “Environmental toxins and Parkinson's disease.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol.54, pp.141-164.

[15]. Greenamyre, J.T. (2000). “Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease.” Nature Neuroscience, Vol.3, No.12, pp.1301-1306.

[16]. Isle of Man dementia rates rise over five years. (2014, March 20). BBC.Retrieved March, 30, 2014, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man- 26647585

[17]. Jankovic, J (2008). “Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and diagnosis.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, Vol.79, No.4, pp.368–76.

[18]. Kim, Y. D., Lantz-McPeak, S. M., Ali, S. F., Kleinman, M. T., Choi, Y. S., & Kim, H. (2014). “Effects of ultrafine diesel exhaust particles on oxidative stress generation and dopamine metabolism in PC-12 cells.” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol.37, No.3, pp.954-959.

[19]. Lewis, C., Annet, L., Davenport, S., Hall, A., & Lovatt, P. (2014). “Mood changes following social dance sessions in people with Parkinson's disease.” Journal of Health Psychology. pp.1-10.

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[21]. Kövari, E., Herrmann, F. R., Bouras, C., & Gold, G. (2014). “Amyloid deposition is decreasing in ageing brains.” Neurology, Vol.82, No.4, pp.326-331.

[22]. Lees, A.J., Hardy, J., Revesz, T. (2009). “Parkinson's disease.” Lancet, Vol.373, No.9680, pp.2055-2066.

[23]. Louis, E.D., Michalec, M., Jiang, W., Factor-Litvak, P., & Zheng, W. (2014). “Elevated blood harmane (1-methyl-9Hpyrido[ 3,4-b]indole) concentrations in Parkinson's disease.” NeuroToxicology, Vol.40, pp.52-56.

[24]. Ludwig, I.A. Clifford, M.N. Lean, M.E.J Ashihara, H. & Crozier, A. (2014). Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health, Food & Function.

[25]. Mapstone, M., Cheema, A.K., Fiandaca, M.S., Zhong, X., Mhyre, T.R., MacArthur, L.H., et al. (2014). Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults, Nature Medicine.

[26]. Marras, C., Hincapié, C.A., Kristman, V.L., Cancelliere, C., Soklaridis, S., Li, A., et al. (2014). “Systematic review of the risk of Parkinson's disease after mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehavilitation, Vol.95, No.3, pp.238-244.

[27]. National Health Service (2012). Alzheimer's disease.

[28]. Pace-Shott,E.F. & Spencer, R.M.C. (2014). “Sleep loss in older adults: Effects on waking performance and sleepdependent memory consolidation with healthy aging and insomnia.” Sleep Deprivation and Disease, pp.185-197.

[29]. Parsons, C.G., Danysz, W., Dekundy, A., & Pulte, I. (2013). “Memantine and Cholinesterase inhibitors: Complementary mechanisms in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.” Neurotoxicity Research, Vol.24, No.30, pp.358-369.

[30]. Quik, M., Huang, L.Z., Parameswaran, N., Bordia, T., Campos, C., Perez, X.A. (2009). “Multiples roles for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.” Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol.78, No.7, pp.677-685.

[31]. Rabey, J. M. &Hefti, F. (1990). “Neuromelanin synthesis in rat and human substantianigra.” Journal of Neural Transmission - Parkinson's Disease and Dementia Section, Vol.2, No.1, pp.1–14

[32]. Reeve, A., Simcox, E, & Turnbull, D. (2014). “Ageing and Parkinson's disease: Why is advancing age the biggest factor?” Ageing Research Reviews, Vol.14, pp.19-30.

[33]. Sawmilller, D. Li, S., Shahaduzzaman, M, Smith, A.J., Obregon, D., Giuta, B., Borlongan, C.V. et al (2014). Luteolin reduces Alzheimer's disease pathologies induced by traumatic brain injury, Molecular Sciences.

[34]. Tsai, C., Huang, H, Liu, B., Li, C, Lu, M., Chen, X., et al. (2014). “Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site temporally ameliorates neuropsychiatric symptoms of Parkinson's disease with dementia.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol.68, No.9, pp.692-700.

[35]. Waldemar, G., Dubois, B., Emre, M., Georges, J., McKeith, I. G., Rossor, M., ...&Winblad, B. (2007). “Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline.” European Journal of Neurology, Vol.14, No.1, pp.1-26.

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Article

Gender Selective Abortions Should be Prohibited

Younas Masih* , Salima Saleem Mithani**

* Vice Principal, New Life School of Nursing, Karachi, Pakistan.

** Registered Nurse, Department of Cardiology Medicine-inpatient, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Masih, Y., and Mithani, S.S. (2015). Gender Selective Abortions Should be Prohibited. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3623

Abstract

100 million little girls, or maybe more than that lose their lives due to gender discrimination. If a woman gives birth to a baby girl, she would become an object of shame to her entire family. Also, the baby girl and the woman herself would be treated in ways unimaginable. This is not only a legal but an ethical issue which deeply effects the societies and its roots. The purpose of this paper compare the benefits as well as the negative aspects of the sex selection and its abortion. It also focuses on the roles of the nurses in education of the communities to reduce it, also recommendations are given to help in the reduction of these problems. The role of the leaders, nurses and religious persons is vital in reducing the increasing load of this phenomenon in the world and particularly in Pakistan.

References

[1]. Akhter, F. (2012). “A Conceptual Study about Legal and Illegal Abortion Circumstances in Pakistan and Is Effects on the Social Ethics of the Society.” Journal of Business and Management Review, Vol.1, No.9, pp.167-177.

[2]. Barot, S. (2012). “A Problem-and-Solution Mismatch: Son Preference and Sex-Selective Abortion Bans.” Guttmacher Policy Review, Vol.15, No.2, pp.18-22.

[3]. Bharadwaj, P., & Lakdawala, L. K. (2012). “Discrimination Begins in the Womb.” The Journal of Human Resources, Vol.42, No.1, pp.72-111.

[4]. Coleman, P. K. (2011). “Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009.” The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.199, pp.180-186.

[5]. Ganatra, B. (2008). “Maintaining Access to Safe Abortion and Reducing Sex Ratio Imbalances in Asia.” Reproductive Health Matters, Vol.16, No.31, pp.90-98.

[6]. Lamichhane, P., Harken, T., Puri, M., Darney, P. D., Blum, M., Harper, C. C., & Henderson, J. T. (2011). “Sex-Selective Abortion in Nepal: A Qualitative Study of Health Workers' Perspectives.” Womens Health Issues, Vol.21, No.3, pp.37-41.

[7]. Preventing gender-biased sex selection: an interagency statement OHCHR, UNFPA.

[8]. UNICEF, UN Women and WHO. (2011). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO).

[9]. Thiele, A. T., & Leier, B. (2010). “Towards an Ethical Policy for the Prevention of Fetal Sex Selection in Canada.” J Obstet Gynaecol Can, Vol.32, No.1, pp.54-57.

[10]. Yasmin, S., Mukherjee, A., Manna, N., Baur, B., Datta, M., Sau, M., Roy, M. (2013). “Gender preference and awareness regarding sex determination among antenatal mothers attending a medical college of eastern India.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Vol.41, pp.344-350.

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Article

Early Marriage of Girls in Pakistan

Armish Aziz Ahmed* , Nazish Hussain Ali Pachani**

*-** Nursing Intern, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

Rajwani, A.A., and Pachani, N.H.A. (2015). Early Marriage of Girls in Pakistan. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3624

Abstract

Marriage is a precious bond formed between a bride and a groom. In contrast, early marriages evokes challenge, especially for a girl. Sudden shift in roles, responsibilities and environment creates a stress. Their physical and psychological immaturity to deal with emerging demands leads to illnesses like; depression, sepsis, obstructed labor, HIV, etc. This issue is completely preventable, but its roots are deep down. Social, cultural, economical, and religious factors encouraging rural and semi-urban population of Pakistan for many decades. There is a need to re-pattern this practice. Educating girls and making them self-reliant is a key to its implementation. This paper would discuss about its severity, contributing factors, effects and some interventions that can be done to resolve its burden of the country and to achieve millennium developmental goals (MDG's).

References

[1]. Awaz Foundation Pakistan. (2010). Impact of early age marriages on girls' right to education.

[2]. Khanna, T., Verma, R., & Weiss, E. (2013). “Child marriage in South Asia: Realities responses and the way forward.” International Center For Research on Women [ICRW], pp.1-19.

[3]. Le Strat, Y., Dubertret, C., & Le Foll, B. (2011). “Child marriage in the United States and its association with mental health in women.” Pediatrics, Vol.128, No.3, pp.524-530.

[4]. Nasrullah, M., Zakar, R., & Zakar, M. Z. (2014). “Child Marriage and Its Associations with Controlling Behaviors and Spousal Violence Against Adolescent and Young Women in Pakistan.” Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol.55, No.6, pp.804-809.

[5]. Nour, N. (2009). “Child marriage: a silent health and human rights issue.” Reviews In Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol.2, No.1, pp.51.

[6]. Raj, A. (2010). “When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls.” Archives of Disease In Childhood, Vol.95, No.11, pp.931- 935.

[7]. Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Balaiah, D., & Silverman, J. G. (2009). “Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility-control outcomes of young women in India: a cross-sectional, observational study.” Lancet. Vol.373, No.9678, pp.1883-1889.

[8]. Sagar, P. L. (2012). Transcultural nursing theory and models. New York: Springer Pub. Co.

[9]. UN News Service Section. (2015). UN News - By 2020, more than 140 million girls will Have become child brides–UN. Retrieved 8 November 2015, from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44314#. Vj9-9berTIU.

[10]. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). (2009). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 44 of the Convention : Convention on the Rights of the Child : concluding observations : Pakistan. Retrieved 7 December 2015, from http://www.refworld.org/ publisher, CRC, PAK, 4d6f68602, 0.html

[11]. Zaman, M. (2012). “Exchange Marriage System and Muslim Family Laws in Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.33, No.1, pp.1-12.

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Article

Hepatitis C in Pakistan: An Alarming Threat

Nighat Karim* , Kausar Karim, Mehreen Nizar Ali*, Saba Kabani**, Kiran Nawaz*, Anita Sultan****

*-****** Nurse Intern, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.

Karim, N., Karim, K., Nizar, M., Kabani, S., Nawaz, K., and Sultan, A. (2015). Hepatitis C in Pakistan: An Alarming Threat. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3625

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most widespread infectious diseases. It is becoming a major public health problem of developing countries, including Pakistan that has the second highest prevalence rate of HCV ranging from 4.5% to 8% (World Health Organization).There are various determinants that are contributing to the rising trend of hepatitis C in Pakistan. The most prevalent cause includes reuse of syringes and needles, usage of unsterile equipment, especially by local dentists and barbers, multiple sex partners, unscreened blood transfusions, unavailability of proper health care delivery system, and lack of awareness. The general public is either infected with the virus or they are most vulnerable of contracting it, due to several malpractices and misperceptions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to take preventive measures at primary, secondary and tertiary level to tackle this widespread disease.

References

[1]. Ahmed, W., Arif, A., Alam, E., & Qureshi, H. (2010). Changing trend of viral hepatitis — “a twenty one year report from Pakistan medical research council research centre, Jinnah postgraduate medical centre, Karachi”. Journal of Pakistan medical association, Vol.60, No.2, pp.86-89.

[2]. Akbar, H., Idrees, M., Manzoor, S., Butt, S., &Awan, Z. (2009). Hepatitis c virus infection: A review of the current and future aspects and concerns in Pakistan. Journal of General and Molecular Virology, Vol.1, No.2, pp.012-018.

[3]. Amir, M., Rahman, A., Jamal, Q., & Siddiqui, M. (2013). “End treatment response and sustained viral response in hepatitis c virus genotype 3 among Pakistani population.” Annals of Saudi Medical, Vol.33, No.6, pp.555-558.

[4]. Chaudhry, A., Rizvi, F., Afzal, M., Ashraf, Z., Niazi, S., Beg, A., & Kharal, T. (2010). “Frequency of Risk Factors for Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).” The Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Vol.6, No.3, pp.161- 163.

[5]. Maasoumy, B., & Wedemeyer, H. (2012). Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis c. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 26, Retrieved from www.elsevier.com/

[6]. Munir, S., Saleem, S., Idrees, M., Tariq, A., Butt, S., & Rauff, B. et al. (2010). Hepatitis C treatment: current and future perspectives. Virology Journal, Vol.7(296). http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-296.

[7]. Sharma, S. (2010). Hepatitis C virus: molecular biology & current therapeutic options. Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol.131, pp.17-34.

[8]. Umar, M., & Bilal, M. (2012). Hepatitis c, a mega menace: A Pakistani perspective. Journal of Pakistan medical association, Vol.2, No.2.

[9]. Waheed, Y., Talha, S., Safi, S., & Qadri, I. (2009). Hepatitis c virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. World Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol.15, No.45, pp.5647-5653.

[10]. Wilder, J., & Patel, K. (2014). A Review of the Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. The North American Journal of Medicine and Science, Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-7.

[11]. World Health Organization (2010). Prevention and control of hepatitis. Retrieved from http://www.emro. who.int/

[12]. World Health Organization (2002). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/

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Article

Nursing Shortage in Pakistan: A Growing Challenge for the Healthcare System of the Country

Muhammad*

*Registered Nurse, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad.

Muhammad (2015). Nursing Shortage in Pakistan: A Growing Challenge for the Healthcare System of the Country. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3626

Abstract

The Nursing shortage is becoming a real global challenge. Since, Pakistan is facing the dual burden of communicable and chronic diseases, the country is facing an acute shortage of the healthcare workforce, especially, the nursing shortage. There is a lack of adequate educational institutes besides of basic facilities in existing schools and colleges of nursing. Additionally, the rate of enrollment is not encouraging to satisfy the growing healthcare needs of the country. Moreover, a large number of qualified nurses leave the country in search of better opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shortage of nurses in the country and to compare local nurse to patient ratio with internationally recognized standards. In addition, it includes causes, significance and impacts of nursing shortage on patients' care. Moreover, some strategies and recommendations have been proposed to overcome the issue of nursing shortage.

References

[1]. Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti, J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., & Smith, H. L. (2010). “Implications of the California nurse staffing mandate for other states.” Health services research, Vol.45, No.4, pp.904-921.

[2]. Aziz, A. (2011). “Assuring Adequacy of Educational Resources to Improve Quality of Basic Nursing Education.” Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, Vol.50, No.1, pp.37- 41.

[3]. Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. (2006). Teamwork in Healthcare: Promoting Effective Teamwork in Healthcare in Canada – Policy Synthesis and Recommendations. Ottawa, ON

[4]. Hassmiller, S. B., &Cozine, M. (2006). “Addressing the nurse shortage to improve the quality of patient care.” Health Affairs, Vol.25, No.1, pp.268-274.

[5]. Heneman, H., & Judge, T. (2009). Staffing organizations. (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/dp/0072482591/ref=rdr_ext_sb_ ti_hist_1

[6]. Khowaja, K. (2009). “Healthcare systems and care delivery in Pakistan”, Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol.39, No.6, pp.263-265.

[7]. Kundi, A. (2011, July 23). 50 to one – patient to nurse ratio at PIMS, Pakistan Today [Islamabad]. Retrieved from http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/23/city/islama bad/50-to-one-%E2%80%93-patient-to-nurse-ratio-atpims/

[8]. Meghani, S. R., & Sajwani, S. (2013). “Nursing: A Profession in Need in Pakistan.” i-manager's Journal on Nursing, Vol.3, No.3, pp.1-3.

[9]. Mustard L. (2002). “Caring and competency.” JONA's Healthcare, Law, Ethics, and Regulation, Vol.4, No.2, pp.36–43.

[10]. Needleman, J., Buerhaus, P., Mattke, S., Stewart, M., & Zelevinsky, K. (2002). “Nurse-Staffing Levels and the Quality of Care in Hospitals.” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol.346, No.22, pp.1715-1722.

[11]. NYSNA (2011). RN Staffing Effectiveness and Nursing Shortage | Position Statement | NYS Nurses Association. Retrieved from New York State Nurses Association website: http://www.nysna.org/practice/positions/position13_a.htm

[12]. Scott, C. (2003). Setting Safe Nurse Staffing Level: An exploration of the issues. Retrieved from Royal College of Nursing (RCN) website: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0008/78551/001934.pdf

[13]. Stanton, M. W., & Rutherford, M. K. (2004). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

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Research Paper

The Effect of Breast Milk Odor on First Breast Feeding Time and Weight Gain in Premature Infants

Batool Pouraboli* , Atefeh Shamsi, Sedigheh Iranmanesh*

-- Research Scholar, Department of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Aboli, B.P., Shamsi, A., and Iranmanesh, S. (2015). The Effect of Breast Milk Odor on First Breast Feeding Time and Weight Gain in Premature Infants. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3627

Abstract

This study examines the effect of breast milk odor on the first breast feeding time and weight gain in premature infants. This experimental study was conducted on 92 premature infants less than 33 weeks of age. There were 46 infants in the control group and 46 infants in the intervention group. The study was conducted at two neonatal intensive care and premature units of a university hospital in Northern Iran from April 6 to September 6, 2013. The study was conducted over a four and a half month period. Demographic profiles were extracted from the infants' medical records. A checklist of recorded data from the same study was made available. Prior to initiating the research, we received the necessary approval from relevant organizations. Parental permission was obtained by signing a consent form. A pad impregnated with the mother's milk and olfactory stimulation of premature infants with this pad reduced the first breastfeeding duration. The mother's breast sucking was more effective and initiated over a shorter time in the intervention group compared to the control group. Olfactory stimulation of breast milk odor influenced strengthening feeding competence of infants and reduced the duration of time for the first breast feeding.

References

[1]. Raju, Tonse NK. (2012). "Developmental physiology of late and moderate prematurity." Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. Vol.17, No.3.

[2]. Smith, L. K., Draper, E. S., Manktelow, B. N., Dorling, J. S., & Field, D. J. (2007). “Socioeconomic inequalities in very preterm birth rates.” Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, Vol.92, No.1, pp.11-14.

[3]. Punthmatharith, Busakorn, Utaiwan Buddharat, and Thidarat Kamlangdee. (2007). "Comparisons of needs, need responses, and need response satisfaction of mothers of infants in neonatal intensive care units." Journal of pediatric nursing, Vol.22, No.6, pp.498-506.

[4]. Javanmardi, Z., Beigi, M., Nouhpisheh, E., Memarzadeh, M., & Radan, M. R. (2009). “The reported causes for neonatal death in hospitals of Isfahan province in 2005.” Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, Vol.13, No.2.

[5]. Ho, Selina, and Saroj Saigal. (2005). "Current survival and early outcomes of infants of borderline viability." NeoReviews, Vol.6, No.3, pp.123-132.

[6]. Pickler, R. H., Best, A. M., Reyna, B. A., Gutcher, G., & Wetzel, P. A. (2006). “Predictors of nutritive sucking in preterm infants.” Journal of perinatology, Vol.26, No.11, pp.693-699.

[7]. Kublick, Judith A. (2010). The impact of nasogastric indwelling versus oral intermittent tube feeding methods on premature infants. Diss. University of Manitoba.

[8]. Ludwig, Susan M. (2007). "Oral feeding and the late preterm infant." Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, Vol.7, No.2, pp.72-75.

[9]. King, Caroline. (2009). "An evidence based guide to weaning preterm infants." Paediatrics and Child Health, Vol.19, No.9, pp.405-414.

[10]. Porter, R. H., Raimbault, C., Henrot, A., & Saliba, E. (2008). “Responses of Pre-term Infants to the Odour of Mother's Milk.” In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Vol.11, pp.337-342.

[11]. Browne, Joy V. (2008). "Chemosensory development in the fetus and newborn." Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, Vol.8, No.4, pp.180-186.

[12]. Porter, R. H., Makin, J. W., Davis, L. B., & Christensen, K. M. (1992). “Breast-fed infants respond to olfactory cues from their own mother and unfamiliar lactating females.” Infant Behavior and Development, Vol.15, No.1, pp.85-93.

[13]. Doucet, S., Soussignan, R., Sagot, P., & Schaal, B. (2007). “The “smellscape” of mother's breast: effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses.” Developmental psychobiology, Vol.49, No.2, pp.129-138.

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Research Paper

Influence of Educational Environment on Academic Performance of Nursing Students

Maxie Martis* , Rubiya I Shekh, Thankamma M.S*

* Associate Professor, St. Ignatius Institute of Nursing Sciences, Honavar, India.

Assistant Lecturer, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India.

* Principal, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India.

Andrade, M., Shekh, R.I., and Thankamma, M.S. (2015). Influence of Educational Environment on Academic Performance of Nursing Students. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3636

Abstract

The context of learning, the educational environment and the learning styles have an influence on the academic performance. While the context of learning and learning styles are individualistic, the educational environment provided by an institution is generic. The aim of this study was to assess the education environment as perceived by the learners. The objectives of the study were to describe the educational environment and academic performance and identify the relationship between educational environment and academic performance. A cross sectional survey was held in December 2013, in one of the nursing institutions in India offering diploma and graduate nursing program. The Participants were the enrolled students available on the day of data collection and consented to the study. The total score obtained in the board/university examination was the measure of academic performance. The total score obtained from the administration of Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was regarded as the educational environment. The Karl Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between educational environment and academic performance. The educational environment was perceived as 'more positive' by 84.84% of graduate (n=66) and 76.66% of diploma nursing students (n=90). However, the relationship between education environment and academic performance was not statistically significant among graduate (r= 0.006, p= 0.97, n=44) and diploma (r= 0.145, p=0.22, n=73) students. Nursing students should make effective use of the educational environment.

References

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i-manager's Journal on Nursing (JNUR)

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Volume 5 Issue 3 August - October 2015

On the Road to Therapeutics: Biological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease

Dennis*

*Correspondent, Piirus, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.

Relojo, D. (2015). On the Road to Therapeutics: Biological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3622

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Gender Selective Abortions Should be Prohibited

Younas Masih* , Salima Saleem Mithani**

* Vice Principal, New Life School of Nursing, Karachi, Pakistan. ** Registered Nurse, Department of Cardiology Medicine-inpatient, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Masih, Y., and Mithani, S.S. (2015). Gender Selective Abortions Should be Prohibited. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3623

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Early Marriage of Girls in Pakistan

Armish Aziz Ahmed* , Nazish Hussain Ali Pachani**

*-** Nursing Intern, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

Rajwani, A.A., and Pachani, N.H.A. (2015). Early Marriage of Girls in Pakistan. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3624

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Hepatitis C in Pakistan: An Alarming Threat

Nighat Karim* , Kausar Karim**, Mehreen Nizar Ali***, Saba Kabani****, Kiran Nawaz*****, Anita Sultan******

*-****** Nurse Intern, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.

Karim, N., Karim, K., Nizar, M., Kabani, S., Nawaz, K., and Sultan, A. (2015). Hepatitis C in Pakistan: An Alarming Threat. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3625

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Nursing Shortage in Pakistan: A Growing Challenge for the Healthcare System of the Country

Muhammad*

*Registered Nurse, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad.

Muhammad (2015). Nursing Shortage in Pakistan: A Growing Challenge for the Healthcare System of the Country. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3626

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The Effect of Breast Milk Odor on First Breast Feeding Time and Weight Gain in Premature Infants

Batool Pouraboli* , Atefeh Shamsi**, Sedigheh Iranmanesh***

*-**-*** Research Scholar, Department of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Aboli, B.P., Shamsi, A., and Iranmanesh, S. (2015). The Effect of Breast Milk Odor on First Breast Feeding Time and Weight Gain in Premature Infants. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3627

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Influence of Educational Environment on Academic Performance of Nursing Students

Maxie Martis* , Rubiya I Shekh**, Thankamma M.S***

* Associate Professor, St. Ignatius Institute of Nursing Sciences, Honavar, India. ** Assistant Lecturer, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India. *** Principal, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India.

Andrade, M., Shekh, R.I., and Thankamma, M.S. (2015). Influence of Educational Environment on Academic Performance of Nursing Students. i-manager’s Journal on Nursing, 5(3), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jnur.5.3.3636

Abstract

References

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* Vice Principal, New Life School of Nursing, Karachi, Pakistan.

** Registered Nurse, Department of Cardiology Medicine-inpatient, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Nighat Karim* , Kausar Karim, Mehreen Nizar Ali*, Saba Kabani**, Kiran Nawaz*, Anita Sultan****

Batool Pouraboli* , Atefeh Shamsi, Sedigheh Iranmanesh*

-- Research Scholar, Department of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Maxie Martis* , Rubiya I Shekh, Thankamma M.S*

* Associate Professor, St. Ignatius Institute of Nursing Sciences, Honavar, India.

Assistant Lecturer, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India.

* Principal, St. Ignatius Institute of Health Sciences, Honavar, India.