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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 2

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Volume 7 Issue 2 February - April 2018

Research Paper

Cognitive Radio Simulator for Mobile Networks: Design and Implementation

Pablo Palacios* , Alberto Castro **

*-** Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Palacios, P., and Castro, A. (2018). Cognitive Radio Simulator for Mobile Networks: Design and Implementation. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/JCS.7.2.14441

Abstract

In this work methods and mathematical algorithms applied to the Cognitive Radio (CR) technology are tested through the development of a CR simulator applied to WiFi and Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile wireless networks, structured with each of the four stages of a system CR, using mathematical tools evaluated in previous works individually. The implementation of the CR simulator jointly adapts to different algorithms, which are: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Coalition Game Theory and Handoff of technologies by Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The Network Simulator 3 software (NS-3) is used as an environment for the development and execution of a heterogeneous cognitive network based on the created simulator. Results are obtained, numerical data shown in files for the SVD methods, coalition game and RSSI, these allow to evaluate their performance comparing them with other theoretical CR algorithms. Validations and comparisons of the detection stage are shown for functional verification of the simulator.

References

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[2]. Crow, B. P., Widjaja, I., Kim, J. G., & Sakai, P. T. (1997). IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(9), 116-126.

[3]. Fahim, M. F., & Raeen, M. S. (2012). SVD detection for cognitive radio network based on average of maximumminimum of the ICDF. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research, 2(3), 182-187.

[4]. Held, L., & Sabanés Bové, D. (2014). Applied Statistical Inference. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.

[5]. Kalil, I. M. (2011). Cognitive radio The IEEE 802.22 standard. Integrated Communication Systems, 15.

rd [6]. Laine, L. (2011). Performance Management of 3 Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (Master's Thesis, Aalto University).

[7]. Mitola, J. (2009). Cognitive radio architecture evolution. Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(4), 626-641.

[8]. Nahas, M., Mjalled, M., Zohbi, Z., Merhi, Z., & Ghantous, M. (2013). Enhancing lte-wifi interoperability using context aware criteria for handover decision. In t h Microelectronics (ICM), 2013 25 International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

[9]. Ni, Q., Zhu, R., Wu, Z., Sun, Y., Zhou, L., & Zhou, B. (2013). Spectrum Allocation Based on Game Theory in Cognitive Radio Networks. JNW, 8(3), 712-722.

[10]. Omar, M. H., Hassan, S., & Nor, S. A. (2011). Eigenvalue-based signal detectors performance th comparison. In Communications (APCC), 2011 17 Asia- Pacific Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[11]. Palacios, P., Castro, A., Azurdia-Meza, C., & Estevez, C. (2017). SVD detection analysis in cognitive mobile radio networks. In Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), 2017 Ninth International Conference on (pp. 222-224). IEEE.

[12]. R Development Core Team. (2011). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

[13]. Ramírez, I. C., Barrera, C. J., & Correa, J. C. (2013). Efecto del tamaño de muestra y el número de réplicas bootstrap. Ingeniería y Competitividad, 15(1), 93-101.

[14]. Rentería, J. H. A., & Cadavid, A. N. (2011). Radio cognitiva–Estado del arte. Sistemas & Telemática, 9(16), 31-53.

[15]. Saad, W., Han, Z., Debbah, M., Hjorungnes, A., & Basar, T. (2009). Coalitional games for distributed collaborative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In INFOCOM 2009, IEEE (pp. 2114-2122). IEEE.

[16]. Spillner, A., Linz, T., & Schaefer, H. (2014). Software testing foundations: A study guide for the certified tester exam. Rocky Nook, Inc.

[17]. Urquía Moraleda, A., & Abarca Junco, A. P. (2013). Modelado y simulación de eventos discretos. Alfonso Urquía Moraleda / Carla Martín Villalba.

[18].Wang, T., Song, L., Han, Z., & Saad, W. (2013). Overlapping coalitional games for collaborative sensing in cognitive radio networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2013 IEEE (pp. 4118- 4123). IEEE.

[19]. Yawada, P. S., & Wei, A. J. (2016). Cyclostationary Detection based on Non-cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio network. In Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), 2016 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 184-187). IEEE.

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Research Paper

Design of An Improved Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure

Dubey Suhmita Umeshkumar* , S. Sivanagaraju**

*M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Umeshkumar, D., and Kumar, M. (2018). Design of an Improved Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14438

Abstract

The paper depicts the filter design for millimeter wave range using defected ground structure (DGS) technique. DGS is mainly used for reduction in size of filter design resulting in compactness of model with enhanced efficiency to cope with the latest technological demands. Designs with DGS provides improvements in the optical and millimeter devices. The simulations are carried using HFSS V13. The design is carried out on RT/ Duroid 6002 with loss tangent (tan δ) 0.0012 with outcomes as return loss of more than 27dB and insertion loss near to 1dB. It also provides better selectivity to avoid spurious signals and higher fractional bandwidth. The proposed design is used for the application of automobiles, sensors, communication etc.

References

[1]. Abdel-Rahman, A., Ali, A. R., Amari, S., & Omar, A. S. (2005). Compact bandpass filters using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) coupled resonators. In Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005 IEEE MTT-S International (pp. 1479- 1482).

[2]. Ahn, D., Park, J. S., Kim, C. S., Kim, J., Qian, Y., & Itoh, T. (2001). A design of the low-pass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49(1), 86-93.

[3]. Arya, A. K., Kartikeyan, M. V., & Patnaik, A. (2008). Efficiency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure. In Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications, 2008. MICROWAVE 2008. International Conference on (pp. 729-731). IEEE.

[4]. Arya, A. K., Kartikeyan, M. V., & Patnaik, A. (2010). Defected ground structure in the perspective of microstrip antennas: A review. Frequenz, 64(5-6), 79-84.

[5]. El-Shaarawy, H. B., Coccetti, F., Plana, R., El Said, M., & Hashish, E. A. (2008). Compact bandpass ring resonator filter with enhanced wide-band rejection characteristics using defected ground structures. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 18(8), 500-502.

[6]. Hao, Z. C., Hong, J. S., Parry, J. P., & Hand, D. P. (2009). Ultra-wideband bandpass filter with multiple notch bands using nonuniform periodical slotted ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 57(12), 3080-3088.

[7]. Kim, C. S., Park, J. S., Ahn, D., & Lim, J. B. (2000). A novel 1-D periodic defected ground structure for planar circuits. IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 10(4), 131-133.

[8]. Kumar, A., & Kartikeyan, M. V. (2013). A Design of a Terahertz Microstrip Bandstop filter with Defected Ground Structure. Active and Passive Electronic Components, 2013.

[9]. Kumar, A., & Kartikeyan, M. V. (2017). Design and realization of microstrip filters with new Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 20(2), 679-686.

[10]. Kumar, A., Malik, J., & Kartikeyan, M. V. (2013). A Comparative study of microstrip bandstop filters loaded with various dumbbell-shaped defected Ground Structures. International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology, 8(2), 53-60.

[11]. Lai, X., Liang, C. H., Di, H., & Wu, B. (2010). Design of triband filter based on stub loaded resonator and DGS resonator. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 20(5), 265-267.

[12]. Lee, J. K., & Kim, Y. S. (2010). Ultra-wideband bandpass filter with improved upper stopband performance using defected ground structure. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 20(6), 316- 318.

[13]. Lin, W. J., Houng, M. P., Lin, D. B., & Tang, I. T. (2010). Investigation in open circuited metal lines embedded in defected ground structure and its applications to UWB filters. In Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), 2010 IEEE 11 Annual (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

[14]. Mbairi, F. D., & Hesselbom, H. (2009). Microwave bandstop filters using novel artificial periodic substrate electromagnetic band gap structures. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 32(2), 273- 282.

[15]. Microwave Office. (2009). Appl. Wave Res. (AWR), EL Segundo, CA .

[16]. Mohra, A. S. (2011). Microstrip low pass filter with wideband rejection using opened circuit stubs and Z?slots Defected Ground Structures. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 53(4), 811-815.

[17]. Song, Q. Y., Cheng, H. R., Wang, X. H., Xu, L., Chen, X. Q., & Shi, X. W. (2009). Novel wideband bandpass filter integrating HMSIW with DGS. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 23(14-15), 2031-2040.

[18]. Sonnet Lite. (2013). EM User's Manual, Ver. 13. NY.

[19]. Wang, L., & Guan, B. R. (2011). Compact dual-mode DGS resonators and filters. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 25, 47-55.

[20]. Weng, L. H., Guo, Y. C., Shi, X. W., & Chen, X. Q. (2008). An overview on defected ground structure. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 7, 173-189.

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Research Paper

An Octagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna with Quadruple Band Notched Characteristics for UWB Applications

KM Jyoti Singh* , Rajan Mishra**

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

Singh, J., and Mishra, R. (2018). An Octagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With Quadruple Band Notched Characteristics for UWB Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14439

Abstract

In this proposed paper, an octagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna with frequency band stop performance is designed for UWB applications. The scheduled antenna consists of one L slot and one I slot onto the radiation patch and ground plane is modified by cutting two rectangular slots into it. By etching the slots from the radiation patch and from ground plane, quadruple band notched properties in the WLAN band (5.2-5.8 GHz), WiMAX band (3.5-5.5 GHz), National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) (5.15 to 5.825 GHz) and C band (4 GHz) are obtained. The scheduled antenna has a suitable size of 19*16.5 mm2 and operates from 2.83 to 10.72 GHz with considerable applications X band (8-12 GHz), upper S band (2-4 GHz), RFID (6.6-7.1GHz) and ITU uplink satellite communication band (8.1-8.4 GHz). We get better return loss, antenna efficiency, VSWR and radiation patterns by doing the simulation.

References

[1]. Chao, Y. L., & Scholtz, R. A. (2005). Ultra-wideband transmitted reference systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 54(5), 1556-1569.

[2]. Chen, Z. N., Wu, X. H., Li, H. F., Yang, N., & Chia, M. Y. W. (2004). Considerations for source pulses and antennas in UWB radio systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 52(7), 1739-1748.

[3]. Gao, P., Xiong, L., Dai, J., He, S., & Zheng, Y. (2013). Compact printed wide-slot UWB antenna with 3.5/5.5-GHz dual band-notched characteristics. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 983-986.

[4]. Jung, J., Choi, W., & Choi, J. (2005). A small wideband microstrip-fed monopole antenna. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 15(10), 703-705.

[5]. Lawas, P., & Kajla, A. (2015). An ultra-wide band antenna design with two inverted L slots for U-NII band rejection. In Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 424-427). IEEE.

[6]. Mehranpour, M., Nourinia, J., Ghobadi, C., & Ojaroudi, M. (2012). Dual band-notched square monopole antenna for ultrawideband applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 172-175.

[7]. Mewara, H. S., Sharma, M., Sharma, M. M., & Dadhich, A. (2014). A novel ultra-wide band antenna design using notches and stairs. In Signal Propagation and Computer Technology (ICSPCT), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 425-429). IEEE.

[8]. Mishra, R., & Tripathi, V. S. (2017). A compact circular disc shaped monopole antenna for UWB applications. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(12), 3049-3053.

[9]. Nor, M. Z. M., Rahim, S. K. A., Sabran, M. I., Soh, P. J., & Vandenbosch, G. A. E. (2013). Dual-band, switchedbeam, reconfigurable antenna for WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 1500-1503.

[10]. Ojaroudi, M., Yazdanifard, S., Ojaroudi, N., & Sadeghzadeh, R. A. (2011). Band-notched small squarering antenna with a pair of T-shaped strips protruded inside the square ring for UWB applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 227-230.

[11]. Ojaroudi, N., & Ojaroudi, M. (2013). Novel design of dual band-notched monopole antenna with bandwidth enhancement for UWB applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 698-701.

[12]. Rakhi, S. T., & Thakur, M. S. (2014). Performance analysis of different shapes patch antennas at 2.45 GHz. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 3(9), 83-86.

[13]. Schantz, H. G. (2001). Ultra wideband technology gains a boost from new antennas. Antenna Systems and Technology, 4(1).

[14]. Sharma, A., & Sharma, M. M. (2016). An UWB antenna design with dual band notched characteristic using Ushaped slots. In Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 470-473). IEEE.

[15]. Zaker, R., Ghobadi, C., & Nourinia, J. (2007). A modified microstrip-FED two-step tapered monopole antenna for UWB and WLAN applications. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 77, 137-148.

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Research Paper

Various Schemes of set up for Microwave Photonic Filter and its Application

Chotaliya Ankitaben G* , Usha Neelkantan**

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

** Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

Ankitaben G, C., and Neelkantan, U. (2018). Various Schemes of Set Up For Microwave Photonic Filter and Its Application. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14437

Abstract

Now a days, the interface between microwave engineering and photonic technology is used in the field of communication and these new interdisciplinary is known as Microwave Photonics (MWP).Microwave photonic filters are photonic subsystems designed with the aim of carrying equivalent tasks to those of an ordinary microwave filter within a radio frequency (RF) system or link.It is well known that in order to satisfy the accelerating demands in communication systems, the integration of optical network and wireless radio is a promising solution. The exceptional qualities of optical fiber as a transmission medium for the success of optical communications is one of the prime motivation for the study and analysis of microwave photonic filter.This paper describes various set up for Microwve Photonic Filter (MPF) and its application. We investigate all possible set up for MPF and its frequency response and also analyse spectrum of the laser source used.

References

[1]. Atmel Corporation. Retrieved from http://datasheet. com/AT86RF211SDKAtmel-datasheet-129101.pdf

[2]. Bracewell, R. N. (2014). The Fourier Transform and Its Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, Third Edition.

[3]. Capmany, J., Pastor, D., & Ortega, B. (1999). New and flexible fiber-optic delay-line filters using chirped Bragg gratings and laser arrays. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 47(7), 1321-1326.

[4]. Capmany, J., Pastor, D., Ortega, B., & Sales, S. (2004). Measurement issues in microwave photonics. In Optical Fiber Measurements, 2004. Technical Digest: Symposium on (pp. 131-136). IEEE.

[5]. Correa-Mena, A. G., Zaldívar-Huerta, I. E., Abril- García, J. H., García-Juárez, A., & García-Delgado, L. A. (2016). Transmission of a wireless signal by using a microwave photonic filter through an optical link. In Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM), IEEE (pp. 1- 3). IEEE.

[6]. Feng, X., Lu, C., Tam, H. Y., & Wai, P. K. A. (2007). Reconfigurable microwave photonic filter using multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 19(17), 1334-1336.

[7]. Fong, T. K., Sabido, D. J. M., Tabara, M., & Kazovsky, L. G. (1993). Coherent analog optical links: Design, performance and potential applications. In Global Telecommunications Conference, 1993, including a Communications Theory Mini-Conference. Technical Program Conference Record, IEEE in Houston. GLOBECOM'93, IEEE (pp. 1886-1890). IEEE.

[8]. Keiser, G. (2008) Optical Fiber Communications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

[9]. Lezekiel, S. (Ed.). (2009). Microwave Photonics: Devices and Applications (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.

[10]. Loh, K. K., Yeo, K. S., Shee, Y. G., Adikan, F. R. M., & Mahdi, M. A. (2015). Microwave photonic filter using multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 27(1), 65-68.

[11]. Zaldivar-Huerta, I. E., García-Juárez, A., Hernández- Nava, P., & Rodríguez-Asomoza, J. (2013). Experimental transmission in a fiber-radio system using a microwave photonic filter at 2.8 GHz. IEICE Electronics Express, 10(3), 1-10.

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Research Paper

Achievable uplink capacity with linear detectors and Trade-off Between Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency for Massive MIMO system

Maharshi K. Bhatt* , Bhavin S. Sedani, K. R. Parmar*

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India

-* Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

Bhatt, M. K., Sedani, B. S., and Parmar, K. R. (2018). Achievable Uplink Capacity with Linear Detectors and Trade Off Between Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency for Massive Mimo System. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14440

Abstract

This paper performs analysis of massive MIMO system having large number of base station antennas N and user terminals K with uplink and downlink of Time Divison Duplexing system. In this system model pathloss, pilot contamination and antenna correlation for each link is considered. In this work, estimation of achievable rates with several linear detectors like MF (Matched filter) and MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) are done. We simulated achievable rate versus number of base station antenna N for MF and MMSE. We observed that performance of MMSE detector is superior in terms of achievable rate compared to MF detector in massive MIMO system. Second, we analyze spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of massive MIMO system with imperfect CSI (Channel State Information measured from uplink pilots). In this analysis we have used MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) detector and derived spectral efficiency and energy efficiency for different values of transmitted power. From simulation we can observe that as we increase transmitted power, spectral efficiency increased but at the cost of energy efficiency. So there is always trade off between spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. We also observed from simulation that as we increase number of base station antenna trade off curve shifts upwards.

References

[1]. Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press.

[2]. Hoydis, J., Ten Brink, S., & Debbah, M. (2013). Massive MIMO in the UL/DL of cellular networks: How many antennas do we need? IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(2), 160-171.

[3]. Liu, Z., Wu, J., & Fan, P. (2014). On the uplink capacity of high speed railway communications with massive MIMO systems. In Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2014 IEEE 79th(pp. 1-5). IEEE.

[4]. Marzetta, T. L. (2010). Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(11), 3590- 3600.

[5]. Marzetta, T. L. (2015). Massive MIMO: An introduction. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 20, 11-22.

[6]. Ngo, H. Q., Larsson, E. G., & Marzetta, T. L. (2013). Energy and spectral efficiency of very large multiuser MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 61(4), 1436-1449.

[7]. Rayi, P., Prasad, M. V. S., & Reddy, C. R. (2016). Capacity enhancement of downlink massive MIMO systems with spatial channel correlation. In Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), International Conference on (Vol. 3, pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[8]. Sun, Y., Wang, J., He, L., & Song, J. (2017). Spectral efficiency analysis for spatial modulation in massive MIMO uplink over dispersive channels. In Communications (ICC), 2017 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

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Research Paper

Analysing work tour motifs from GPS Trajectory Data

Jenniffer Joy J* , Dr. Vijaya Samundeeswari**

* Student, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Joy, J. J., and Samundeeswari, V. (2018). Analysing Work Tour Motifs from GPS Trajectory Data. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14442

Abstract

With the objective of gettinga deep insight about the trajectory path and various utilization of GPS trajectory data, a literature review is done on the motifs that can be possibly obtained from the trajectory path. This paper defines one of such ways to model a work tour motif based on the mobility pattern of user’s daily trip from the GPS trajectory path. The segmented trajectory helps in modelling the motif by considering the stay points as motif nodes. By forming such motifs and considering it as a real-world object, various other applications of these data can be coined, which brings out the data from its confinement into a highly influential real-world object. This data analytics can be used to make tracking much easier in traffic synchronizations, forensic case investigations and in various other fields, with the objective of bringing ease of life in each person’s travel routines and reduce the rate of crimes scene happening at thickly populated area.

References

1]. Cheung, V., & Cannons, K. (2003). An Introduction to Probabilistic Neural Networks. Signal & Data Compression Laboratory, Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

[2]. David, K. (2005). A Brief Introduction to Neural Networks. Retrieved from http://www.dkriesel.com/_media/science/ neuronalenetze-en-zeta2-2col-dkrieselcom.pdf

[3]. Jiang, S., Ferreir, J., & Gonzalez, M. C. (2012). Clustering daily patterns of human activities in the city. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 25(3), 478-510.

[4]. Jiang, S., Ferreir, J., & Gonzalez, M. C. ( 2017). Activitybased human mobility patterns inferred phone data: A case study on Singapore, IEEE Transactions on Big Data, 3(2), 208-219.

[5]. Jiang, S., Fiore, G. A., Yang, Y., Ferreira Jr, J., Frazzoli, E., & González, M. C. (2013, August). A review of urban computing for mobile phone traces: Current methods, nd challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2 ACM SIGKDD International Workshop on Urban Computing (p. 2). ACM.

[6]. Schneider, C. M., Belik, V., Couronné, T., Smoreda, Z., & González, M. C. (2013). Unravelling daily human mobility motifs. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 10(84). DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0246.

[7]. T. R. Board, (2015). Activity-Based Travel Demand Models: A Primer. TRB Publications.

[8]. Xu, X. (1990). RT-tree: An improved R-tree index th structure for spatiotemporal databases. In Proc. of the 4 Intl. Symposium on Spatial Data Handling.

[9]. Zheng, Y. (2015). Trajectory data mining: An overview. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST), 6(3).

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Research Paper

Performance Evaluation of DSR, AODV, OLSR, and ZRP Protocols in Zigbee

Gurpreet Singh* , Mandeep Kaur, Kuldeep Kaur*

*-*** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Regional Campus, Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala, India.

Singh, G., Kaur, M., and Kaur, K. (2018). Performance Evaluation of DSR, AODV, OLSR AND ZRP Protocols in ZIGBEE. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14443

Abstract

ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level protocols applied to create personal area networks with little, low-power radios, for instance for house automation, medical product knowledge variety and different low-power, low-bandwidth wants for little range jobs which require instant connection.The main focus of this paper is on measuring the performance of ZigBee network. For this purpose, various protocols such as DSR, AODV, OLSR and ZRP have been used along with Netsim Simulator. Theperformanceis analyzed by taking various parameters such as Throughput (Mbps), Delay (Microseconds), Packet Transmitted with the help of routing protocols have been proposed like DSR, OLSR, AODV, ZRP toimprove the routing protocol performance and reliability.

References

[1]. Dynamic Source Routing. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Source_ Routing

[2]. NetSim. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://www.tetcos.com/

[3]. Obaid, T., Rashed, H., Abou-Elnour, A., Rehan, M., Saleh, M. M., & Tarique, M. (2014). ZigBee Technology and its application in Wireless Home Automation systems: A survey. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications, 6(4), 115-131.

[4]. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Optimized_Link_State_Routing_Protocol

[5]. Paul, H., & Sarkar, P. (2013). A study and comparison of OLSR, AODV, and ZRP routing protocols in adhoc networks. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 1-5.

[6]. Paulus, R., Philip, P. C., Tiwari, M. K., & Kumar, A. (2013). Comparative study of DSR, OLSR, and ZRP in MANET under varying pause time and packet transmission rate. International Journal of Computer Applications, 75(5), 45- 49.

[7]. Singh, G., & Kapoor, I. V. (2017). Performance Evaluation of ZIGBEE Routing Protocols Using NETSIM Simulator. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(3), 852-855.

[8]. Singh, G., Bhardwaj, R., Singh, K., & Mehla, S. (2012). ZIGBEE: A Review, International Journal of Computer Science and Technology, IJCST, 3(1), 328-331.

[9]. Zigbee. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee

[10]. Zone Routing Protocol. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_Routing_Protocol

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Research Paper

Analysis and Comparison of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas with Omni-Directional Slotted Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

Dr.Narinder* , Snehdeep Singh, Dr. Vipul Sharma*

* Professor and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar, India.

PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar, India.

* Associate Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India.

Sharma, N., Sandhu, S., and Sharma, V. (2018). Analysis And Comparison Of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas With Omni-Directional Slotted Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14105

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison of rectangular microstrip patch antennas with omnidirectional antenna. It has been observed that different types of designing techniques are employed in existing antennas to achieve desired frequency band of operation. In this proposed work slotted patch with partial ground plane is designed to achieve wideband characteristics. Proposed antenna exhibits the bandwidth of 942MHz and 1194MHz at a frequency of 2.45GHz and 7.52GHz with a gain of 3.87dB and 4.67dB respectively. The higher value of bandwidth and gain makes the proposed antenna a good candidate among the existing antennas presented in this paper. Antennas are analyzed and observed using HFSS V13 software and designed on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6mm.

References

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[2]. Bernety, H. M., Gholami, R., Zakeri, B., & Rostamian, M. (2013). Linear antenna array design for UWB radar. In Radar Conference (RADAR), 2013 IEEE (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

[3]. Chang, D. C., & Zheng, J. X. (1991). A wide-band microstrip antenna using two triangular patches. In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1991. AP-S. Digest (pp. 72-75). IEEE.

[4]. Chang, T. N., & Lin, J. M. (2011). Enhanced return-loss and flat-gain bandwidths for microstrip patch antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 59(11), 4322-4325.

[5]. Constantine, A. B. (2005). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. Microstrip Antennas, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons.

[6]. Hammerstad, E. O. (1975). Equations for microstrip th circuit design. In Microwave Conference, 1975. 5 European (pp. 268-272). IEEE.

[7]. Jayasinghe, J. W., Anguera, J., & Uduwawala, D. N. (2013). A high-directivity microstrip patch antenna design by using genetic algorithm optimization. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 37, 131-144.

[8]. Karade, A. R., & Zade, P. L. (2015). A miniaturized rectangular microstrip patch antenna using SSRR for WLAN applications. In Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1002- 1004). IEEE.

[9]. Kumar, S. M. and Mishra, R. (2016). A compact UWB Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX, WLAN and Amateur Radio. imanager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 5(3), 15-20.

[10]. Kumar, S., Sharma, A., Kanaujia, B. K., Khandelwal, M. K., & Gautam, A. K. (2016). Dual-band stacked circularly polarized microstrip antenna for S and C band applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 8(8), 1215-1222.

[11]. Kumar, V. L., Satyanarayana, M., & Sridevi, P. V. (2014). Micro strip fractal linear array for multiband applications. In Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (I mCACCCT), 2014 International Conference on (pp. 1818-1822). IEEE. .

[12]. Maurya, B. K., Kumar, M. (2017). Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-Band application using Defected Ground Structure. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 6(4), 24-28. https://doi.org/ 10.26634/jcs.6.4.13806.

[ 1 3 ] . S a t t h a m s a k u l , S . , A n a n t r a s i r i c h a i , N . , Benjangkaprasert, C., & Wakabayashi, T. (2008). Rectangular patch antenna with inset feed and modified ground-plane for wideband antenna. In SICE Annual Conference, 2008 (pp. 3400-3403). IEEE.

[14]. Sharma, N., & Sharma, V. (2016). An optimal design of fractal antenna using modified sierpinski carpet geometry for wireless applications. In International Conference on Smart Trends for Information Technology and Computer Communications (pp. 400-407). Springer, Singapore.

[15]. Sharma, N., & Sharma, V. (2017). A Journey of Antenna from Dipole to Fractal: A Review. Journal of Engineering Technology, 6(2), 317-351.

[16]. Sharma, N., Kaur, R., & Sharma, V. (2016). Analysis and design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using fractal technique for multiband wireless applications. In Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (ICMETE), 2016 International Conference on (pp. 55-60). IEEE

[17]. Shukla, S., & Shivam (2018). Design of a symmetrical C shaped microstrip patch antenna with rectangular ground slot for WLAN and WIMAX applications. i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems,7(1),12-15. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.1.13958

[18]. Vaughan, M. J., Hur, K. Y., & Compton, R. C. (1994). Improvement of microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 42(6), 882-885.

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

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Volume 7 Issue 2 February - April 2018

Pablo Palacios* , Alberto Castro **

*-** Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Palacios, P., and Castro, A. (2018). Cognitive Radio Simulator for Mobile Networks: Design and Implementation. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.26634/JCS.7.2.14441

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Dubey Suhmita Umeshkumar* , S. Sivanagaraju**

Umeshkumar, D., and Kumar, M. (2018). Design of an Improved Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14438

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KM Jyoti Singh* , Rajan Mishra**

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

Singh, J., and Mishra, R. (2018). An Octagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna With Quadruple Band Notched Characteristics for UWB Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14439

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Chotaliya Ankitaben G* , Usha Neelkantan**

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India. ** Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

Ankitaben G, C., and Neelkantan, U. (2018). Various Schemes of Set Up For Microwave Photonic Filter and Its Application. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14437

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Maharshi K. Bhatt* , Bhavin S. Sedani**, K. R. Parmar***

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India **-*** Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

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Jenniffer Joy J* , Dr. Vijaya Samundeeswari**

* Student, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Joy, J. J., and Samundeeswari, V. (2018). Analysing Work Tour Motifs from GPS Trajectory Data. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14442

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Gurpreet Singh* , Mandeep Kaur**, Kuldeep Kaur***

*-*** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Regional Campus, Sultanpur Lodhi, Kapurthala, India.

Singh, G., Kaur, M., and Kaur, K. (2018). Performance Evaluation of DSR, AODV, OLSR AND ZRP Protocols in ZIGBEE. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14443

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Dr.Narinder* , Snehdeep Singh**, Dr. Vipul Sharma***

Sharma, N., Sandhu, S., and Sharma, V. (2018). Analysis And Comparison Of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas With Omni-Directional Slotted Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 7(2), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.2.14105

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* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India.

* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

** Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

Maharshi K. Bhatt* , Bhavin S. Sedani, K. R. Parmar*

* PG Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India

-* Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India.

* Student, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Women's Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Gurpreet Singh* , Mandeep Kaur, Kuldeep Kaur*

Dr.Narinder* , Snehdeep Singh, Dr. Vipul Sharma*