i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 2

Most Cited

Volume 2 Issue 4 August - October 2013

Research Paper

Analysis on Modified Booth 2n -1 Multipliers

Shalini* , P. Sampath**

* Research Scholar, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam.

** Associate Professor, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam.

Shalini, R. V., and Sampath, P. (2013). Analysis On Modified Booth 2n-1 Multipliers. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2472

Abstract

2 -1 is one of the commonly used moduli in Residue Number Systems. In this paper the power analysis on Radix-4 8-bit modified booth multiplier is made considering different parallel prefix adder structures. The technology used for the design of multiplier is 0.35μm CMOS technology. The parallel prefix adder structures that are included for the analysis are Kogge Stone adder, Brent Kung adder, Ladner Fischer adder etc. The analysis is made based on the power consumption made by the circuit and the total number of components (in terms of basic gates includes AND, OR and NOT) used for the design. It is found that multiplier structure with Ladner Fischer adder turn out to provide a better design with reduced power and basic gates required compared to other multiplier designs.

References

[1]. Soderstrand, M. A., et al.(1986). Residue Number System Arithmetic: Modern Applications in Digital Signal Processing. IEEE Press.

[2]. Paliouras, V., and Stouraitis, T. (1999). Novel High-Radix Residue Number System Multipliers and Adders, Proc. IEEE Int'l Symp. Circuits and Systems. 451-454.

[3]. Wang, Y., et al. (2002). Adder Based Residue to Binary Number Converters for {2ⁿ - 1,2ⁿ, 2ⁿ +1}, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing. 50(7), 1772-1779.

[4]. Wang, W., et al. (2000). A High-Speed Residue-to-Binary Converter for Three- Moduli {2^k, 2^k - 1; 2^k-1- 1}RNS and a Scheme for Its VLSI Implementation, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems II. 47(12), 1576-1581.

[5]. Skavantzos, A., and Rao, B. P.(1992). New Multipliers Modulo 2ⁿ -1, IEEE Trans. Computers, 41(8), 957-961.

[6]. Wang, Z., Jullien, G. A., and Miller, W. C. (1997). An Algorithm for Multiplication Modulo {2ⁿ - 1}, Proc. 39th Midwest Symp. Circuits and Systems. 1301- 1304.

[7]. Efstathiou, C., Vergos, H. T., and Nikolos, D. (2004). Modified Booth modulo 2ⁿ-1 multipliers, IEEE Trans. Comput. 53(3), 370–374.

[8 ]. Efstathiou, C., Nikolos, D., and Kalamatianos, J. (1994). Area-Time Efficient Modulo 2ⁿ-1 Adder Design, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems II, 41(7), 463-467.

[9]. Zimmerman, R. (1999). Efficient VLSI Implementation of Modulo {2ⁿ ± 1} Addition and Multiplication, Proc. 14th IEEE Symp. Computer Arithmetic, 158-167.

[10]. Kalampoukas, L., et al., (2000). High-Speed Parallel-Prefix Modulo 2ⁿ - 1 Adders, IEEE Trans. on Computers. 49(7), 673–680.

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Research Paper

Enhancing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network using Cluster Based Approach

Punitha N.* , S. Anandamurugan**

* M.E Student, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Punitha, N. and Anandamurugan, S. (2013). Enhancing The Lifetime Of Wireless Sensor Network Using Cluster Based Approach. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2473

Abstract

The utilization of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to a full extend is limited by the limited energy constraints of the individual sensor nodes. Large part of the research in WSNs focuses on the development of energy efficient routing protocols. Energy usage is the determining factor in the performance of WSNs. Both the methods of data routing and transferring to the base station are very important because the sensor nodes run on battery power and the energy availability for each sensor node is limited. To maximize the lifetime of the sensor node, it is better to share the energy dissipated throughout the sensor network in order to reduce maintenance and enhance the overall system performance. The proposed Cluster based approach is combined with Ladder Diffusion (LD) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to reduce the power consumption and to solve the transmission routing problems in wireless sensor networks. The LD algorithm is employed to route paths for data relay and transmission in wireless sensor networks and it reduces power consumption and processing time to build the routing table. Moreover, to ensure the safety and reliability of data transmission, LD-ACO algorithm provides backup routes to avoid wasted power and processing time, when rebuilding the routing table in case part of sensor nodes are missing.

References

[1]. Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, (1999). “Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing”, in: Proceedings of IEEE WMCSA, pp. 90–100.

[2]. Elizabeth M. Royer&Chai KeongToh, (1999). “A review of current routing protocols for ad-hoc mobile networks”, IEEE Personal Communications, Vol.6, pp. 46–55.

[3]. Jiguo Yu, Yingying Qi, Guanghui Wang, XinGu, (2012). “A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with non-uniform node distribution”, Information Sciences, Vol.66, pp. 54-61.

[4]. Marco Dorigo, Luca Maria Gambardella, (1997). “Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem”, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Vol.1, pp. 53–66.

[5]. Marco Dorigo, Vittorio Maniezzo, Alberto Colorni, (2008). “The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents”, IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, Vol.26, pp. 29–41.

[6]. Hussaini, M., Bello-Salau, H., Salami, A.F.,(2012). “Enhanced Clustering Routing Protocol for Power-Efficient Gathering in Wireless Sensor Network”, International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security, Vol. 4, No. 1.

[7]. Rajiv Misra&Chittaranjan Mandal, (2006). “Ant-aggregation: ant colony algorithm for optimal data aggregation in wireless sensor networks”, IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, pp.56-71.

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Research Paper

Video Compression Standards for High Definition Video: A Comparative Study of High Efficiency Video Coding and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

Geethu Raj* , M.Kannan**

* PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode.

Raj, G. and Kannan, M. (2013). Video Compression Standards For High Definition Video: A Comparative Study Of High Efficiency Video Coding And H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4),14-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2474

Abstract

An increasing number of services and growing popularity of high definition videos are creating much more need for higher coding efficiency. The analysis of design and performance metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio and subjective quality test evaluate those HEVC encoders can achieve approximately 50% bit rate reduction than H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. The HEVC design is shown to be especially effective for low bit rates, high–resolution video content and low-delay communication applications. This paper also provides an overview and summarizes emerging studies on the coding features of H.262/MPEG-2 video, H.263, MPEG-4 visual.

References

[1]. G. J. Sullivan and J.-R. Ohm, (2010). “Recent developments in standardization of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC),” in Proc. 33rd SPIE Appl.Dig. Image Process. vol. 7798. Aug. 2010, pp. 7798–7830.

[2]. G. J. Sullivan, J.-R. Ohm, W.-J. Han, and T. Wiegand, (2012). “Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1648–1667, Dec. 2012.

[3]. B. Bross, W.-J. Han, J.-R. Ohm, G. J. Sullivan, and T. Wiegand, (2012). High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 9, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, document JCTVC-K1003, Shanghai, China, Oct. 2012.

[4]. B. G. Haskell, A. Puri, and A. N. Netravali, (2002). Digital Video: An Introduction to MPEG-2. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.

[5]. ITU-T,(2000). Video Coding for Low Bitrate Communication, ITU-T Rec. H.263, version 1, 1995, version 2, 1998, version 3.

[6]. ISO/IEC JTC 1, (2004). Coding of Audio-Visual Objects-Part 2: Visual, ISO/IEC 14496-2 (MPEG-4 Visual), version 1, 1999, version 2, 2000,version 3.

[7]. ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, (2012). Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (AVC), version 1, 2003, version 2, 2004, versions 3, 4, 2005, versions 5, 6,2006, versions 7, 8, 2007, versions 9, 10, 11, 2009, versions 12, 13, 2010, versions 14, 15, 2011, version 16, 2012.

[8]. T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjøntegaard, and A. Luthra, (2003). “Overviewof the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560–576.

[9]. T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz, A. Joch, F. Kossentini, and G. J. Sullivan, (2003). “Rate-constrained coder control and comparison of video coding standards,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp.688–703, Jul. 2003.

[10]. ITU-T, (1993). Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at p ×64 Kbit/s, ITU-TRec. H.261, version 1, 1990, version 2.

[11] ISO/IEC JTC 1, (1993). Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio forDigital Storage Media at up to About 1.5 Mbit/s—Part 2: Video, ISO/IEC 11172-2 (MPEG-1 Video).

[12]. S.-W. Wu and A. Gersho, (1993). “Enhanced video compression with standardized bitstream syntax,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Syst., Signal Process. Vol. I. Apr. 1993, pp. 103–106.

[13]. T. Wiegand, M. Lightstone, D. Mukherjee, T. G. Campbell, and S. K.Mitra, (1996).“Rate-distortion optimized mode selection for very low bit rate video coding and the emerging H.263 standard,” IEEE Trans. CircuitsSyst. Video Technol., Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 182–190.

[14]. G. J. Sullivan and R. L. Baker, (1991). “Rate-distortion optimized motion compensation for video compression using fixed or variable size blocks,” in Proc. GLOBECOM', Dec. 1991, pp. 85–90

[15]. S. Saponara, C. Blanch, K. Denolf, and J. Bormans, (2003). “The JVT Advanced Video Coding standard Complexity and performance analysis on a tool by-tool basis,” in Proc. Packet Video Workshop, Apr. et Video Workshop.

[16]. T. Wiegand and B. Andrews, (1998). An Improved H.263 Coder Using Rate- Distortion Optimization, document Q15-D-13, VCEG, and Mar. 1998.

[17]. B. Li, G. J. Sullivan, and J. Xu, (2012). “Compression performance of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) working draft 4,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Circuits Syst., May 2012, pp. 886–889.

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Research Paper

Performance Analysis of Passive Time Reversal in AWGNChannel and Underwater Acoustic Channel

krishnamoorthy raghavan* , C.D Suriyakala**

* Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai .

** Professor, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Arakkunnam, Ernakulam, Kerala.

Krishnamoorthy, N. R., and Suriyakala, C. D. (2013). Performance Analysis of Passive Time Reversal In AWGN Channel And Underwater Acoustic Channel. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2475

Abstract

The acoustic channel differs from radio channels in many aspects. Two fundamental mechanisms of multipath formations are reflection of the boundaries and ray bending. So the acoustic channels may have extremely long multipath spreads. In addition, the acoustic signals are subjected to temporal and spatial varying multipath channel, which may result in severe Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) for Underwater Acoustic Communication (UAC). These characteristics restrict the range and bandwidth for reliable communications and lead a low data transfer rate. In order to mitigate the ISI, Time Reversal Technique is introduced. The Bit Error Rate (BER) is calculated for UAC and AWGN for different modulation technique.

References

[1]. Arnaud Jarrot, et al, (2005). Denoising Underwater Signals Propagating Through Multi–path Channels, Oceans 2005, Europe, 1, 501–506.

[2]. Abdollah Doosti Aref, et al, (2011). Design and Simulation of a Secure and Robust Underwater Acoustic Communication System in the Persian Gulf, Communications and Networks 2011, 3, 99-11.

[3]. Berkhovskikh L, and Lysanov Y, (1982). Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics, New York, Springer.

[4]. Mohite-Patil T. B, et al, (2010). Modeling of Acoustic Wave Absorption in Ocean, International Journal of Computer Applications, 9(12), 19-24.

[5]. Nejah Nasri, et al, (2008). Design Considerations For Wireless Underwater Communication Transceiver, International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, 1-5.

[6]. Proakis J. G, (1995). Digital Communications, 3rd Edition, MA McGraw Hill, Boston.

[7]. Thorp W. H, (1967). Analytic Description of the Low-Frequency Attenuation Coefficient, Acoustical Society of America Journal, 42, 270-270.

[8]. Xueli Sheng, et al, (2009). Study on Dummy Time Reversal Mirror Passive Localization based on Vertical array, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence, 3, 331 – 334.

[9]. Yin Jingwei and Wang Lei, (2008). Underwater Acoustic Wireless Multiuser Communication, 5th international conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 1-4.

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Research Paper

Improving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks using Duty-Cycling Scheme

V.Shanthini* , K.R.Prasanna Kumar**

* PG Scholar, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Shanthini, V. and Kumar, K. R. P. (2013). Improving Energy Efficiency In Wireless Sensor Networks Using Duty-Cycling Scheme. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2476

Abstract

In Wireless sensor networks, the node has limited battery power and it is not possible to recharge or to replace the batteries, therefore power consumption should be minimized so that overall network lifetime will be increased using Asynchronous Duty-cycling scheme. The proposed work is to employ a Efficient Multihop Broadcast Protocol for Asynchronous Duty-cycle (EMBA) which adopts forwarder's guidance and overhears the broadcast message and acknowledge it combined with Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR). A node can broadcast the messages with the guidance to neighbor nodes. With the guidance of the node, the broadcast message is forwarded to neighbor nodes using unicast transmission, and this will reduce redundant transmission and collision. Number of transmissions is reduced by overhearing of broadcast message and acknowledgement and it also minimize the active time of the node. EMBA with GPSR improves the energy efficiency in terms of both duty cycle and energy consumption.

References

[1]. Amre El-Hoiydi and Jean Dominique Decotignie (2004), 'WiseMAC: an ultra low power MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks', ALGOSENSORS, pp. 18–31.

[2]. Brad Karp, H. T. Kung , “GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks “, in Proc. of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000).

[3]. Dhananjay Lal, Arati Manjeshwar, F. Herrmann, E. Uysal-Biyikoglu, and A. Keshavarzian, “Measurement and characterization of link quality metrics in energy constrained wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. 2003 IEEE Globecom, pp. 446–4.

[4]. Joseph Polastre, Jason Hill, and David Culler (2004), 'Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks', ACM SenSys, pp. 95–107.

[5]. MichaleBuettner, Gary Yee, Eric Anderson, and Richard Han (2006), 'X-MAC: a short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks', ACM SenSys, pp. 307–320.

[6]. Su Du, Amit Kumar Saha, and David B. Johnson (2007), 'RMAC: a routing-enhanced duty-cycle MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks', IEEE INFOCOM, pp. 1478–1486.

[7]. Tijs VanDam and KoenLangendoen (2003), 'An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks', ACM SenSys, pp. 171–180.

[8]. We Ye, John Heidemann, and Deborah Estrin (2004), 'Medium access control with coordinated, adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks', IEEE/ACMTrans. Networking, Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 493–506.

[9]. Yanjun Sun, Omer Gurewitz, and David B. Johnson (2008), 'RI-MAC: a receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks', ACM SenSys, pp. 1–14.

[10]. Yanjun Sun, Omer Gurewitz, Su Du, Lel Tang, and David B. Johnson (2009), 'ADB: an efficient multihop broadcast protocol based on asynchronous duty-cycling in wireless sensor networks', ACM SenSys, publication page. 43–56.

i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 2

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 2 Issue 4 August - October 2013

Analysis on Modified Booth 2n -1 Multipliers

Shalini* , P. Sampath**

* Research Scholar, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam. ** Associate Professor, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam.

Shalini, R. V., and Sampath, P. (2013). Analysis On Modified Booth 2n-1 Multipliers. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2472

Abstract

References

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Enhancing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network using Cluster Based Approach

Punitha N.* , S. Anandamurugan**

* M.E Student, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Punitha, N. and Anandamurugan, S. (2013). Enhancing The Lifetime Of Wireless Sensor Network Using Cluster Based Approach. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2473

Abstract

References

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Video Compression Standards for High Definition Video: A Comparative Study of High Efficiency Video Coding and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

Geethu Raj* , M.Kannan**

* PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode. ** Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode.

Raj, G. and Kannan, M. (2013). Video Compression Standards For High Definition Video: A Comparative Study Of High Efficiency Video Coding And H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4),14-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2474

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Performance Analysis of Passive Time Reversal in AWGNChannel and Underwater Acoustic Channel

krishnamoorthy raghavan* , C.D Suriyakala**

* Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai . ** Professor, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Arakkunnam, Ernakulam, Kerala.

Krishnamoorthy, N. R., and Suriyakala, C. D. (2013). Performance Analysis of Passive Time Reversal In AWGN Channel And Underwater Acoustic Channel. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2475

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

Improving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks using Duty-Cycling Scheme

V.Shanthini* , K.R.Prasanna Kumar**

* PG Scholar, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

Shanthini, V. and Kumar, K. R. P. (2013). Improving Energy Efficiency In Wireless Sensor Networks Using Duty-Cycling Scheme. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 2(4), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.2.4.2476

Abstract

References

Full Article (HTML)

Pdf

* Research Scholar, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam.

** Associate Professor, ECE Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam.

* M.E Student, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

* PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Nandha College of Technology, Erode.

* Research Scholar, Sathyabama University, Chennai .

** Professor, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, Arakkunnam, Ernakulam, Kerala.

* PG Scholar, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.

** Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode.