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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 1

Most Cited

Volume 14 Issue 1 January - June 2025

Research Paper

Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Enhanced SAR Data Processing using FPGA

Srinivasulu P.* , Ajay Kumar Dharmireddy**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Srinivasulu, P., and Dharmireddy, A. K. (2025). Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Enhanced SAR Data Processing using FPGA. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21606

Abstract

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is known for its high computational demands, which complicates its use in real- time applications. This paper introduces the chirp-scaling algorithm (CSA) tailored for real-time SAR applications, leveraging advanced field programmable gate array (FPGA) processors. The algorithm employs range Doppler techniques to compress a generated chirp signal, with MATLAB used for validation purposes. To facilitate the computationally demanding tasks like Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and complex data multiplication, hardware acceleration is essential. Xilinx Vivado is employed to design and implement the required hardware acceleration on the Artix-7 FPGA board. The algorithm's performance has been evaluated through timing analysis and resource utilization. Results indicate reducing 12.4% LUT usage, 52.38% power consumption, significantly enhancing the algorithm's performance, while the speed of multiplication operations has been doubled due to with a modified Booth's algorithm.

References

[1]. Clemente, C., & Soraghan, J. J. (2012). Range Doppler and chirp scaling processing of synthetic aperture radar data using the fractional Fourier transform. IET Signal Processing, 6(5), 503-510.

[2]. Dettwiler, M. (1978). First Digitally Processed Image from a Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar.

[3]. Gao, Z., Yang, C., Xie, Y., Li, B., Chen, H., & Xie, Y. (2018). Design and implementation of a multi-channel space-borne SAR imaging system on Vivado HLS. IEICE Electronics Express, 15(10), 1-12.

[4]. Gierull, C. H., & Vachon, P. W. (2015). Foreword to the special issue on multichannel space-based SAR. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 8(11), 4995-4997.

[5]. Harikrishna, K., Rao, T. R., & Labay, V. A. (2009). An efficient FFT architecture for OFDM communication systems. In 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (pp. 449-452).

[6]. Jagdish, Kumar, S. A., Chakraborty, A., & Kumar, R. (2018). Validation of wind speed retrieval from RISAT-1 SAR images of the North Indian Ocean. Remote Sensing Letters, 9(5), 421-428.

[7]. Jakovljevic, M., Michaelides, R., Biondi, E., Herickhoff, C., Hyun, D., Zebker, H., & Dahl, J. (2020). Application of a range-doppler algorithm to frequency- domain beamforming of ultrasound signals. In 2020 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) (pp. 1-4).

[8]. Kumar, M. N., Narayana, K. L., & Dharmireddy, A. (2024). High performance approximate multiplier using reversible logic gates. Asian Journal for Convergence in Technology (AJCT) ISSN-2350-1146, 10(3), 1-5.

[9]. Lee, J., Jeong, D., Lee, S., Lee, M., Lee, W., & Jung, Y. (2023). FPGA implementation of the chirp-scaling algorithm for real-time synthetic aperture radar imaging. Sensors, 23(2), 959.

[10]. Liang, W., Li, C., Yang, S., Shi, Y., Luo, Z., & Qiu, R. (2023). A novel block focused omega-k algorithm for millimetre-wave radar imaging. In 2023 International Conference on Neuromorphic Computing (ICNC) (pp. 303-312).

[11]. Liu, Q., Cai, X. Y., Xu, M., & Cao, S. (2016). A phase difference detection method implementation based on DFT in multi-band SAR system. In 2nd Annual International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Information Science (EEEIS 2016) (pp. 307-315).

[12]. Mao, X., Zhu, D., & Zhu, Z. (2009). SAR signatures of moving target. In 2009 IET International Radar Conference (pp. 1-6).

[13]. Mewada, H. K., Patel, A. V., & Mahant, K. K. (2018). Concurrent design of active contour for image segmentation using Zynq ZC702. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 72, 631-643.

[14]. Mittermayer, J., & Moreira, A. (1997). Spotlight SAR processing using the extended chirp scaling algorithm. In IGARSS'97. 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings and Remote Sensing-A Scientific Vision for Sustainable Development, 4, 2021-2023.

[15]. Prasad, K. A., Ottinger, M., Wei, C., & Leinenkugel, P. (2019). Assessment of coastal aquaculture for India from Sentinel-1 SAR time series. Remote Sensing, 11(3), 357.

[16]. Prithvi, J. M., & Dharmireddy, A. (2013). Multitrack simulator implementation in FPGA for ESM system. International Journal of Electronics Signals and Systems (pp. 81-84).

[17]. Swathi, V., Dharmireddy, A. K., Kumar, M. R., Kumar, B. V., & Prasad, P. S. (2024). Suggestion of tablets with machine learning and IoT for women. i-manager's Journal on IoT and Smart Automation, 2(2), 13-20.

[18]. ul Azim, N., & Jun, W. (2016). FPGA based hardware optimized implementation of signal processing system for LFM pulsed radar. In Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies IV (pp. 506-514).

[19]. Wang, R., Loffeld, O., Nies, H., Knedlik, S., & Ender, J. H. (2008). Chirp-scaling algorithm for bistatic SAR data in the constant-offset configuration. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47(3), 952-964.

[20]. Wei, W., Zhu, D., & Wu, D. (2020). Wavenumber domain SAR imaging algorithm based on the principle of chirp scaling. In 2020 IEEE 11th Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM) (pp. 1-4).

[21]. Wiley, C. (1952). Goodyear Aircraft Corporation. Researchgate.

[22]. Yuan, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, S., & Zhao, H. (2017). A chirp scaling algorithm for forward-looking linear-array SAR with constant acceleration. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 15(1), 88-91.

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Research Paper

Performance Analysis of Enhanced Maximal Ratio Combining over Fading Channels

Shamla K.* , Athulya K., Muhammed K. V.*

- Department of Electronics and Communication, MEA Engineering College, Perintalmanna, Kerala, India.

School of Pedagogical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Shamla, K., Athulya, K., and Muhammed, K. V. (2025). Performance Analysis of Enhanced Maximal Ratio Combining over Fading Channels. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21667

Abstract

This study investigates the performance of diversity combining techniques to enhance wireless communication reliability over fading channels. Specifically, it compares conventional Selection Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) for two-dimensional modulation schemes, such as M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM). The analysis focuses on Symbol Error Rate (SER) and Bit Error Rate (BER) as key performance metrics, considering both paired and non-paired real and imaginary signal components. Results demonstrate that Enhanced MRC offers a significant Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) advantage over Enhanced SC, with performance gains increasing with higher diversity orders. Theoretical derivations and simulations validate these findings, highlighting MRC's superiority in mitigating fading effects.

References

[1]. Alamouti, S. M. (1998). A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16(8), 1451-1458.

[2]. Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press.

[3]. Hamdi, K. A. (2008). Capacity of MRC on correlated Rician fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 56(5), 708-711.

[4]. Hima Pradeep, V., & Padmarajan, S. (2015). Hybrid diversity combining techniques for fading channels. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), 1(4), 227-230.

[5]. Malluri, S., & Pamula, V. K. (2014). Performance analysis of selection combining diversity scheme in generalised Rayleigh fading channels. In 2014 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (pp. 957-961). IEEE.

[6]. Nawaz, S. J., Sharma, S. K., Mansoor, B., Patwary, M. N., & Khan, N. M. (2021). Non-coherent and backscatter communications: Enabling ultra-massive connectivity in 6G wireless networks. IEEE Access, 9, 38144-38186.

[7]. Pechetti, S. V., Jindal, A., & Bose, R. (2018). Exploiting mapping diversity for enhancing security at physical layer in the Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(1), 532-544.

[8]. Saad, W. K., Shayea, I., Hamza, B. J., Azizan, A., Ergen, M., & Alhammadi, A. (2022). Performance evaluation of Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) in 5G network with various mobility speed scenarios. IEEE Access, 10, 60955- 60971.

[9]. Singh, S., Kumar, M., & Kumar, R. (2024). Powering the future: A survey of ambient RF based communication systems for next gen wireless networks. IET Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach. Morgan Kaufmann.

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Research Paper

Adaptive Modulation Techniques for Elimination of Non-Gaussian Effects in Free Space Optical Communication

Kankata Glory Prasanna* , Madduri Bala Deepika, Yeggina Vinay Sai Karun Kumar, Bellapu Jai Shankar Sri Vastav, Venkatakrishnamoorthy T.

*-***** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Prasanna, K. G., Deepika, M. B., Kumar, Y. V. S. K., Vastav, B. J. S. S., and Venkatakrishnamoorthy, T. (2025). Adaptive Modulation Techniques for Elimination of Non-Gaussian Effects in Free Space Optical Communication. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21643

Abstract

Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is a promising technique for quick, secure, and cost-effective data transport. The Non-Gaussian events such as atmospheric turbulence, aiming errors, and background noise significantly impair system performance in FSO Communication system. There are several standard adaptive schemes, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), against turbulence-induced fading is examined. The dynamic modulation adaptation, based on channel state prediction, improves spectral efficiency and signal integrity through theoretical modeling and simulations. This paper explores dynamic adaptive modulation techniques to mitigate these effects and ensure improved reliability and efficiency in FSO links. This adaptive algorithm introduced for better FSO deployments since they dramatically lower bit error rates (BER) and increase system capacity. The findings suggest that adaptive modulation techniques effectively reduce bit error rates (BER) and enhance system capacity, making them practical for real-world FSO deployments.

References

[1]. Belmonte, A., & Kahn, J. M. (2008). Performance of synchronous optical receivers using atmospheric compensation techniques. Optics Express, 16(18), 14151-14162.

[2]. Chaudhry, A. U., & Yanikomeroglu, H. (2020). Free space optics for next-generation satellite networks. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 10(6), 21-31.

[3]. Djordjevic, I. B. (2010). Adaptive modulation and coding for free-space optical channels. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2(5), 221-229.

[4]. Elsayed, E. E. (2024). Investigations on modified OOK and adaptive threshold for wavelength division multiplexing free-space optical systems impaired by interchannel crosstalk, atmospheric turbulence, and ASE noise. Journal of Optics (pp. 1-14)

[5]. Elsayed, E. E. (2024). Investigations on OFDM UAV- based free-space optical transmission system with scintillation mitigation for optical wireless communication- to-ground links in atmospheric turbulence. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 56(5), 837.

[6]. Gnauck, A. H., & Winzer, P. J. (2005). Optical phase- shift-keyed transmission. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 23(1), 115.

[7]. Kahn, J. M., & Ho, K. P. (2004). Spectral efficiency limits and modulation/detection techniques for DWDM systems. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 10(2), 259-272.

[8]. Li, J., & Uysal, M. (2003). Optical wireless communications: System model, capacity and coding. In 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference, 1, 168-172.

[9]. Nistazakis, H. E., Tsiftsis, T. A., & Tombras, G. S. (2009). Per formance analysis of f ree- space optical communication systems over atmospheric turbulence channels. IET Communications, 3(8), 1402-1409.

[10]. Obaid, H. M., Javaid, Z. B., Mazhar, T., Nadeem, M. A., Saeed, M. M., & Hamam, H. (2024). Performance analysis of a 400-Gbps DWDM-FSO system using advanced modulation formats and under adverse weather conditions. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), 301.

[11]. Singh, M. (2016). Simulative analysis of 10 gbps high speed free space optical communication link. International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, 9(3), 139-144.

[12]. Venkatakrishnamoorthy, T., & Reddy, G. U. (2019). Cloud enhancement of NOAA multispectral images by using independent component analysis and principal component analysis for sustainable systems. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 74, 35-46.

[13]. Willebrand, H. A., & Ghuman, B. S. (2001). Fiber optics without fiber. IEEE spectrum, 38(8), 40-45.

[14]. Zhang, H., Li, H., Dongya, X., & Chao, C. (2015). Performance analysis of different modulation techniques for free-space optical communication system. TELKOMNIK A ( Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 13(3), 880-888.

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Research Paper

Micro Strip Patch Antenna Utilization in Cube Satellite Systems

Veera Kumar B.* , Ajay Kumar Dharmireddy**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kumar, B. V., and Dharmireddy, A. K. (2025). Micro Strip Patch Antenna Utilization in Cube Satellite Systems. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21605

Abstract

This paper outlines the design of microstrip patch antennas, which serve as two primary types of antennas intended for Cube Satellites (CubeSats). This research introduces a novel approach for small satellite antennas by combining slot antennas with solar cells on a single panel, thereby optimizing the limited surface area of small satellites and substituting deployed wire antennas for specific operational frequencies. Antennas designed for uplink and downlink communication were developed to operate at a resonant frequency of 2.5 GHz. A peak directivity of 4.73 dBi was attained with the proposed antenna. The design methodology involves utilizing the gaps between the solar cells to etch slots, which function as radiating elements.

References

[1]. Abulgasem, S., Tubbal, F., Raad, R., Theoharis, P. I., Lu, S., & Iranmanesh, S. (2021). Antenna designs for CubeSats: A review. IEEE Access, 9, 45289-45324.

[2]. Afridi, M. A. (2015). Microstrip patch antenna− designing at 2.4 GHz frequency. Biological and Chemical Research, 2015, 128-132.

[3]. Aydin, E. A., & Kekil, S. (2025). Integration of a compact multiband antenna with CubeSat systems for efficient remote sensing and space applications. Physica Scripta, 100(2), 025009.

[4]. Chahat, N. (2020). CubeSat Antenna Design.

[5]. Jackson, D. (2015). Development of Novel Integrated Antennas for CubeSats.

[6]. Jamali, M. (2012). A Study on Conformal Antenna Solutions for Cube Satellites (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah).

[7]. Kumar, A., Kaur, J., & Singh, R. (2013). Performance analysis of different feeding techniques. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3), 884-890.

[8]. Liu, X., Jackson, D. R., Chen, J., Liu, J., Fink, P. W., Lin, G. Y., & Neveu, N. (2017). Transparent and nontransparent microstrip antennas on a CubeSat: Novel low-profile antennas for CubeSats improve mission reliability. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 59(2), 59-68.

[9]. Mahmoud, M. N. (2010). Integrated Solar Panel Antennas for Cube Satellites (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah).

[10]. Miyazaki, T. (1996). Analysis and design on a proximity fed microstrip antenna. IEICE Proceedings Series (pp. 545-548).

[11]. Neveu, N., Garcia, M., Casana, J., Dettloff, R., Jackson, D. R., & Chen, J. (2013). Transparent microstrip antennas for CubeSat applications. In IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (pp. 1-4).

[12]. Orban, D., & Moernaut, G. J. K. (2009). The Basics of Patch Antennas; Orban Microwave.

[13]. Rahmat-Samii, Y., Manohar, V., & Kovitz, J. M. (2017). For satellites, think small, dream big: A review of recent antenna developments for CubeSats. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 59(2), 22-30.

[14]. Yasin, T. (2013). Transparent Antennas for Solar Cell Integration (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah).

[15]. Yasin, T., & Baktur, R. (2013). Circularly polarized meshed patch antenna for small satellite application. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 1057- 1060.

[16]. Yasin, T., & Baktur, R. (2017). Bandwidth enhancement of meshed patch antennas through proximity coupling. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 16, 2501-2504.

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Review Paper

Role of Etching Processes in MEMS Fabrication

Venkatramana Reddy*

Viswam Engineering College, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh.

Reddy, V. (2025). Role of Etching Processes in MEMS Fabrication. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21952

Abstract

This research examines key techniques for both wet and dry etching to fabricate highly accurate microstructures in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. This paper discusses the employment of advanced techniques such as Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) and plasma etching for precise control over feature geometry. Other techniques, such as metal-assisted etching and wet etching, are also being studied. The paper focuses on the difficulties of achieving consistent etch rates and highlights the importance of process control via parameter adjustment. Sophisticated etching techniques are essential for modern MEMS applications and provide a foundation for future technologies. In brief, this review focuses on advanced MEMS etching techniques, highlighting the equilibrium between precision and cost-effectiveness for device designs across multiple sectors.

References

[1]. Booker, K., Rahman, S., Brauers, M., Crisp, E., Weber, K., & Blakers, A. (2015). Metal-assisted etching of high- aspect-ratio structures for solar cell applications: Controlling the porosity of Au thin films. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 6(2), 393-396.

[2]. Booker, K., Rahman, S., Stocks, M., & Blakers, A. (2019). Fabrication of high aspect ratio structures in silicon independent of crystal orientation using metal assisted etching. Journal of Mi cromech anics and Microengineering, 29(6), 065013.

[3]. Esashi, M., Toda, R., Minami, K., & Ono, T. (1999). Precise Micro-Nanomachining of Silicon. IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines, 119(10), 489-497.

[4]. Ettouri, R., Tillocher, T., Lefaucheux, P., Boutaud, B., Phung, J., Philippe, H., & Dussart, R. (2021). Titanium isotropic and anisotropic etching for MEMS applications. In 2021 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration & Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS (DTIP) (pp. 01-05). IEEE.

[5]. French, P. J., & Sarro, P. M. (2006). Micromachining technology. In MEMS (pp. 805-851). William Andrew Publishing.

[6]. Gerlt, M. S., Läubli, N. F., Manser, M., Nelson, B. J., & Dual, J. (2021). Reduced etch lag and high aspect ratios by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Micromachines, 12(5), 542.

[7]. Goyal, M., Anderson, R. C., Berg, J. M., Gale, R. O., Holtz, M., & Temkin, H. (2005). A microelectronics- compatible process for surface micromachining of MEMS and MOEMS. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 4224, 183-188.

[8]. Gross, S. J., Zhang, Q., Tadigadapa, S., Trolier-McKinstry, S., Jackson, T. N., & Djuth, F. T. (2001). Reliable integration of piezoelectric lead Zirconate Titanate with MEMS fabrication processes. In Reliability, Testing, and Characterization of MEMS/MOEMS, 4558, 72-80. SPIE.

[9]. He, J., Zhao, Y. F., Xu, F. L., Zhao, D. Y., Hou, X. J., & Chou, X. J. (2020). A novel silicon etching method using vapor of Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics, 33(6), 769-774.

[10]. Horstmann, B., Pate, D., Smith, B., Mamun, M. A., Atkinson, G., Özgür, Ü., & Avrutin, V. (2024). Cryogenic DRIE processes for high-precision silicon etching in MEMS applications. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 34(7), 075008.

[11]. Huff, M. (2020). Process Variations in Microsystems Manufacturing. Springer International Publishing.

[12]. Huff, M. (2021). Recent advances in reactive ion etching and applications of high-aspect-ratio microfabrication. Micromachines, 12(8), 991.

[13]. Laermer, F. (2008). Dry etching. Comprehensive Microsystems, 217-233.

[14]. Lai, S. L., Johnson, D., & Westerman, R. (2006). Aspect ratio dependent etching lag reduction in deep silicon etch processes. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 24(4), 1283-1288.

[15]. Li, B., Li, C., Zhao, Y., Han, C., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Deep reactive ion etching of Z-cut alpha quartz for MEMS resonant devices fabrication. Micromachines, 11(8), 724.

[16]. Li, J. (2023). The technology and applications of RIE and DRIE processes. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development (pp. 1313-1321). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

[17]. Magis, T., Ballerand, S., Comte, A. B., & Pollet, O. (2013). Deep silicon etch for biology MEMS fabrication: review of process parameters influence versus chip design. Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology XVIII, 8612, 68-75.

[18]. Mendoza-Acevedo, S., Reyes-Barranca, M. A., Vázquez-Acosta, E. N., Moreno-Cadenas, J. A., & González-Vidal, J. L. (2012). Release optimization of suspended membranes in MEMS. Micromachining Techniques for Fabrication of Micro and Nano Structures (pp. 183-204).

[19]. Pal, P., & Sato, K. (2010). Fabrication methods based on wet etching process for the realization of silicon MEMS structures with new shapes. Microsystem Technologies, 16(7), 1165-1174.

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[24]. Tadigadapa, S., & Lärmer, F. (2011). Dry etching for micromachining applications. MEMS Materials and Processes Handbook, 403-456.

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i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems (JCS)

Current Issue Vol. 14 Issue 1

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 14 Issue 1 January - June 2025

Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Enhanced SAR Data Processing using FPGA

Srinivasulu P.* , Ajay Kumar Dharmireddy**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Srinivasulu, P., and Dharmireddy, A. K. (2025). Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Enhanced SAR Data Processing using FPGA. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21606

Abstract

References

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Performance Analysis of Enhanced Maximal Ratio Combining over Fading Channels

Shamla K.* , Athulya K.**, Muhammed K. V.***

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication, MEA Engineering College, Perintalmanna, Kerala, India. *** School of Pedagogical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Shamla, K., Athulya, K., and Muhammed, K. V. (2025). Performance Analysis of Enhanced Maximal Ratio Combining over Fading Channels. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21667

Abstract

References

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Adaptive Modulation Techniques for Elimination of Non-Gaussian Effects in Free Space Optical Communication

Kankata Glory Prasanna* , Madduri Bala Deepika**, Yeggina Vinay Sai Karun Kumar***, Bellapu Jai Shankar Sri Vastav****, Venkatakrishnamoorthy T.*****

*-***** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract

References

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Micro Strip Patch Antenna Utilization in Cube Satellite Systems

Veera Kumar B.* , Ajay Kumar Dharmireddy**

*-** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kumar, B. V., and Dharmireddy, A. K. (2025). Micro Strip Patch Antenna Utilization in Cube Satellite Systems. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21605

Abstract

References

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Role of Etching Processes in MEMS Fabrication

Venkatramana Reddy*

Viswam Engineering College, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh.

Reddy, V. (2025). Role of Etching Processes in MEMS Fabrication. i-manager’s Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems, 14(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.26634/jcs.14.1.21952

Abstract

References

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Shamla K.* , Athulya K., Muhammed K. V.*

- Department of Electronics and Communication, MEA Engineering College, Perintalmanna, Kerala, India.

School of Pedagogical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Kankata Glory Prasanna* , Madduri Bala Deepika, Yeggina Vinay Sai Karun Kumar, Bellapu Jai Shankar Sri Vastav, Venkatakrishnamoorthy T.