i-manager Publications

i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

Most Cited

Volume 10 Issue 2 June - August 2021

Research Paper

Estimation of Seismic Fragility in Structural Systems

Engammagari Ganesh* , M. K. Shrimali, P. V. Ramana*

*-***National Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Ganesh, E., Shrimali, M. K., and Ramana, P. V. (2021). Estimation of Seismic Fragility in Structural Systems. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.17936

Abstract

Dynamic analysis is used to estimate brittleness functions and is an essential part of many seismic measurement procedures. The multi-band method is more efficient than brittleness projections for a given variety of structural analyses than Dynamic Incremental Analysis (DIA), which means some understanding of building capacity is needed before analysis. The sufficient portions of the brittleness curve can be roughly described. This finding has alternative advantages because the multiple band analysis approach allows for many ground movements for studies of different intensity ranges to reproduce the various low and high-intensity tremor options. This article investigates the applicability of statistical inference methods to predict brittleness functions, describes practical strategies for use in various structural analysis techniques and examines brittleness functions that can be updated to minimize the number of brittleness. The proposed evaluation system also provides a basis for evaluating possible test methods in the future. Seismic brittleness analysis can be a probabilistic measure for assessing the seismic performance of structural components or systems such as seismic brittleness analysis, damage probability matrix and brittleness curve. The dynamic response of the variability of the system's parameters and the uncertainty on the structure's capacity is due to the imprecise environment of the models and the erraticism of the system's structures.

References

[1]. Akkar, S., Sucuoğlu, H., & Yakut, A. (2005). Displacement-based fragility functions for low-and midrise ordinary concrete buildings. Earthquake Spectra, 21(4), 901-927.

[2]. Baker, J. W., & Cornell, C. A. (2005). A vector valued ground motion intensity measure consisting of spectral acceleration and epsilon. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 34(10), 1193-1217.

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[4]. Beulah, R., & Rajaram, C. (2019). Evaluation of seismic damage parameters for reinforced concrete frame buildings. In Proceedings of Internal Conference on Innovative Trends in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ITCSD-2019).

[5]. Biskinis, D. E., Roupakias, G. K., & Fardis, M. N. (2004). Degradation of shear strength of reinforced concrete members with inelastic cyclic displacements. Structural Journal, 101(6), 773-783.

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[8]. Chopra, A. K. (2001). Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.

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[10]. European Union (2002). Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design (EN1990). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[11]. European Union (2004a). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures – Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings (EN1992-1-1). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[12]. European Union (2004b). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part1: General Rules, Seismic Actions, and Rules for Buildings (EN1998-1). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[13]. European Union (2005a). Eurocode 6: Design of Masonry Structures – Part 1-1: General Rules for buildings Rules for Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry (EN1996-1-1). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[14]. European Union (2005b). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance –Part3: Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings (EN1998-3). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.

[15]. Fardis, M. N. (2000, November). Eurocode 8–Present state, pre-normative and co-normative research needs (including design seismic action). In Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigation of Seismic Risk Support to Recently Affected European Countries, European Commission-JRC, Belgirate (VB), Italy (pp. 1-10).

[16]. Grünthal, G. (1998). European Macro Seismic Scale 1998. European Seismological Commission (ESC), Luxembourg.

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[18]. Mpampatsikos, V., Nascimbene, R., & Petrini, L. (2008). A critical review of the RC frame existing building assessment procedure according to Eurocode 8 and Italian seismic code. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(S1),52-82.

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[20]. Rajaram, C., & Kumar, R. P. (2014). Vulnerability assessment of coastal structure: A study on port buildings. International Journal of Education and Applied Research, 4(2), 9-15.

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Research Paper

Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Longitudinally GFRP Reinforced Column Subjected to Eccentric Loading

Gurubasav S. Hiremath* , Vishal R. Jigajinni**

*-**Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.

Hiremath, G. S., and Jigajinni, V. R. (2021). Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Longitudinally GFRP Reinforced Column Subjected to Eccentric Loading. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18392

Abstract

Use of rebars in compression has not been fully habitual. Many problems are threatening the durability of the material such as corrosion and subsequent loss of strength affecting the performance of steel reinforcement. To overcome this problem, novel materials such as Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rebars have been invented. FRP bars have higher strength to weight ratio than its steel counterparts and are non-corrosive. In this study, the performance of longitudinally reinforced Glass FRP (GFRP) bars in short columns of dimensions 200 mm × 150 mm × 800 mm subjected to eccentric loading has been carried out. The longitudinal reinforcement ratio varied from 1.51% to 2.26% by keeping constant the transverse reinforcement (steel stirrups) ratio. The short columns were subjected to a load at an eccentricity of 100 mm. Effect of replacement of steel rebars and increase in longitudinal reinforcement ratio is studied in terms of maximum deflection and maximum compressive load. From the experimental results, it is observed that the increase in longitudinal reinforcement ratio of GFRP reinforced column resulted in 4.5% higher load carrying capacity and 2.2% greater horizontal deflection compared to steel reinforced column.

References

[1]. Alaoud, L., Al-Salloum, Y., & Abbas, H. (2021). Experimental investigation for GFRP rebar couplers for reinforced concrete. Journal of King Saud UniversityEngineering Sciences, 33(2), 104-110.

[2]. Alsayed, S. H., Al-Salloum, Y. A., & Almusallam, T. H. (2000). Performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic bars as a reinforcing material for concrete structures. Composites Part B: Engineering, 31(6-7), 555-567.

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[5]. De Luca, A., Matta, F., & Nanni, A. (2010). Behaviour of full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns under axial load. ACI Structural Journal, 107(5), 589-595.

[6]. El-Gamal, S., & AlShareedah, O. (2020). Behaviour of axially loaded low strength concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals. Engineering Structures, 216, 110732.

[7]. Jiang, C., & Wu, Y. F. (2020). Axial strength of eccentrically loaded FRP-confined short concrete columns. Polymers, 12(6), 1261.

[8]. Lin, G., Zeng, J. J., Teng, J. G., & Li, L. J. (2020). Behaviour of large-scale FRP-confined rectangular RC columns under eccentric compression. Engineering Structures, 216, 110759.

[9]. Lofty, E. M. (2011). Behaviour of reinforced concrete short columns with fiber reinforced polymer bars. International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering, 3(1), 43-55.

[10]. Prachasaree, W., Piriyakootorn, S., Sangsrijun, A., & Limkatanyu, S. (2015). Behaviour and performance of GFRP reinforced concrete columns with various types of stirrups. International Journal of Polymer Science.

[11]. Sreenath, S., Balaji, S., & Mohan, K. S. R. (2017, July). Behaviour of axially and eccentrically loaded short columns reinforced with GFRP bars. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 80, No. 1, p. 012030). IOP Publishing.

[12]. Sun, L., Wei, M., & Zhang, N. (2017). Experimental study on the behaviour of GFRP reinforced concrete columns under eccentric axial load. Construction and Building Materials, 152, 214-225.

[13]. Tobbi, H., Farghaly, A. S., & Benmokrane, B. (2012). Concrete columns reinforced longitudinally and transversally with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars. ACI Structural Journal, 109(4).

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Research Paper

Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Plate using ANSYS APDL

Madan Chandra Maurya*

Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Maurya, M. C. (2021). Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Plate using ANSYS APDL. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18132

Abstract

In this paper bending and the free vibration analysis of Functionally Graded (FG) Plates has been done using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The material properties of FGM which is mixture of metal and ceramic are used with the help of power distribution law of volume fraction which successively change over the depth of the plate. Here, for the analysis, finite element tool ANSYS APDL is utilized. For modelling of FGM plate, the whole plate is divided into various individual layer of composite having different distributed property over the thickness used as per power law distribution. Next, to check the accuracy of modelling, the result has been compared with the available result based on higher order shear deformation theory and good agreement was found with the available results. Based on this, bending and free vibration analysis has been done and results were generated for various aspect ratios of plate and also for various volume fraction exponent. It has been found that the distribution form of porosity significantly affects the mechanical behaviour of FG plates, in terms of deflection and frequency.

References

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[2]. Ferreira, A. J. M., Batra, R. C., Roque, C. M. C., Qian, L. F., & Martins, P. A. L. S. (2005). Static analysis of functionally graded plates using third-order shear deformation theory and a meshless method. Composite Structures, 69(4), 449-457.

[3]. Liew, K. M., Yang, J., & Kitipornchai, S. (2003). Postbuckling of piezoelectric FGM plates subject to thermo-electro-mechanical loading. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40(15), 3869-3892.

[4]. Liew, K. M., Yang, J., & Kitipornchai, S. (2004). Thermal post-buckling of laminated plates comprising functionally graded materials with temperaturedependent properties. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 71(6), 839-850.

[5]. Niino, M., Hirai, T., & Watanabe, R. (1987). efunctionally gradient materials. Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, 13(6), 257-264.

[6]. Noda, N. (1999). Thermal stresses in functionally graded materials. Journal of Thermal Stresses, 22(4-5), 477-512.

[7]. Peng, L. X., Kitipornchai, S., & Liew, K. M. (2007). Free vibration analysis of folded plate structures by the FSDT mesh-free method. Computational Mechanics, 39(6), 799-814.

[8]. Praveen, G. N., & Reddy, J. N. (1998). Nonlinear transient thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded ceramic-metal plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 35(33), 4457-4476.

[9]. Qian, L. F., Batra, R. C., & Chen, L. M. (2004). Static and dynamic deformations of thick functionally graded elastic plates by using higher-order shear and normal deformable plate theor y and meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method. Composites Part B: Engineering, 35(6-8), 685-697.

[10]. Reddy, J. (2000). Analysis of functionally graded plates. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 47(1-3), 663-684.

[11]. Taj, M. G., Chakrabarti, A., & Sheikh, A. H. (2013). Analysis of functionally graded plates using higher order shear deformation theory. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(18-19), 8484-8494.

[12]. Talha, M., & Singh, B. (2010). Static response and free vibration analysis of FGM plates using higher order shear deformation theory. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 34(12), 3991-4011.

[13]. Vel, S. S., & Batra, R. C. (2004). Three-dimensional exact solution for the vibration of functionally graded rectangular plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 272(3-5), 703-730.

[14]. Weisensel, G. N. (1989). Natural frequency information for circular and annular plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 133(1), 129-137.

[15]. Zhao, X., Lee, Y. Y., & Liew, K. M. (2009). Free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates using the elementfree kp-Ritz method. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 319(3-5), 918-939.

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Review Paper

Review on Effect of Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) and Internal Sulphate Attack (ISA) on Concrete Structures

A. Pavithra* , T. Raghavendra**

*-**Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Pavithra, A., and Raghavendra, T. (2021). Review on Effect of Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) and Internal Sulphate Attack (ISA) on Concrete Structures. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18351

Abstract

Concrete structures are susceptible to a variety of chemical reactions, with AAR and ISA being two of the most common processes that cause structures to deteriorate their durability. Improving the durability of concrete structures is an important and scientific challenge. AAR and ISA are slow processes, becoming noticeable 20 to 30 years after construction. This paper presents fundamental theory and concepts of AAR and ISA in concrete. AAR and ISA are caused due to the reactivity of aggregates along with alkalis and sulphates. Based on the previous research, AAR and ISA are further divided into Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), Alkali Carbonate Reaction (ACR), Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) and Thaumasite Sulphate Attack (TSA). We can detect AAR and ISA with the help of evaluation methods. The aspects of AAR and ISA discussed include source, mechanism, investigations and preventive measures.

References

[1]. Al-Attar, T. S., Al-Khateeb, A. M., & Bachai, A. H. (2006). Behaviour of high performance concrete exposed to internal sulfate attack (Gypsum-contaminated aggregate). In Earth & Space 2006: Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environment (pp. 1-6).

[2]. Blanco, A., Cavalaro, S. H. P., Segura, I., SeguraCastillo, L., & Aguado, A. (2018). Expansions with different origins in a concrete dam with bridge over spillway. Construction and Building Materials, 163, 861-874.

[3]. Blanco, A., Pardo-Bosch, F., Cavalaro, S., & Aguado, A. (2019). Lessons learned about the diagnosis of pathologies in concrete dams: 30 years of research and practice. Construction and Building Materials, 197, 356-368.

[4]. Campos, A., Lopez, C. M., Blanco, A., & Aguado, A. (2018). Effects of an internal sulfate attack and an alkaliaggregate reaction in a concrete dam. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 668-683.

[5]. Cantero, B., del Bosque, I. S., Matías, A., de Rojas, M. S., & Medina, C. (2020). Water transport mechanisms in concretes bearing mixed recycled aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites, 107, 103486.

[6]. Capraro, A. P. B., Braga, V., de Medeiros, M. H. F., Hoppe Filho, J., Bragança, M. O., Portella, K. F., & de Oliveira, I. C. (2017). Internal attack by sulphates in cement pastes and mortars dosed with different levels of pyrite. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 1-12.

[7]. Carrazedo, R., Sanches, R. A. K., & de Lacerda, L. A. (2012). Numerical modeling of orthotropic concrete expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction with a parametric model. Blucher Mechanical Engineering Proceedings, 1(1), 2054-2063.

[8]. Crammond, N. J. (2003). The thaumasite form of sulfate attack in the UK. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25(8), 809-818.

[9]. Fournier, B., & Bérubé, M. A. (2000). Alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete: A review of basic concepts and engineering implications. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 27(2), 167-191.

[10]. Gillott, J. E., & Rogers, C. A. (1994). Alkali–aggregate reaction and internal release of alkalis. Magazine of Concrete Research, 46(167), 99-112.

[11]. Ha, J. H., Jung, Y., & Cho, Y. G. (2014). Thermal crack control in mass concrete structure using an automated curing system. Automation in Construction, 45, 16-24.

[12]. Hasparyk, N. P., Monteiro, P. J., & Dal Molin, D. C. (2009). Investigation of mechanical properties of mass concrete affected by alkali-aggregate reaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 21(6), 294-297.

[13]. Kupwade-Patil, K., & Allouche, E. (2011, May). Effect of alkali silica reaction (ASR) in geopolymer concrete. In World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference (pp. 9-12).

[14]. Larosche, C. J. (2009). Types and causes of cracking in concrete structures. In Failure, Distress and Repair of Concrete Structures (pp. 57-83). Woodhead Publishing.

[15]. Lubej, S., Anžel, I., Jelušič, P., Kosec, L., & Ivanič, A. (2016). The effect of delayed ettringite formation on fine grained aerated concrete mechanical properties. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 23(3), 325-334.

[16]. Mingyu, H., Fumei, L., & Mingshu, T. (2006). The Thaumasite form of sulfate attack in concrete of Yongan Dam. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(10), 2006–2008.

[17]. Mohamed, O. A., Rens, K. L., & Stalnaker, J. J. (2001). Time effect of alkali-aggregate reaction on performance of concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(2), 143-151.

[18]. Nguyen, M. H., Nakarai, K., Kai, Y., & Nishio, S. (2020). Early evaluation of cover concrete quality utilizing water intentional spray tests. Construction and Building Materials, 231, 117144.

[19]. Pourbehi, M. S., van Zijl, G. P. A. G., & Strasheim, J. (2018). Modelling of alkali silica reaction in concrete structures for rehabilitation intervention. In MATEC Web of Conferences(Vol. 199, p. 03007). EDP Sciences.

[20]. Rahman, M. A., & Lu, Y. (2019). A time-dependent chemo-mechanical analysis of alkali-silica reaction for the disparate geometry of concrete meso-structure. Construction and Building Materials, 211, 847-857.

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[24]. Štukovnik, P., Prinčič, T., Pejovnik, R. S., & Bosiljkov, V. B. (2014). Alkali-carbonate reaction in concrete and its implications for a high rate of long-term compressive strength increase. Construction and Building Materials, 50, 699-709.

[25]. Yu, C. W., & Bull, J. W. (2006). Durability of Materials and Structures in Building and Civil Engineering. Dunbeath: Whittles Publishing.

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Review Paper

A Review on High-Rise Hybrid Structure

Sushma C. K.* , Dakshata B., Vijayalakshmi Akella*

-Department of Structural Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, K. S. School of Engineering & Management, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Sushma, C. K., Dakshata, B. and Akella, V. (2021). A Review on High-Rise Hybrid Structure. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18362

Abstract

RCC structures are preferred in most of the construction as they possess higher stiffness accompanied with low cost. RCC structural systems provide a very good shear and lateral stiffness. Nonetheless, RCC skeleton is considered uneconomical for tall buildings as there is an increase in dead load, complicated formwork, restrictions for longer length and poor performance in earthquake conditions. On the flip side, though the steel in construction has got endless advantages concerning the speed of construction, high strength and light weight nature specifics like buckling, rust, fire resistance and availability of well-trained labour puts the use of steel in high rise buildings to a check. Hence hybrid construction is considered suitable for a high-rise structure. This paper reviews the performance of the buildings with RCC and steel along with Hybrid structures regarding cost, time of construction and seismic parameters.

References

[1]. Anargha. B. S., & Mithulraj, M. (2019). Comparative study on behaviour of RCC and composite multistoreyed building using ETABS. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 14(12), 167–170.

[2]. Anwar, N., & Najam, F. A. (2018). Composite concrete-steel construction in tall buildings. In 1st International Conference on Concrete and Steel Technology Engineering and Design (CASTED).

[3]. Begum, M., Salekin, S., Khan, T. B., & Ahmed, W. (2013). Cost analysis of steel concrete composite structures in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 14(6), 935–944.

[4]. Charantimath, S. S., Cholekar, S. B., & Birje Manjunath, M. (2014). Comparative study on structural parameter of RCC and composite building. Civil and Environmental Research, 6(6), 98-109.

[5]. Dall'Asta, A., Leoni, G., Morelli, F., Salvatore, W., & Zona, A. (2017). An innovative seismic-resistant steel frame with reinforced concrete infill walls. Engineering Structures, 141, 144-158.

[6]. Foster, R. M., Reynolds, T. P., & Ramage, M. H. (2016). Proposal for defining a tall timber building. Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(12), 02516001.

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[8]. Kumawat, M. S., & Kalurkar, L. G. (2014). Analysis and design of multistorey building using composite structure. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 125–137.

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[11]. Pandey, R. (2014). Comparative Seismic Analysis of RCC, steel & steel-concrete composite frame (Doctoral dissertation).

[12]. Prasad, M. C. A., & Preetha, V. (2016). Analytical investigation on RCC and steel-concrete composite multistorey building. International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, 5(1), 973-978.

[13]. Rathod, S. D., Bhokare, S. S., Shivatare, A. R., Dhiwar, P. S., Sathe, S. M., & Shinde, R. N. (2017). Comparative pushover analysis of RCC, steel and composite high rise building frame (G+11) by using Etabs. Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Civil Engineering, 4(2), 405-410.

[14]. Savadi, A. S., & Hosur, V. (2019). Comparative study of RCC, steel and composite structures for industrial building. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 5(4), 637–647.

[15]. Szolomicki, J., & Golasz-Szolomicka, H. (2019). Technological advances and trends in modern high-rise buildings. Buildings, 9(9), 193.

[16]. Yamuna, S. R., & Babu, A. (2018). Effect of hybrid system in stepped building frame. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 6(6), 2-6.

[17]. Zaveri, B. H., Gadhiya, J. A., & Dhameliya, H. K. (2016). A review on the comparative study of steel, RCC and composite building. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 354-365.

i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering (JSTE)

Current Issue Vol. 12 Issue 4

Most Read

Most Cited

Volume 10 Issue 2 June - August 2021

Estimation of Seismic Fragility in Structural Systems

Engammagari Ganesh* , M. K. Shrimali**, P. V. Ramana***

*-***National Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Ganesh, E., Shrimali, M. K., and Ramana, P. V. (2021). Estimation of Seismic Fragility in Structural Systems. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.17936

Abstract

References

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Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Longitudinally GFRP Reinforced Column Subjected to Eccentric Loading

Gurubasav S. Hiremath* , Vishal R. Jigajinni**

*-**Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.

Hiremath, G. S., and Jigajinni, V. R. (2021). Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Longitudinally GFRP Reinforced Column Subjected to Eccentric Loading. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18392

Abstract

References

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Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Plate using ANSYS APDL

Madan Chandra Maurya*

Department of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Maurya, M. C. (2021). Bending and Free Vibration Analysis of FGM Plate using ANSYS APDL. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18132

Abstract

References

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Review on Effect of Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) and Internal Sulphate Attack (ISA) on Concrete Structures

A. Pavithra* , T. Raghavendra**

*-**Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Pavithra, A., and Raghavendra, T. (2021). Review on Effect of Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR) and Internal Sulphate Attack (ISA) on Concrete Structures. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18351

Abstract

References

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A Review on High-Rise Hybrid Structure

Sushma C. K.* , Dakshata B.**, Vijayalakshmi Akella***

*-**Department of Structural Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. ***Department of Civil Engineering, K. S. School of Engineering & Management, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Sushma, C. K., Dakshata, B. and Akella, V. (2021). A Review on High-Rise Hybrid Structure. i-manager's Journal on Structural Engineering, 10(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.26634/jste.10.2.18362

Abstract

References

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Engammagari Ganesh* , M. K. Shrimali, P. V. Ramana*

Sushma C. K.* , Dakshata B., Vijayalakshmi Akella*

-Department of Structural Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Department of Civil Engineering, K. S. School of Engineering & Management, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.