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i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering (JME)

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Mechanization and Import Substitution in Zimbabwean Farmers' Equipment: A Case Study of the Revitalization of an Abandoned Tractor Trailer
Drill String Vibrational Analysis and Parametric Optimization for a Portable Water Well Rig Development
An Efficient Deep Neural Network with Amplifying Sine Unit for Nonlinear Oscillatory Systems
The Occupational Directness of Nanorobots in Medical Surgeries
Recent Trends in Solar Thermal Cooling Technologies

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Volume 11 Issue 4 August - October 2021

Research Paper

Optimization and Energy Performance of 400MW Steam Power Plant Based on Mini REFPROP Software Packages

Malik F. Elmzughi* , Abdulhafed M. Mjani , Saji S. Lagha *, Mohammed A. Umbarek ****

*-**** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.

Elmzughi, M. F., Mjani, A. M., Lagha, S. S., and Umbarek, M. A. (2021). Optimization and Energy Performance of 400MW Steam Power Plant Based on Mini REFPROP Software Packages. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18078

Abstract

In this research, the thermal analyses of cogeneration of thermal power plants are carried out. The considered power thermal system has a total power capacity of 400 MW, with turbines (high, intermediate, and low pressure), heaters (four low pressure, and two high-pressure heaters), six valves, and pumps (two boiler feed pump and condensate pump). The thermodynamics models are presented. The approach for defining and determination of exergetic efficiencies, irreversibilities, and improvement potential in thermal systems are presented. Thermophysical properties of working fluid and code simulations are obtained by employing Thermax, Mini Refprop, and Matlab software packages. The studied boiler temperature and condenser pressure ranges are 400-800 ºC, 4-10 kPa, respectively. For the operation, normal and economic conditions are considered. The maximum percentage value of the irreversibilities and potential improvement occurs in the boiler at 73% and 80% respectively. The irreversibilities, improvement potential, exergetic efficiency, and exergy are calculated. The rise in the boiler temperature makes the work pump drop to 5.8 MW, while the thermal plant efficiency slightly increases to 57.4%. The analysis shows that maximum improvement potential occurs in the steam generator, reheater, and condenser, with 156.0, 24.6, and 7.6 MW, respectively. The lowest energetic efficiency is 10.37% for the condenser, while the highest is for the deaerator with 98%. This kind of approach confirms which component has the priority for any service to be done to upgrade the considered thermal power plant cycles.

References

[1]. Ahmadi, P., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2011). Exergy, exergoeconomic and environmental analyses and evolutionary algorithm based multi-objective optimization of combined cycle power plants. Energy, 36(10), 5886- 5898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.034

[2]. Ahmadi, P., Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2012). Exergoenvironmental analysis of an integrated organic Rankine cycle for trigeneration. Energy Conversion and Management, 64, 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enc onman.2012.06.001

[3]. Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., & Moran, M. J. (1995). Thermal design and optimization. John Wiley & Sons.

[4]. Elmzughi, M. F., Dekam, E. I., Radwan, E. M., & Bahoor, M. A. (2020). Exergoeconomic and optimization analyses of cogeneration steam power plants based on the thermoeconomic approach. i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, 16(2), 22-31. https:// doi.org/10.26634/jfet.16.2.17706

[5]. Elmzughi, M. F., Radwan, E. M., Bahoor, M. A., & Dekam, E. I. (2020). Part load 2nd law analyses of, 3-pressure stage turbines with 6 heaters, 350 MW power plants. Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering, 6(1), 25-33.

[6]. El-Sayed, Y. M., & Gaggioli, R. A. (1989). A critical review of second law costing methods—I: Background and algebraic procedures. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 111(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3231396

[7]. Fudholi, A., Sopian, K., Othman, M. Y., Ruslan, M. H., & Bakhtyar, B. (2013). Energy analysis and improvement potential of finned double-pass solar collector. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 234-240. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.06.021

[8]. Huguet, J., Woodbury, K., & Taylor, R. (2008, June). Development of excel add in modules for use in thermodynamics curriculum: steam and ideal gas properties. In 2008, Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 13-431). https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--4023

[9]. Lazzaretto, A., & Andreatta, R. (1995). Algebraic formulation of a process-based exergy-costing method. In Symposium on thermodynamics and the design, analysis, and improvement of energy systems (Vol. 35, pp. 395-403). New York: ASME.

[10]. Lozano, M. A., & Valero, A. (1993). Theory of the exergetic cost. Energy, 18(9), 939-960. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0360-5442(93)90006-Y

[11]. Mahan, K., Huguet, J., Chappell, J., Woodbury, K., & Taylor, R. (2009, June). Excel in ME: Extending and refining ubiquitous software tools. In 2009, Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 1-21). https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2—5780

[12]. Manesh, M. K., Navid, P., Baghestani, M., Abadi, S. K., Rosen, M. A., Blanco, A. M., & Amidpour, M. (2014). Exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental evaluation of the coupling of a gas fired steam power plant with a total site utility system. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013. 09.053

[13]. Radwan, E. M., Bahoor, M. A., Dekam, E. I., & Elmzughi, M. F. (2020). Advanced exergoeconomic and exergy cost sensitivity analyses of steam power plants. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science, 6(8), 16-32.

[14]. Rashad, A., & El Maihy, A. (2009, May). Energy and exergy analysis of a steam power plant in Egypt. In 13th International Conference on Aerospace Sciences & Aviation Technology (pp. 1-12).

[15]. Szargut, J., Morris, D. R., & Steward, F. R. (1987). Exergy analysis of thermal, chemical, and metallurgical processes. New York, USA: Hemisphere Publishing Co.

[16]. Tsatsaronis, G., & Winhold, M. (1985). Exergoeconomic analysis and evaluation of energyconversion plants—I: A new general methodology. Energy, 10(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90 020-9

[17]. Tsatsaronis, G. (1993). Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of energy systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 19(3), 227–257. https://doi.org/10. 1016/0360-1285(93)90016-8

[18]. Uche, J., Serra, L., & Valero, A. (2001). Thermoeconomic optimization of a dual-purpose power and desalination plant. Desalination, 136(1-3), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00177-1

[19]. Xiong, J., Zhao, H., Zhang, C., Zheng, C., & Luh, P. B. (2012). Thermoeconomic operation optimization of a coal-fired power plant. Energy, 42(1), 486-496. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.020

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Research Paper

Aerodynamic Study of Sedan Car for Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Vortex Generators

G. Sivaraj* , J. P. Ramesh , G. Lokesh *

* Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.

-* Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sivaraj, G., Ramesh, J. P., and Lokesh, G. (2021). Aerodynamic Study of Sedan Car for Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Vortex Generators. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18095

Abstract

The aerodynamic performance of passenger cars is focused on this research work for reduction of aerodynamic drag force. Better aerodynamic car design will reduce the aerodynamic drag force which will save more fuel, good stability and handling on vehicle. Aerodynamic drag force on the car occurs due to the car profile design and its surface while moving with high speeds. When the car accelerates above 70 kmph, energy available on the flow is less due to the flow separation at rear side of the vehicle. Hence, flow is hesitated to move past the sharp corner on the rear side. This flow separation will produce significant wake on rear side of the car and increase the aerodynamic drag force. This paper proposes a method to reduce the wake region at rear side of the vehicle and to enhance the aerodynamic performance of vehicle by add-on device like vortex generator (VG) attachment on the vehicle. The computational studies have been carried out to study the effect of VG attachment on the vehicle for reduction of aerodynamic drag force. The computational studies are done with real road flow conditions for sedan car model with and without attachment of VG. Result of each car model has been compared with contour of pressure distribution, velocity flow field and turbulent kinetic energy. From computational simulation studies, it has been observed that aerodynamic drag coefficients of car model without VG attachment is 0.3371 and after implementing the VG with optimized parameter in the car has been reduced to 0.3161 at velocity 20 m/s. It has been observed that percentage of reduction of coefficient of drag is 6.22%.

References

[1]. Brzustowicz, J. P., Lounsberry, T. H., & de La Rode, J. M. E. (2002). Experimental & computational simulations utilized during the aerodynamic development of the dodge intrepid R/T race car. SAE Transactions, 2387-2403.

[2]. Gaylard, A. P. (2009). The appropriate use of CFD in the automotive design process (No. 2009-01-1162). SAE Technical Paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1162

[3]. Hucho, W. H. (1998). Aerodynamics of road vehicles (4 Ed.). Warrendale, USA: SAE International.

[4]. Kang, S. O., Jun, S. O., Park, H. I., Song, K. S., Kee, J. D., Kim, K. H., & Lee, D. H. (2012). Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 13(4), 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1223 9-012-0056-x

[5]. Marklund, J., Lofdahl, L., Danielsson, H., & Olsson, G. (2013). Performance of an automotive under-body diffuser applied to a sedan and a wagon vehicle. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, 6(1), 293- 307. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0952

[6]. Milliken, W. F., & Milliken, D. L. (1995). Race car vehicle dynamics. Warrendale, USA: SAE International. Retrieved from https://www.worldcat.org/title/race-car-vehicledynamics/ oclc/1057960134?referer=di&ht=edition

[7]. Mosaddeghi, F., & Oveisi, M. (2015). Aerodynamic drag reduction of heavy vehicles using append devices by CFD analysis. Journal of Central South University, 22(12), 4645-4652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-015-3015-7

[8]. Schenkel, F. K. (1977). The origins of drag and lift reductions on automobiles with front and rear spoilers. SAE Transactions, 1661-1671.

[9]. Soares, R. F., & de Souza, F. J. (2015). Proposal of an aerodynamic concept for drag reduction of fastback car models (No. 2015-36-0523). SAE Technical Paper. https:// doi.org/10.4271/2015-36-0523

[10]. Wu, P. S., Young, M. J., Wu, J. Y., Wang, C. C., Hu, H. Y., & Chang, C. F. (2016). Improvement on aerodynamic characteristics and drag reduction for supermileage cars with wide view field, In defect and diffusion forum (Vol. 366, pp. 47-62). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10. 4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.366.47

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Research Paper

Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Mango Seed Peel Particulate Epoxy Composite

Sivalingam S.* , Srinivasan R. , Raghul Ravichandran *, Vijaya Raghavan S. R. **, Venkatesan P. *, Vijay Aravind K. ****

*-****** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sivalingam, S., Srinivasan, R., Ravichandran, R., Raghavan, S. R. V., Venkatesan, P., and Aravind, K. V. (2021). Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Mango Seed Peel Particulate Epoxy Composite. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.17820

Abstract

The use of composite materials dates from centuries ago, and it all started with natural fibres. Likewise this paper includes the use of mango seed peel particulates used as reinforcement to develop the composite. The inner part (kernel) of the mango seed peel particulates is used for home remedies and for medical treatments. But the mango seed peel particulate plays a major role for the material strength and hence it was decided to study its mechanical behaviour. The major points to look out in this is high strength to weight ratio, less weight, and the mango seed peel particulate is a no cost reinforcement material. In this paper, the mechanical properties of mango seed peel particulate particle-epoxy composite were developed with different fibre matrix ratios and are compared. The concept of hand lay-up process is used in preparing the material. It is tested by varying the fibre matrix ratios where the matrix is used in standard proportions. Then the prepared parts are compared against their mechanical properties. Hardness and tensile values obtained are compared for finding the better proportion.

References

[1]. Abolaji, A., Adeyinka, O., & Olaitan, A. (2017). Suitability of mango seed shell particles and recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE) composites for production of particleboard. American Journal of Engineering Research, 6(8), 314-325.

[2]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2014). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (ASTM D638-14). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[3]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2015). Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics (ASTM D695-15). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[4]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2017). Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (ASTM D790-17). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[5]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2018). Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics (ASTM D256-10). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[6]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2021). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness (ASTM D2240-15). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[7]. Dennison, M. S. (2020). An application of Taguchi method for fabrication factors optimisation of banyan aerial root fibre reinforced polymer composite. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 1-11. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14484846.2020.1832728

[8]. dos Santos Jr, L. A., SM Thiré, R. M., B. Lima, E. M., Racca, L. M., & da Silva, A. L. N. (2018, October). Mechanical and thermal properties of environment friendly composite based on mango's seed shell and high‐density polyethylene. In Macromolecular Symposia, 381(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800125

[9]. Government, R. M., Agu, O. S., Anidobu, C. O., Ohaa, N. V., Nnaemeka, B. I., & Thaddaeus, J. (2019). The utilization of mango seed shell flour as reinforcing material for polypropylene composite. FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, 4(1), 232-235.

[10]. Kristianta, F. X., Kristian, I. T. A., Sholahuddin. (2017). Variations in size for hardness and wear rate of aluminum epoxy-coconut shell powder composites for brake pads. Journal of Physics, 8(3), 149–153.

[11]. Kumar, M. A., Kumar, K. M., Adarsh, N., Babu, B. A. A., & Balaji, S. C. (2017). Fabrication and testing of hybrid composites using jute and mango endocarp. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(11), 1760-1764.

[12]. Malaiah, S., Krishna, M., & Krishna, M. (2013). Investigation on effect of fibre and orientation on the properties of bio-fibre reinforced laminates. International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 2(2), 65-70.

[13]. Mittal, V., Saini, R., & Sinha, S. (2016). Natural fibremediated epoxy composites–a review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 99, 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp ositesb.2016.06.051

[14]. Mohammed, L., Ansari, M. N., Pua, G., Jawaid, M., & Islam, M. S. (2015). A review on natural fibre reinforced polymer composite and its applications. International Journal of Polymer Science, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2015/243947

[15]. Moura, B. R., Oliveira, G. E., Filho, R. D. T., & Souza F. G. (2017). Mango seed fibres surface chemical modification applied as mechanical reinforcement in cementitious composites. MOJ Polymer Science, 1(5), 178-181. https:// doi.org/10.15406/mojps.2017.01.00028

[16]. Okpala, L. C., & Gibson-Umeh, G. I. (2013). Physicochemical properties of mango seed flour. Nigerian Food Journal, 31(1), 23-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0189- 7241(15)30052-7

[17]. Ragupathi, P., Sivaram, N. M., Vignesh, G., & Selvam, M. D. (2018). Enhancement of impact strength of a car bumper using natural fibre composite made of jute. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 8(3), 39-45. https://doi. org/10.26634/jme.8.3.14737

[18]. Smitha, B. S., Bhat, A. N. N., Reddy, K. A., Prabhakar, S., & Shetty, K. (2019). Modeling and analysis of automobile door panel using natural fibre composites. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5), 405-409.

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Research Paper

Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Method

M. Vadivel * , R. Ashok **

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vadivel, M., and Ashok, R. (2021). Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Method. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18110

Abstract

In today's world, aluminum metal matrix composites play a significant role in industries like automotive, aviation, aerospace, defense and marine due to its structural application. The objective of this research is to increase the mechanical properties and at the same time reduce the weight without much compromise to the strength to weight ratio. The Aluminium 6061, Aluminium 7075, Aluminium 8011 are used as matrix and alumina and flyash are used as their reinforcement to form the metal matrix composite. Here, Aluminium metal matrix – fly ash - alumina composites were prepared by stir casting method. The impact of reinforcement in the above three series were studied with respect to the tensile, percentage elongation and hardness properties. It has been observed that the addition of alumina and fly ash has resulted in the increase of all the above properties significantly.

References

[1]. Do Woo, K., & Lee, H. B. (2007). Fabrication of Al alloy matrix composite reinforced with subsive-sized Al2O3 particles by the in situ displacement reaction using highenergy ball-milled powder. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 449, 829-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. msea.2006.02.402

[2]. Gustafsson, S., Falk, L. K., Lidén, E., & Carlström, E. (2008). Pressureless sintered Al O –SiC nanocomposites. 2 3 Ceramics International, 34(7), 1609-1615. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.05.005

[3]. Hebbar, H. S., & Ravindra, K. G. (2008). Study of the mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium Ally- SiCp composites processed by stir casting method. In IISc Centenary-International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IC-ICAME), Bangalore, India, July (pp. 2-4).

[4]. Khorshid, M. T., Jahromi, S. J., & Moshksar, M. M. (2010). Mechanical properties of tri-modal Al matrix composites reinforced by nano-and submicron-sized Al O particulates 2 3 developed by wet attrition milling and hot extrusion. Materials & Design, 31(8), 3880-3884. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.matdes.2010.02.047

[5]. Mahendra, K. V., & Radhakrishna, K. (2010). Characterization of stir cast Al—Cu—(fly ash+ SiC) hybrid metal matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 44(8), 989-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021998309 346386

[6]. Priyadarshi, D., & Sharma, R. K. (2016). Optimization for turning of Al-6061-SiC-Gr hybrid nanocomposites using response surface methodologies. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 31(10), 1342-1350. https://doi. org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1070427

[7]. Razavi-Tousi, S. S., Yazdani-Rad, R., & Manafi, S. A. (2011). Effect of volume fraction and particle size of alumina reinforcement on compaction and densification behavior of Al–Al O nanocomposites. Materials Science 2 3 and Engineering: A, 528(3), 1105-1110. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.msea.2010.09.085

[8]. Sajjadi, S. A., Ezatpour, H. R., & Beygi, H. (2011). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Al2O3 micro and nano composites fabricated by stir casting. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(29-30), 8765- 8771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.08.052

[9]. Wahab, M. N., Daud, A. R., & Ghazali, M. J. (2009). Preparation and characterization of stir cast-aluminum nitride reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 4(2), 115-117.

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Research Paper

Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics and Emission Testing using Cotton Seed and Coconut Oil as Bio-Diesel

K. Vijayendiran* , Sushil Samuel Dinesh , R. Vignesh Kanna *

*-*** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vijayendiran, K., Dinesh, S. S., and Kanna, R. V. (2021). Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics and Emission Testing using Cotton Seed and Coconut Oil as Bio-Diesel. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18097

Abstract

Coconut is one of the major agricultural resources in the countries with large coastal areas like India and Sri Lanka. India is the largest producer of cotton in the world. Bio-diesel were produced using equal blends of cotton seed oil and coconut oil with methanol by a process known as transesterification (Oil to methanol ratio = 1:6). Three blends of bio fuel (B10, B20 and B100) were tested using a diesel engine with variable compression ratio for diesel engine (Kirloskar TV-1). Experiments were conducted and the performance and emission characteristics were determined. The performance characteristics of the diesel fuel were also determined in order to compare the performance of bio-diesel blends with diesel. The parameters that were determined are indicated power, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, calorimeter water heat transfer, engine water heat transfer and exhaust water heat transfer. Emissions tests were also carried out to find the various gas emissions from the biodiesel. Based on the experiments, it has been found that the indicated power and brake power of all bio diesel blends were marginally higher than that of diesel. Although diesel provided marginally better mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency of bio-diesel blends were significantly higher than that of diesel. Also, the engine water heat transfer, calorimeter water heat transfer and exhaust gas heat transfer of diesel were found to be higher than that of bio-diesel. Out of all tested bio-diesel blends, B20 has been found to be the most environmental friendly fuel with the least CO₂ and NO_x emissions.

References

[1]. American Society of Testing and Materials. (2012). Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels (ASTM D6751-12). Pennsylvania, US: ASTM International.

[2]. Balakrishna, B. (2012). Vegetable oil as fuel in ci engine: problems and possible solutions. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4(11), 4687-4690.

[3]. Bateni, H., Saraeian, A., & Able, C. (2017). A comprehensive review on biodiesel purification and upgrading. Biofuel Research Journal, 4(3), 668-690.

[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards (2005). Bio-diesel (B100) blend stock for diesel fuel [PCD 3: Petroleum, Lubricants and their Related Products] (IS 15607: 2005). New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.

[5]. Capuano, D., Costa, M., Di Fraia, S., Massarotti, N., & Vanoli, L. (2017). Direct use of waste vegetable oil in internal combustion engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 759-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser. 2016.11.016

[6]. Demirbaş, A. (2003). Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy conversion and Management, 44(13), 2093-2109. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00234-0

[7]. Directorate of Cotton Development Government of India. (2017). Status Paper of Indian Cotton. Retrieved from https://www.nfsm.gov.in/StatusPaper/Cotton2016.pdf

[8]. Economic Survey. (2021). Agriculture and food management chapter 7, India budget 2020 – 2021. Retrieved from https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economic survey/doc/vol2chapter/echap07_vol2.pdf

[9]. Eevera, T., & Pazhanichamy, K. (2013). Cotton seed oil: A feasible oil source for biodiesel production. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 35(12), 1118-1128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567 036.2010.514648

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[11]. Ghosh, S. (2009). Import demand of crude oil and economic growth: Evidence from India. Energy Policy, 37(2), 699-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.021

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[15]. Krishna, B. M., & Mallikarjuna, J. M. (2009). Properties and performance of cotton seed oil–diesel blends as a fuel for compression ignition engines. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 1(2), 023106. https:// doi.org/10.1063/1.3117342

[16]. Liaquat, A. M., Kalam, M. A., Masjuki, H. H., & Jayed, M. H. (2010). Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using biofuel in developing countries. Atmospheric Environment, 44(32), 3869-3877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.003

[17]. Liaquat, A. M., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Fattah, I. R., Hazrat, M. A., Varman, M., ... Shahabuddin, M. (2013). Effect of coconut biodiesel blended fuels on engine performance and emission characteristics. Procedia Engineering, 56, 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pro eng.2013.03.163

[18]. Musa, I. A. (2016). The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe. 2015.06.007

[19]. Onukwuli, D. O., Emembolu, L. N., Ude, C. N., Aliozo, S. O., & Menkiti, M. C. (2017). Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.02.001

[20]. Patel, N. K., & Shah, S. N. (2015). Biodiesel from plant oils. In Food, Energy, and Water (pp. 277-307). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800211-7.00011-9

[21]. Ramalingam, S., & Rajendran, S. (2019). Assessment of performance, combustion, and emission behavior of novel annona biodiesel-operated diesel engine. In Advances in Eco-Fuels for a Sustainable Environment (pp. 391-405). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-08-102728-8.00014-0

[22]. Reşitoğlu, İ. A., Altinişik, K., & Keskin, A. (2015). The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 17(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s10098-014-0793-9

[23]. Shelke, P. S., Sakhare, N. M., & Lahane, S. (2016). Investigation of combustion characteristics of a cottonseed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. Procedia Technology, 25, 1049-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pro tcy.2016.08.205

[24]. Singh, P., Chauhan, S. R., & Kumar, N. (2016). A review on methodology for complete elimination of diesel from CI engines using mixed feedstock. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 1110-1125. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.090

[25]. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Carbon Monoxide Emissions. Retrieved from https:// www.epa.gov/sips-al/chapter-335-3-7-carbon-monoxideemissions

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Research Paper

Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Regenerative Electrical Bicycle

G. Rajesh * , R. Srinivasan , G. Lokesh *

*-*** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Rajesh, G., Srinivasan, R., and Lokesh, G. (2021). Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Regenerative Electrical Bicycle. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18138

Abstract

In the recent development of automobile industries, there has been a focus on reducing the environmental impacts of flue gases emitted from Internal Combustion Engines, such as CO, CO₂, NO_x, and other pollutants, and thus it is critical to develop pollution-free e-vehicles to protect the environment. The goal of this study is to produce a light-weight regenerative electrical bicycle. In this study, a regenerative DC hub motor in the front wheel is employed to generate power from the rotational motion of the front wheel, which is then stored in a power storing device such as a battery or a regenerative convector unit. The stored energy in the storage unit is transferred to a DC hub motor mounted on the bicycle's rear wheel, and the rational moment of the DC hub motor shaft is transferred to the rear wheel motion, which acts as the rear wheel axle. The fundamental advantage of a regenerative e-bike is that it can work in any circumstance without requiring any additional power. When compared to the country's commercially available e-bikes, the regenerative electrical bicycle enhances efficiency.

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Research Paper

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Glass Fiber Epoxy Drive Shaft

R. Srinivasan * , R. Ramkumar**

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Srinivasan, R., and Ramkumar, R. (2021). Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Glass Fiber Epoxy Drive Shaft. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18109

Abstract

The concept of weight reduction in drive shaft using fiber reinforced plastics has existed over a decade. A similar approach
is used here by replacing the conventional metal drive shaft by the glass fiber reinforced plastics. This paper analyzes the
composite drive shaft using Ansys workbench for the replacement of conventional steel drive shaft. The uses of composite
material such as glass fiber with proper resins resulted in remarkable achievements in automobile industry because of its
greater specific strength and specific modulus, improved fatigue and corrosion resistances and reduction in energy
requirements due to reduction in weight as compared to steel shaft. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis is
carried out to investigate the structure of the laminate. The composite drive shaft reduces the weight by 69.58% for
Glass/Epoxy when compared with conventional steel drive shaft.

References

[1]. Bankar, H., Shinde, V., & Baskar, P. (2013). Material optimization and weight reduction of drive shaft using composite material. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 10(1), 39-46.

[2]. Dharmadhikari, S. R., Mahakalkar, S. G., Giri, J. P., & Khutafale, N. D. (2013). Design and analysis of composite drive shaft using ANSYS and genetic algorithm-a critical review. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 3(1), 490-496.

[3]. Karthikeyan, P., Gobinath, R., Kumar, L. A., & Jenish, D. X. (2017, May). Design and analysis of drive shaft using kevlar/epoxy and glass/epoxy as a composite material. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 197, No. 1, p. 012048). IOP Publishing.

[4]. Narayana, V. L., Mojeswararao, D., & Kumar, M. N. V. R. L. (2012). Optimization of composite drive shaft assembly and comparison with conventional steel drive shaft. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 1(6), 1-12.

[5]. Rao, B. J. P., Srikanth, D. V., Kumar, T. S., & Rao, L. S. (2016). Design and analysis of automotive composite propeller shaft using FEA. Materials Today: Proceedings, 3(10), 3673-3679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.012

[6]. Weeton, J. W., Peters, D. M., & Thomas, K. L. (1986). Engineers' Guide to Composite Materials. American Society for Metals.

i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering (JME)

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Volume 11 Issue 4 August - October 2021

Optimization and Energy Performance of 400MW Steam Power Plant Based on Mini REFPROP Software Packages

Malik F. Elmzughi* , Abdulhafed M. Mjani **, Saji S. Lagha ***, Mohammed A. Umbarek ****

*-**** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.

Elmzughi, M. F., Mjani, A. M., Lagha, S. S., and Umbarek, M. A. (2021). Optimization and Energy Performance of 400MW Steam Power Plant Based on Mini REFPROP Software Packages. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18078

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Aerodynamic Study of Sedan Car for Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Vortex Generators

G. Sivaraj* , J. P. Ramesh **, G. Lokesh ***

* Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. **-*** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sivaraj, G., Ramesh, J. P., and Lokesh, G. (2021). Aerodynamic Study of Sedan Car for Increasing Fuel Efficiency by Vortex Generators. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18095

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Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Mango Seed Peel Particulate Epoxy Composite

Sivalingam S.* , Srinivasan R. **, Raghul Ravichandran ***, Vijaya Raghavan S. R. ****, Venkatesan P. *****, Vijay Aravind K. ******

*-****** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sivalingam, S., Srinivasan, R., Ravichandran, R., Raghavan, S. R. V., Venkatesan, P., and Aravind, K. V. (2021). Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Mango Seed Peel Particulate Epoxy Composite. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.17820

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Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Method

M. Vadivel * , R. Ashok **

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vadivel, M., and Ashok, R. (2021). Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Method. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18110

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Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics and Emission Testing using Cotton Seed and Coconut Oil as Bio-Diesel

K. Vijayendiran* , Sushil Samuel Dinesh **, R. Vignesh Kanna ***

*-*** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vijayendiran, K., Dinesh, S. S., and Kanna, R. V. (2021). Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics and Emission Testing using Cotton Seed and Coconut Oil as Bio-Diesel. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18097

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Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Regenerative Electrical Bicycle

G. Rajesh * , R. Srinivasan **, G. Lokesh ***

*-*** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Rajesh, G., Srinivasan, R., and Lokesh, G. (2021). Design and Development of Eco-Friendly Regenerative Electrical Bicycle. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18138

Abstract

References

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Pdf

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Glass Fiber Epoxy Drive Shaft

R. Srinivasan * , R. Ramkumar**

*-** Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Srinivasan, R., and Ramkumar, R. (2021). Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Glass Fiber Epoxy Drive Shaft. i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering, 11(4), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18109

Abstract

References

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Malik F. Elmzughi* , Abdulhafed M. Mjani , Saji S. Lagha *, Mohammed A. Umbarek ****

G. Sivaraj* , J. P. Ramesh , G. Lokesh *

* Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.

-* Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sivalingam S.* , Srinivasan R. , Raghul Ravichandran *, Vijaya Raghavan S. R. **, Venkatesan P. *, Vijay Aravind K. ****

K. Vijayendiran* , Sushil Samuel Dinesh , R. Vignesh Kanna *

G. Rajesh * , R. Srinivasan , G. Lokesh *