References
[2]. Åström, J., Karlsson, M., Linde, J., and
Pirannejad, A.
(2012). “Understanding the rise of e-participation in
nondemocracies:
Domestic and international factors”.
Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 142-150.
[3]. Bailey, A., & Ngwenyama, O. (2011). “The
challenge of
e-participation in the digital city: Exploring generational
influences among community telecentre users”.
Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 204-214.
[4]. Berghel, H. (2000). “Digital politics
2000”.
Communications-ACM, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 17-22.
[5]. Breindl, Y., & Francq, P. (2008). “Can Web
2.0
applications save e-democracy? A study of how new
internet applications may enhance citizen participation in
the political process online”. International Journal of
Electronic Democracy, Vol. 1(1), pp.14-31.
[6]. Brown, T.A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for
Applied Research: Guilford Press.
[7]. Buchinsky, M. (1994). Changes in the US wage
structure 1963-1987: Application of quantile regression”.
Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society,
pp.405-458.
[8]. Buchinsky, M. (1995). “Quantile regression,
Box-Cox
transformation model, and the US wage structure 1963–
1987”. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 65(1), pp.109-154.
[9]. Cardoso, G., Cunha, C., & Nascimento, S. (2006).
“Bridging the e-democracy gap in Portugal: MPs, ICTs and
political mediation”. Information, Communication &
Society, Vol. 9(4), pp. 452-472.
[11]. Chadwick, A. (2008). “Web 2.0: New challenges
for
the study of e-democracy in an era of informational
exuberance”. ISJLP, Vol. 5, No. 9.
[12]. Chadwick, A. (2003). “Bringing E-Democracy
Back In
Why it Matters for Future Research on Egovernance”. Social
Science Computer Review, Vol. 21(4), pp. 443-455.
[13]. Coleman, S., & Norris, D.F. (2005). “A
new agenda for
e-democracy.Oxford Internet Institute”. Forum Discussion
Paper No. 4, January 2005. Retrieved on January 7, 2014 from http://www.ukn.inettr.org.tr/oii/FD4.pdf
[14]. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research:
Planning, Conducting, And Evaluating Quantitative And
th Qualitative Research, 4 Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson.
[15]. Cullen, R., & Sommer, L. (2011).
“Participatory
democracy and the value of online community networks:
An exploration of online and offline communities engaged
in civil society and political activity”. Government
Information Quarterly, Vol. 28(2), pp. 148-154.
[16]. Curtice, J., & Norris, P. (2004). “e-politics? The impact
of the internet on political trust and participation”. British
st Social Attitudes: The 21 Report.
[17]. Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and Its Critics. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
[18]. Durndell, A., & Haag, Z. (2002).
“Computer self
efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the Internet and reported
experience with the Internet, by gender, in an East European
sample”. Computers in Human Behavior,
Vol. 18(5), pp. 521-535.
[19]. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using
SPSS. Sage
Publications Limited.
[20]. Garrett, R. K., & Jensen, M. J. (2011).
“E-Democracy
Writ Small: The impact of the Internet on citizen access to
local elected officials”. Information, Communication &
Society, Vol. 14(2), pp. 177-197.
[21]. Gil de Zúñiga, H., Veenstra, A.,
Vraga, E., & Shah, D.
(2010). “Digital democracy: Reimagining pathways to
political participation”. Journal of Information Technology
& Politics, Vol. 7(1), pp. 36-51.
[22]. Gorsuch, R.L. (1983). Factor Analysis,
2nd Edition.
Erlbaum.
[23]. Gross, T. (2000). “Technological support for
e-democracy:
History and perspectives”. Proceedings of the 11th
International Workshop on the Database and Expert
Systems Applications, 2000.
[24]. Grönlund, Å. (2003a). “E-democracy: In search of
tools and methods for effective participation”. Journal of
MultiCriteria Decision Analysis, Vol. 12(2&3), pp. 93-100.
[25]. Grönlund, Å. (2003b). “Emerging
Electronic
Infrastructures Exploring Democratic Components”. Social
Science Computer Review, Vol. 21(1), pp. 55-72.
[26]. Hacker, Kenneth L., and Jan van Dijk, (2000).
“What Is
Digital Democracy?” In Digital Democracy: Issues of Theory
& Practice, edited by Kenneth L. Hacker and Jan van Dijk,
pp. 1–9. London: Sage.
[28]. Kampen, J. K., & Snijkers, K. (2003).
“E-Democracy-A
Critical Evaluation of the Ultimate E-Dream”. Social Science
Computer Review, Vol. 21(4), pp. 491-496.
[29]. Karickhoff, M., & Howley, A. (1997).
“Democracy in
teacher education: Equality verses excellence”. The
Teacher Educator, Vol. 33(2), pp. 61-69.
[30]. Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978).
“Regression quantiles”. Econometrica: Journal of the
Econometric Society, pp. 33-50.
[31]. Levin, T., & Gordon, C. (1989). Effect of
gender and
computer experience on attitudes toward computers”.
Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 5(1), pp.
69-88.
[32]. Lidén, G. (2015). “Technology and
democracy:
validity in measurements of e-democracy”.
Democratization, Vol. 22(4), pp. 698-713.
[33]. Lidén, G. (2012). “Is e-democracy more
than
democratic?-An examination of the implementation of
socially sustainable values in e-democratic processes”.
Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol. 10(1), pp. 84-94.
[34]. Long, J.S., & Ervin, L.H. (2000). “Using
heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors in the linear
regression model”. The American Statistician, Vol. 54(3),
pp. 217-224.
[35]. Macintosh, A., Robson, E., Smith, E., & Whyte,
A.
(2003). “Electronic democracy and young people”. Social
Science Computer Review, Vol. 21(1), pp. 43-54.
[36]. Macintosh, Ann, Stephen Coleman, and Agnes
Schneeberger, (2009). “e-Participation: The Research
Gaps”. In Electronic Participation, edited by Ann
Macintosh and Efthimios Tambouris, 5694: 1–11. Berlin:
Springer.
[37]. Mahrer, H., & Krimmer, R. (2005).
“Towards the
enhancement of e-democracy: Identifying the notion of
the ‘ middleman paradox’ ”. Information Systems
Journal,
Vol. 15(1), pp. 27-42.
[38]. Moursund, D., & Bielefeldt, T. (1999).
“Will new
teachers be prepared to teach in a digital age?”. A
National Survey on Information Technology in Teacher
Education. Santa Monica, CA: Milken Family Foundation.
[39]. Morrell, M. E. (2010). Empathy and Democracy:
Feeling, Thinking, and Deliberation, Penn State Press.
[40]. Mosteller, F., & Tukey, J. W. (1977).
“Data analysis and
regression: A Second Course in Statistics”. Addison-Wesley
Series in Behavioral Science: Quantitative Methods,
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1977, 1.
[41]. Oral, B. (2008). “The evaluation of the
student
teachers’ attitudes toward Internet and democracy”. Computers
& Education, Vol. 50(1), pp. 437-445.
[42]. Parvez, Z., & Ahmed, P. (2006). Towards
building an
integrated perspective on e-democracy”. Information,
Community & Society, Vol. 9(5), pp. 612-632.
[43]. Saebo, O., & Paivarinta, T. (2005).
“Autopoietic
cybergenres for e-Democracy? Genre analysis of a
th webbased discussion board”. Proceedings of the 38
Annual Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences, 2005, HICSS'05.
[44]. Schmid, J., & Leiman, J.M. (1957). “The
development
of hierarchical factor solutions”. Psychometrika, Vol. 22(1),
pp. 53-61.
[45]. Skoric, M. M., & Park, Y. J. (2014).
“Culture,
technologies and democracy: A cross-national analysis of
political development”. Telematics and Informatics, Vol.
31(3), pp. 364-375.
[46]. Susha, I., & Grönlund, Å. (2014).
“Context clues for the
stall of the Citizens’ Initiative: Lessons for opening up
eparticipation
development practice”. Government
Information Quarterly, Vol. 31(3), pp. 454-465.
[48]. Sendag, S. (2014). “An e-democracy
application: Do
not let my dreams of an ideal university stay only in my
dreams”. International Journal on New Trends in Education
and their Implications, Vol. 5(1), pp. 53-63.
[49]. Shelley II, M. C., Thrane, L. E., & Shulman, S.
W. (2006).
“Lost in cyberspace: Barriers to bridging the digital divide in
e-politics”. International Journal of Internet and Enterprise
Management, Vol. 4(3), pp. 228-243.
[50]. Shirazi, F., Ngwenyama, O., & Morawczynski, O.
(2010). “ICT expansion and the digital divide in democratic
freedoms: An analysis of the impact of ICT expansion,
education and ICT filtering on democracy”. Telematics
and Informatics, Vol. 27(1), pp. 21-31.
[51]. Stevens, J.P. (2001). Applied Multivariate
Statistics for the Social Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum.
[52]. Tabachnick, B.G, & Fidell, L.S. (2001).
Multivariate
Statistics. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn
[53]. Thomas, L.A. (1995). “The Use of Second-Order
Factor
Analysis in Psychological Research”. Retrieved on
November 13 , 2013 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED382676.pdf
[54]. Thrane, L. E., Shelley, M. C., Shulman, S. W.,
Beisser, S.
R., & Larson, T. B. (2005). “E-Political Empowerment: Age
Effects or Attitudinal Barriers?”, Journal of E-Government,
Vol. 1(4), pp. 21-37.
[55]. Vasilis, T., & Dimitris, K. (2010). “e-Democracy: The
Political Culture of Tomorrow’s Citizens Next Generation
Society”. Technological and Legal Issues, pp.99-107,
Springer.
[56]. Watson, R. T, & Mundy, B. (2001). “A
strategic
perspective of electronic democracy”. Communications
of the ACM, Vol. 44(1), pp. 27-30.
[57]. Wattal, S., Schuff, D., Mandviwalla, M., &
Williams, C. B.
(2010). “Web 2.0 and politics: The 2008 US presidential
election and an e-politics research agenda”. MIS
Quarterly, Vol. 34(4), pp. 669-688.
[58]. Weeks, E. C. (2000). “The Practice of
Deliberative
Democracy: Results from Four Large-Scale Trials”. Public
Administration Review, Vol. 60(4), pp. 360-372.
[59]. White, H. (1980). “A heteroskedasticity-consistent
covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for
heteroskedasticity ”. Econometrica: Journal of the
Econometric Society, pp. 817-838.
[60]. Yigit, E. Ö., & Çolak, K. (2010).
“The opinions of the preservice
teachers about e-democracy in Turkey”. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 2(2), pp. 712-716.
[61]. You, K. H., Lee, J. K., Kang, H., & Go, E.
(2015).
“Participatory or deliberative democracy? Exploring the
mediation effects of perceived online deliberation and
online interactive activities on social outcomes”.
Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 32(2), pp. 205-214.
