An Evaluation of Copy Cover and Compare Spelling Intervention for an Elementary Student with Learning Disabilities: A Replication

Celena Breach*, T. F. McLaughlin**, K. Mark Derby***
* Teacher, A-3 Multi-Agency Adolescence Program, Spokane Pubic Schools, Washington, USA
** -*** Full Professor, Department of Special Education, Gonzaga University, Washington, USA.
Periodicity:November - January'2016
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.9.3.3770

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to increase the spelling performance for a 4 grade student with learning disabilities. The second objective was to replicate the document with the efficacy of Copy, Cover, and Compare (CCC) in spelling. The study was conducted in a resource room in a low socio-economic school in the Pacific Northwest. The skill assessed was the number correct spelling words taken from a classroom constructed spelling worksheet. The results showed and increase in number scored correctly when CCC was in effect for each of five sets of spelling words. Using the Percent of Non-overlapping Data points, (PND), the authors also determined that CCC was a very effective intervention. These outcomes replicate other research dealing with CCC.

Keywords

Copy, Cover, Compare, Learning Disabilities, Spelling, Percent of Non-overlapping Data Points (NDP), Effect Size, Classroom Research.

How to Cite this Article?

Celena Breach, T. F. Mclaughlin and K. Mark Derby (2016). An Evaluation of Copy Cover and Compare Spelling Intervention for an Elementary Student with Learning Disabilities: A Replication. i-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 9(3), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.9.3.3770

References

[1]. Barberio-Kitts, C., McLaughlin, Neyman, J., Worcester, L. and Cartmell, H. (2014). “The effects of a modified cover, copy, compare on spelling third grade core words for a student with autism”. Global Journal of Human Social Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 1-15. Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume14/1-The- Effects-of-a-Modified-Cover-Copy.pdf
[2]. Bolich, B., Kavon N., McLaughlin, T.F., Williams, R.L., and Urlacher, S. (1995). “Effects of a copy, cover, compare procedure and a token economy on the retention of basic multiplication facts by two middle school students with ADD/ADHD”. B.C. Journal of Special Education, Vol. 19, pp. 1-10.
[3]. Bracey, G. (2002). “Raising achievement of at- risk students—or not”. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 83, pp. 431- 432.
[4]. Carnine, D., Silbert, J., Kameenui, E. J., and Tarver, S. G. (2006). Direct Instruction Reading, 4th Ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall/Pearson.
[5]. Carter, M., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M. Schuler, H., and Everman, J. (2011). “Differential effects of cover, copy, and compare in spelling with four high school students with severe behavior disorders”. Academic Research International, Vol.1, pp.44-52, Retrieved from http: //174.36.46.112/~savaporg/journals/issue.html
[6]. Cieslar, W., McLaughlin, T. F., and Derby, K. M. (2008). “The effects of the copy, cover, and compare procedure on the math and spelling performance of a high school student with behavior disorder: A case report”. Preventing School Failure, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 45-51.
[7]. Conley, C. M., Derby, K. M., Roberts-Gwinn, M., Weber, K. P., and McLaughlin, T. F., (2004). An analysis of initial acquisition and maintenance of sight words following picture matching and copy, cover, and compare teaching methods. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Vol. 37, pp. 339-350.
[8]. Fulk, B. M., and Stormont-Spurgin, M. (1995). “Spelling interventions for students with disabilities: A review”. The Journal of Special Education, Vol. 28, pp. 488-513.
[9]. Harvey, M. N., Conner-Boyle, S., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M., Weber, K. P., and Sanders, L. (2015). “Employing copy, cover, compare to teach a middle school student with ADHD handwriting with appropriate form and spacing: A case report”. International Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 82-86. Retrieved from http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1iss ue4/PartB/96.1.pdf
[10]. Hubbert, E. R., Weber, K. P. and McLaughlin, T. F. (2000). “The effects of copy cover compare and a traditional spelling intervention with an adolescent with a conduct disorder”. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 55-68.
[11]. Ivicek-Cordes, C., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M., and Higgins, S. (2012). “Implementing and evaluating cover, copy, and compare spelling for a primary student with autism: A case report”. Academic Research International, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 271-276. Retrieved from http://174.36.46.112/~savaporg/journals/issue.html
[12]. Jasny, B. R., Chin, G., Chong, L., and Vignieri, S. (2011). Data replication & reproducibility. Again, and again, and again. Introduction. Science, Vol. 334, pp. 1225.
[13]. Johnston, J. M., and Pennypacker, H. S. (2009). Strategies and Tactics Of Behavioral Research 3rd. Ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
[14]. Kazdin, A. E. (2011). Single Case Research Designs: Methods For Clinical And Applied Settings 2nd. Ed., New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[15]. Klee, I., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M., Weber, K. P., Donica, D., and Kalb, G. (2015). “Using Handwriting Without Tears® and a modified copy, cover, compare through chaining to teach name writing to a preschooler with developmental delays to write his name”. International Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 59-65. Retrieved from: http://www.allresearchjournal. com/archi ves/2015/vol1issue3/PartB/72.1.pdf
[16]. Konrad, M., and Joseph, L. M. (2014). “Cover-copycompare: A method for enhancing evidence-based instruction”. Intervention in School and Clinic, Vol. 49, pp. 203-210.
[17]. Marchand-Martella, N., and Slocum, T., Martella, R. (2004). (Eds.). Introduction to Direct Instruction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
[18]. McLaughlin, T. F. (1983). An examination and evaluation of single subject designs used in behavior analysis research in school settings. Educational Research Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 35-42.
[19]. McLaughlin, T. F., Weber, K. P., and Barretto, A. (2004). “Spelling: Academic interventions”. In T. S. Watson & C.H. Skinner (Eds), Encyclopedia of School Psychology, pp. 317-320. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
[20]. McLaughlin, T. F., Weber, K. P., and Derby, K. M. (2013). “Classroom spelling interventions for students with learning disabilities”. In H. L. Swanson, K. R. Harris, & S. Graham (Eds.). Handbook of Learning Disabilities, 2nd. Ed. pp. 439-447. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
[21]. McAuley, S. M., and McLaughlin, T.F. (1992). “Comparison of add-a-word and compu spell programs with low-achieving students”. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 85, pp. 362-369.
[22]. McLaughlin, T.F., Reiter, S.M., Mabee, W.S., and Byram, B. (1991). “An analysis and replication of the adda- word spelling program with mildly handicapped middle school students”. Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol. 1, pp. 413-426.
[23]. McLaughlin, T. F., and Skinner, C. H. (1996). “Improving academic performance through selfmanagement: Cover, copy, and compare”. Intervention in School and Clinic, Vol. 32, pp. 113-118.
[24]. McLaughlin, T. F., Williams, B. F., Williams, R. L., Peck, S. M., Derby, K. M., Bjordahl, J. M., and Weber, K. M. (1999). “Behavioral training for teachers in special education: The Gonzaga University program”. Behavioral Interventions, Vol. 14, pp. 83-134.
[25]. Membrey, A., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M., and Antcliff, C. (2011). “A modification of cover, copy, and compare in spelling for three middle school students with multiple disabilities”. International Journal of Social Science and Education, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 491-505. Retrieved from: http://advasol.net/?q=node/19
[26]. Morgan, D., and Jenson, W. R. (2001). Teaching Behaviorally Disordered Students: Preferred Practices. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.
[27]. Murphy, J. F., Hern, C. L., Williams, R. L., and McLaughlin, T. F. (1990). “The effects of the copy, cover, and compare approach in increasing spelling accuracy with learning disabled students”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 15, pp. 378-386.
[28]. Nosek, B. A., Alter, G., Banks, D., Borsboom, D., Bowman, S. D., Breckler, S. J. and Yarkoni, T. (2015). “Promoting an open research culture: Author guidelines for journals could help to promote transparency, openness, and reproducibility”. Science, Vol. 348, pp. 1422-1425.
[29]. Ravitch, D. (2010). The Death and Life Of The Great American School System: How Testing and Choice are Undermining Education. New York, NY: Basic Books.
[30]. Scruggs, T. and Mastropieri, M. A. (2013). “PND at 25: Past, present and future trends in summarizing single subject research”. Remedial and Special Education, Vol. 34, pp. 9-19.
[31]. Scruggs, T. E., and Mastropieri, M. A. (2001). “How to summarize single-participant research: Ideas and applications”. Exceptionality, Vol. 12, pp. 227-244.
[32]. Scruggs, T. Mastropieri, M. A., & Casto, G. (1987). “Summarizing single case research: issues and applications”. Behavior Modification, Vol. 22, pp. 221- 242.
[33]. Skinner, C. H., Belfiore, P. J., and Pierce, N. L. (1992). “Cover, copy, and compare: Increasing geography accuracy in students with behavior disorders”. School Psychology Review, Vol. 21, pp. 73-81.
[34]. Skinner, C. H., Ford, J. M., and Yunker, B. D. (1991). “A comparison of instructional response requirements on the multiplication performance of behaviorally disordered students”. Behavioral Disorders, Vol. 17, pp. 56-65.
[35]. Skinner, C. H., McLaughlin, T. F., and Logan, P. (1997). “Cover, copy, and compare: A self-managed academic intervention across skills, students, and settings”. Journal of Behavioral Education, Vol. 7, pp. 295-306.
[36]. Stading, M., Williams, R. L., and McLaughlin, T. F. (1996). “Effects of a copy, cover, and compare procedure on multiplication facts mastery with a third grade girl with learning disabilities in a home setting”. Education and Treatment of Children, Vol. 19, pp. 425- 434.
[37]. Steele, E., McLaughlin, T. F., Derby, K. M., Weber, K. P., Donica, D., and McKenzie, M. (2015). “Employing handwriting without tears® to teach a 4-year- old preschool student to write his name with the appropriate size, shape, and formcombined with an imitate/trace/copy/memory procedure”. i-manager's Journal on Educational Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 21- 29. Retrieved from: http://www.imanagerpublications. com/ Archives.aspx
[38]. Stein, M., Kinder, D., Silbert, J., and Carnine, D. W. (2006). Designing Effective Mathematics Instruction: A Direct Instruction Approach, 4th Ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson, and Prentice-Hall.
[39]. Swanson, H. L., Carson, C., and Lee, C. (1996). “A selective synthesis of intervention research for students with learning disabilities”. School Psychology Review, Vol. 25, pp. 370– 390.
[40]. Swanson, H., L., Harris, K., and Graham, S. (2013). Handbook of Learning Disabilities 2nd. Ed., New York, NY: Guilford Press.
[41]. Weber, B., McLaughlin, T. F., Cozza, M., and Millersmith, T. (2013). “Using and evaluating cover, copy, and compare with a 4th-grade student with autism: A case study with brief measures of maintenance of treatment effects over time”. International Journal of English and Education, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 221-230. Retrieved from http://ijee.org/vol4_issue_4
[42]. Zielinski, K., McLaughlin, T. F., and Derby, K. M. (2012). “Employing and evaluating cover, copy, and compare on spelling accuracy with high school students with learning disabilities”. American Secondary Education, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 78-95.
If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Purchase Instant Access

Single Article

North Americas,UK,
Middle East,Europe
India Rest of world
USD EUR INR USD-ROW
Online 15 15

Options for accessing this content:
  • If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
    Library Recommendation Form
  • If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
  • New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.