Construction material management is a critical challenge in the global construction industry, particularly in emerging economies such as Ethiopia. Ineffective material management significantly impedes project performance. This study examines the application of material management techniques and their impact on construction project delivery success in the Hadiya Zone of Ethiopia. A descriptive and correlational research design integrating qualitative and quantitative methods was employed. Project managers, material managers, and site engineers of contracting firms constituted the study population, and data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Responses from 204 participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and Pearson correlation with SPSS version 25. Twenty-five factors influencing material management were identified, of which seven—material schedule planning and monitoring, strong supplier relations, site security measures, use of information and communication technology, material waste control, consideration of weather conditions, and employment and training of competent workers—were found to significantly enhance material management effectiveness and directly improve project delivery outcomes. Results further indicate limited use of prefabrication, material cards, ICT tools, and worker training among contracting firms, particularly medium and small enterprises. Based on the findings, a framework for effective material management was developed. The study recommends adopting appropriate techniques and applying the proposed framework to address existing material management challenges.