Free Space Optical (FSO) communication is a promising technique for quick, secure, and cost-effective data transport. However, non-Gaussian events like as atmospheric turbulence, aiming errors, and background noise significantly impair system performance. This paper explores adaptive modulation techniques to mitigate these effects and ensure improved reliability and efficiency in FSO links. It is investigated how resilient a number of adaptive schemes are against turbulence-induced fading, including Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Through theoretical modeling and simulations, we demonstrate how dynamic modulation adaptation, which is based on channel state prediction, enhances signal integrity and spectral efficiency. According to our findings, adaptive modulation techniques provide a practical answer for actual FSO deployments since they dramatically lower bit error rates (BER) and increase system capacity. The study advances robust and high-performance optical communication systems by shedding light on the best modulation selection criteria for a range of climatic circumstances.