Nanofibers possess unique properties that make them ideal for designing controlled drug delivery systems. Their high surface area to volume ratio and porosity make them suitable for advanced applications such as biodegradable and controlled drug delivery systems, offering benefits like site-specific drug delivery to the body. Nanofibers represent an innovative class of materials produced using advanced manufacturing processes, resulting in geometrical shapes like nonwoven webs, yarns, and bulk structures.Synthetic polymer nanofibers are typically made from materials such as nylon, acrylic, polycarbonate, polysulfones, and fluoropolymers. On the other hand, biological polymer nanofibers are derived from substances like polycaprolactam, chitosan, polylactic acid, and copolymers of polylactic/glycolic acid, among other biopolymers.Several techniques exist for synthesizing nanofibers, including electrospinning, self-assembly, and phase separation, with electrospinning being the most widely adopted method. Bioactive molecules such as anti-cancer drugs, enzymes, cytokines, and polysaccharides can be encapsulated within the nanofiber's interior or immobilized on its surface for controlled drug delivery purposes.Recent advancements have led to the development of protein-based nanofibers, significantly enhancing drug delivery techniques for treating cancers, heart diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and promoting tissue regeneration including bone and cartilage. This paper provides insights into nanofiber fabrication, characteristics, and their sophisticated applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and filter media.