i-manager Publications

Performance Comparison of Several Controllers in Load Frequency Control of Modern Interconnected Power System

Muppoori Nagendra*, Sd. Asfiya**, Santosh Kumar N.***, Durga Prasad M.****

*-**** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Periodicity:January - March'2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.3.20694

Abstract

This paper presents the Load Frequency Control of two modern interconnected power systems. Area 1 comprises a combination of conventional generators, Solar PV, and Solar Thermal, while Area 2 combines conventional generators with wind and Solar Thermal. Governor dead band and appropriate generation rate constraints are considered for conventional generators in both areas. Additionally, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Battery Energy Storage (BES) are the two forms of energy storage units (ES) included in the system. The three controllers PID, Tilt- Integral-Derivative (TID), and Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) are investigated and compared for TAMSPS. The controller gains are optimized using the PSO algorithm. The system dynamic performances are studied with a 1% step load perturbation and random loads in Area 1 with different controllers.

Keywords

Load Frequency Control (LFC), Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Energy Storage (ES), Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), Battery Energy Storage (BES), Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID), Tilt-Integral-Derivative (TID), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Two Area Multi Source Power System (TAMSPS).

How to Cite this Article?

Nagendra, M., Asfiya, Sd., Kumar, N. S., Prasad, M. D. (2024). Performance Comparison of Several Controllers in Load Frequency Control of Modern Interconnected Power System. i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering, 17(3), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.3.20694

References

[1]. Abdelaziz, A. Y., & Ali, E. S. (2015). Cuckoo search algorithm based load frequency controller design for nonlinear interconnected power system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 73, 632- 643.

[2]. Ahmed, M., Magdy, G., Khamies, M., & Kamel, S. (2022). Modified TID controller for load frequency control of a two-area interconnected diverse-unit power system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 135, 107528.

[3]. Alhelou, H. H., Hamedani-Golshan, M. E., Zamani, R., Heydarian-Forushani, E., & Siano, P. (2018). Challenges and opportunities of load frequency control in conventional, modern and future smart power systems: A comprehensive review. Energies, 11(10), 2497.

[4]. Arya, Y., Kumar, N., Dahiya, P., Sharma, G., Çelik, E., Dhundhara, S., & Sharma, M. (2021). Cascade IλDμN controller design for AGC of thermal and hydro thermal power systems integrated with renewable energy sources. IET Renewable Power Generation, 15(3), 504-520.

[5]. Debbarma, S., Saikia, L. C., & Sinha, N. (2013). AGC of a multi-area thermal system under deregulated environment using a non-integer controller. Electric Power Systems Research, 95, 175-183.

[6]. El-Ela, A. A. A., El-Sehiemy, R. A., Shaheen, A. M., & Diab, A. E. G. (2021). Enhanced coyote optimizer-based cascaded load frequency controllers in multi-area power systems with renewable. Neural Computing and Applications, 33, 8459-8477.

[7]. Guha, D., Roy, P. K., & Banerjee, S. (2016). Load frequency control of interconnected power system using grey wolf optimization. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 27, 97-115.

[8]. Guha, D., Roy, P. K., & Banerjee, S. (2018). Application of backtracking search algorithm in load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power system. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(2), 257-276.

[9]. Hakimuddin, N., Nasiruddin, I., Bhatti, T. S., & Arya, Y. (2020). Optimal automatic generation control with hydro, thermal, gas, and wind power plants in 2-area interconnected power system. Electric Power Components and Systems, 48(6-7), 558-571.

[10]. Kerdphol, T., Fuji, K., Mitani, Y., Watanabe, M., & Qudaih, Y. (2016). Optimization of a battery energy storage system using particle swarm optimization for stand-alone microgrids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 81, 32-39.

[11]. Kocaarslan, I., & Çam, E. (2005). Fuzzy logic controller in interconnected electrical power systems for load-frequency control. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 27(8), 542-549.

[12]. Kumar, A., Malik, O. P., & Hope, G. S. (1987). Discrete variable structure controller for load frequency control of multiarea interconnected power systems. IEEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution [see also IEEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution]. 2(134), 116-122.

[13]. Kundur, P. (1994). Power System Stability and Control. Mc-Graw Hill, Inc.

[14]. Lu, C. F., Liu, C. C., & Wu, C. J. (1995). Effect of battery energy storage system on load frequency control considering governor deadband and generation rate constraint. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 10(3), 555-561.

[15]. Lurie, B. J. (1994). Three-Parameter Tunable Tilt- Integral-Derivative (TID) Controller. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

[16]. Magdy, G., Mohamed, E. A., Shabib, G., Elbaset, A. A., & Mitani, Y. (2018). SMES based a new PID controller for frequency stability of a real hybrid power system considering high wind power penetration. IET Renewable Power Generation, 12(11), 1304-1313.

[17]. Mahto, T., & Mukherjee, V. (2017). Fractional order fuzzy PID controller for wind energy based hybrid power system using quasi oppositional harmony search algorithm. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 11(13), 3299-3309.

[18]. Mi, Y., Hao, X., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Wang, C., Wang, P., & Loh, P. C. (2017). Sliding mode load frequency control for multi area time delay power system with wind power integration. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 11(18), 4644-4653.

[19]. Mohanty, B., & Hota, P. K. (2015). Comparative performance analysis of fruit fly optimisation algorithm for multi area multi source automatic generation control under deregulated environment. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 9(14), 1845-1855.

[20]. Nanda, J., Mangla, A., & Suri, S. (2006). Some new findings on automatic generation control of an interconnected hydrothermal system with conventional controllers. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 21(1), 187-194.

[21]. Patra, S., Sen, S., & Ray, G. (2007). Design of robust load frequency controller: H∞ loop shaping approach. Electric Power Components and Systems, 35(7), 769-783.

[22]. Rajbongshi, R., & Saikia, L. C. (2017). Performance of coordinated FACTS and energy storage devices in combined multiarea ALFC and AVR system. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 9(6), 064101.

[23]. Sahu, R. K., Gorripotu, T. S., & Panda, S. (2016). Automatic generation control of multi-area power systems with diverse energy sources using teaching learning based optimization algorithm. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(1), 113-134.

[24]. Saikia, L. C., Mishra, S., Sinha, N., & Nanda, J. (2011). Automatic generation control of a multi area hydrothermal system using reinforced learning neural network controller. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 33(4), 1101-1108.

[25]. Saikia, L. C., Nanda, J., & Mishra, S. (2011). Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-area interconnected thermal system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 33(3), 394-401.

[26]. Sharma, G., Panwar, A., Arya, Y., & Kumawat, M. (2020). Integrating layered recurrent ANN with robust control strategy for diverse operating conditions of AGC of the power system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 14(18), 3886-3895.

[27]. Sharma, M., Dhundhara, S., Arya, Y., & Prakash, S. (2021). Frequency stabilization in deregulated energy system using coordinated operation of fuzzy controller and redox flow battery. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(5), 7457-7475.

[28]. Singh, S. P., Prakash, T., & Singh, V. P. (2020). Coordinated tuning of controller-parameters using symbiotic organisms search algorithm for frequency regulation of multi-area wind integrated power system. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 23(1), 240-252.

[29]. Sobhy, M. A., Abdelaziz, A. Y., Hasanien, H. M., & Ezzat, M. (2021). Marine predators algorithm for load frequency control of modern interconnected power systems including renewable energy sources and energy storage units. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(4), 3843-3857.

[30]. Tasnin, W., Saikia, L. C., & Raju, M. (2018). Deregulated AGC of multi-area system incorporating dish-Stirling solar thermal and geothermal power plants using fractional order cascade controller. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 101, 60-74.

[31]. Tripathy, S. C., Kalantar, M., & Balasubramanian, R. (1991). Dynamics and stability of wind and diesel turbine generators with superconducting magnetic energy storage unit on an isolated power system. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 6(4), 579-585.

[32]. Yang, J., Sun, X., Liao, K., He, Z., & Cai, L. (2019). Model predictive control based load frequency control for power systems with wind turbine generators. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(15), 2871-2879.

If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Single Article

	North Americas,UK, Middle East,Europe		India	Rest of world
	USD	EUR	INR	USD-ROW
Online	15	15

ADD TO CART

Options for accessing this content:

If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.