References
[1]. Airasian, P.W. (1991). Perspectives on measurement instruction. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 10 (1), 13-16.
[2]. Airasian, P. W. (2005). Classroom assessment: Concepts and applications (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[3]. Assessment Reform Group (1999). Assessment for Learning: beyond the black box. Cambridge: University of Cambridge School of Education. Retrieved October 2, 2012 from http://assessmentreformgroup.files.wordpress. Com/2012/01/beyond_blackbox.pdf.
[4]. Al-Momani, I.A., Ihmeidehb, F.M., & Abu Naba'hc, A. M. (2010). Teaching reading in the early years: Exploring home and kindergarten relationships. Early Child Development and Care, 180 (6), 767-785.
[5]. Brown, C.L., & Broemmel, A.D. (2011). Deep scaffolding: Enhancing the reading experiences of English language learners. New England Reading Association Journal, 46 (2), 34-39.
[6]. Brumen, M., & Cagran, B. (2011). Teachers' perspectives and practices in assessing young foreign language learners in three Eastern European countries. Education, 3-13, 1-19.
[7]. Burnett, C., & Myers, J. (2004). Teaching English, 3-11: An Essential guide. London: Continuum.
[8]. Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[9]. Chan, Y.C. (2007). Elementary school EFL teachers' beliefs and practices of multiple assessments in the northern Taiwan. Reflections on English Language Teaching, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 37–62. Retrieved January 17, 2012 from http://www.nus.edu.sg/celc/research/books/relt/ vol7/no1/37-62chan.pdf.
[10]. Chen, J.Q., & Mc Namee, G.D. (2007). Bridging: Assessment for teaching and learning in Early Childhood classrooms, PreK-3. California: Crown Press.
[11]. Edelenbos, P., & Kubanek-German, A. (2004). Teacher assessment: The concept of “diagnostic competence.” Language Testing, 21(3), 259-283.
[12]. Espinosa, L.M., & Lopez, M.L. (2007), August. Assessment considerations for young English language learners across different levels of accountability. A paper prepared for National Early Childhood Accountability Task Force, USA. Retrieved November 18, 2011, from http://www. First5la.org/ files/AssessmentConsiderations English Learners. pdf.
[13]. Fair. G.C., & Combs, D. (2011). Nudging fledgling teen readers from the nest: From Round Robin to real reading. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 84 (5), 224-230.
[14]. Freebody, P., & Austin, H. (1992). Assessing reading comprehension. In B. Derewianka (Ed.), Language assessment in Primary classrooms (pp. 139-80). Marrickville, NSW: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
[15]. Garcia, G. E., & Pearson, P.D. (1994). Assessment and diversity. Review of Research in Education, 20, 337-392.
[16]. Gatullo, F. (2000). Formative assessment in ELT primary (elementary) classrooms: An Italian case study. Language Testing. 17(2), 278–88.
[17]. Grabe, W., & Stoller, F.L. (2002). Teaching and researching reading. Harlow: Longman.
[18]. Hamayan, E.V. (1995). Approaches to alternative assessment. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 15, 212-226. Retrieved March 30, 2012, from https://resources. Oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/fpawan/L540%20_%20CBI/Hamayan_95_alt-assess.pdf.
[19]. Ioannou-Georgiou, S., & Pavlou, P. (2003). Assessing young learners. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[20]. Jia, Y., Eslami., Z.R., & Burlbaw, L.M. (2006). ESL teachers' perceptions and factors influencing their use of classroom-based reading assessment. Bilingual Research Journal, 30 (2), 407-430.
[21]. Leslie, L., & Caldwell, J. (2009). Formal and informal measures of reading comprehension. In S. E. Israel & G. G. Duffy (Eds.), Handbook of research on reading comprehension. New York: Routledge.
[22]. Mariotti, A.S., & Homan, S.P. (2005). Linking reading assessment to instruction: An application work text for elementary classroom teachers (4th ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
[23]. McKay, P. (2006). Assessing young language learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[24]. McMillan, J.H. (2004). Classroom assessment: Principles and practice for effective instruction (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
[25]. McMillan, J.H. (2007). Classroom assessment: Principles and practice for effective standardized-based instruction (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
[26]. Ministry of Education. (2007). National curriculum for Early Childhood. Government of Pakistan. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from http://www.moe.gov.pk/Curriculum. Html.
[27]. Ministry of Education. (2006). National Curriculum Documents for English, I-XII. Government of Pakistan. Retrieved November 14, 2011, from http://www.moe.gov. Pk/Curriculum.htm.
[28]. Moon, J. (2000). Children learning English. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann.
[29]. National Association for Educating Young Children. (1998, May). Learning to read and write: Developmentally appropriate practices for young children. Retrieved March 5, 2012 from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/ positions/PSREAD98.PDF.
[30]. National Association for the Education of Young Children (2005, Summer). Screening and assessment of young English-language learners. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions /ELL_Supplement_Shorter_Version.pdf.
[31]. Ness, M. (2011). Explicit reading comprehension instruction in Elementary classrooms: Teacher use of reading comprehension strategies. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(1), 98-117.
[32]. Oosterhof, A. (2003). Developing and using classroom assessment (3rd ed). NJ: Merrill, Prentice Hall.
[33]. Rathvon, N. (2004). Early reading assessment: A practitioner's handbook .New York: The Guilford Press.
[34]. Rea-Dickins, P., & Gardner, S. (2000). Snares and silver bullets. Disentangling the construct of formative assessment. Language Testing 17(2), 217–44.
[35]. Rosemary. C.A., & Abouzeid, M.P. (2002). Developing literacy concepts in young children: An instructional framework to guide early literacy teaching. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 23 (2), 181-201.
[36]. Sadler, R. (1998). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science. 5 (1), 77-78.
[37]. Shepard, L., S.L., Kagan, and E., Wurtz, (Eds.). (1998). Principles and recommendations for Early Childhood assessments, Washington D.C.: National Education Goals Panel, Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://govinfo. Library.unt.edu/negp/reports/prinrec.pdf.
[38]. Slentz, K., Early, D., & Mckenna, M. (2008). A guide to assessment in early childhood: Infancy to age eight: Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction.
[39]. Witte, R.H. (2012). Classroom assessment for teachers. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[40]. Yang, T.L. (2008). EFL teachers' multiple classroom assessment practices of young language learners. Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, (9), 139-176.
[41]. Yang, T.L. (2008). Factors affecting EFL teachers' use of multiple classroom assessment practice with Young Language Learners [Special issue]. English Teaching & Learning, 32 (4), 85-123.