New 3D Face Matching Technique for an Automatic 3D Model Based Face Recognition System

Chew L.W*, Seng K.P**, Kenneth Li-minn***
* - *** Member of the School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus.
Periodicity:January - March'2009
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jse.3.3.191

Abstract

Face recognition has become increasingly important due to heightened security unrest in the world today. Traditionally, two dimensional (2D) images are used for recognition. However, they are affected by pose, illumination and expression changes. In this paper, a new three dimensional (3D) face matching technique that is able to recognize faces at various angles is proposed. This technique consists of three main steps, which are face feature detection, face alignment and face matching. The face feature detection section consists of face segmentation, eye area and corners detection, mouth area detection and nose area and tip detection. These features are detected using a combination of 2D and 3D images. An improved face area detection method is proposed. Besides that, a new method to detect the eyes and mouth corners automatically using curvature values is proposed. Finally, to detect the nose tip, a method that calculates nose tip candidates and filters them out based on their location is proposed. The feature positions are then used to achieve uniform alignment for the unknown probe face and those already in the database. Finally, face matching, which consists of surface matching, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), is performed to identify the unknown probe face. The proposed method uses PCA and LDA on 3D images, instead of 2D images. Only the face area between the nose and forehead is used for recognition. This proposed technique is able to reduce the effects of pose, illumination and expression changes, which are common problems of 2D face recognition techniques. This is a fully automatic technique that does not require any user intervention at any step of its process.

Keywords

Face Recognition, Face Feature Detection, Surface Matching, Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis

How to Cite this Article?

Chew L.W, Seng K.P and Kenneth Li-minn (2009). New 3D Face Matching Technique for an Automatic 3D Model Based Face Recognition System,i-manager’s Journal on Software Engineering, 3(3),25-34. https://doi.org/10.26634/jse.3.3.191

References

[1]. M. Turk and A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):71-86, Mar. 1991.
[2]. P. N. Belhumeur, J. P. Hespanha, and D. J. Kriegman. Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):711-729, Jul. 1997.
[3]. B.Moghaddam and A. Pentland, “Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation”, IEEE TPAMI, Vol. 19, pp. 696-710, 1997.
[3]. B.Moghaddam and A. Pentland, “Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation”, IEEE TPAMI, Vol. 19, pp. 696-710, 1997.
[5]. Gordon, G. “Face recognition based on depth and curvature features,” in SPIE Proc.: Geometric Methods in Computer Vision, Vol.1570, pp.234-247, 1991.
[6]. Tanaka, H., M. Ikeda, H. Chiaki, “Curvature-based face surface recognition using spherical correlation,” in Proc. ICFG, pp.372-377, 1998.
[7]. Xiaoguang Lu, Anil K. Jain, "Deformation Analysis for 3D Face Matching," wacv-motion, pp. 99-104, Seventh IEEE Workshops on Application of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05) - Volume 1, 2005.
[8]. P. Besl and N. McKay. A method for registration of 3-D shapes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 14(2):239-256, 1992.
[9]. X. Lu, “3D Face Recognition Across Pose and Expression,” Doctoral dissertation, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, United States of America, 2006.
[10]. Xu, C., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Quan, L., 2004. Robust nose detection in 3D facial data using local characteristics. Proc. ICIP'04, 1995-1998.
[11]. R. L. Hsu, “Face Detection and Modeling for Recognition,” Ph.D dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America, 2002.
[12]. Weisstein, Eric W. "Ellipse." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld. wolfram. com / Ellipse.html
[13]. Weisstein, Eric W, "Gaussian Curvature," From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource; http://mathworld. wolfram.com/GaussianCurvature.html
[14]. Weisstein, Eric W, "Mean Curvature," From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource; http://mathworld. wolfram.com/MeanCurvature.html
[15]. Weisstein, Eric W, "Principal Curvatures," From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource; http://mathworld. wolfram.com/PrincipalCurvatures.html
[16]. M.S. Richman, T.W. Parks, and H.C. Lee, “A novel support vector machine-based face detection method,” In Proceedings of Record of Thirty-Third Asilomar on Signals, Systems, and Computers, pp. 740-744, 1999.
[17]. Ajmal S. Mian, M. Bennamoun and R. Owens, "Automatic 3D Face Detection, Normalization and Recognition", Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT), 2006.
[18]. J. Pita. (2007, Mar.). An Implementation of the Iterative Closest Point Algorithm. [Online]. Available: http://www.egr.msu.edu/classes/ece480/goodman/sprin g/group02/docs/Application_Note.pdf
[19]. B. Mandal, X.D. Jiang and A. Kot, “Dimensionality Reduction in Subspace Face Recognition,” IEEE International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, Singapore, Dec. 2007.
[20]. P. J. Flynn, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Phillips, “Assessment of time dependency in face recognition: An initial study,” Audio and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, pp.44-51, 2003.
[21]. K. Chang, K. W. Bowyer, and P. J. Flynn, “Face recognition using 2D and 3D facial data,” ACM Workshop on MultimodalUser Authentication, pp.25-32, December 2003.
[22]. Ping Yan, Kevin W. Bowyer: An automatic Ear Recognition System. In: Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission (2006).
[23]. Nagamine, T., T. Uemura, I. Masuda, “3D facial image analysis for human identification,” in Proc. ICPR, pp.324-327, 1992.
[24]. Chao Li, A. Barreto, Jing Zhai, and C. Chin. “Exploring face recognition by combining 3D profiles and contours”, In IEEE SoutheastCon, pages 576-579, 2005.
If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Purchase Instant Access

Single Article

North Americas,UK,
Middle East,Europe
India Rest of world
USD EUR INR USD-ROW
Online 15 15

Options for accessing this content:
  • If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
    Library Recommendation Form
  • If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
  • New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.