Being a Woman Academician and Spouse Support

Senay Sezgin Nartgun*, Emine Tunc**, Elif Ergun***
*,*** Department of Educational Management and Supervision, Faculty of Education, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey.
** Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey.
Periodicity:February - April'2020
DOI : https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.13.4.17080

Abstract

This study aims to articulate the views of women academicians regarding the difficulties of being a woman academician and the support of a spouse. The research was conducted with case study design. Twenty married women academicians participated in the study. The results of the study demonstrate that women academicians experience societal, family and gender related problems in academia. Women academicians' perceptions regarding instrumental support, social companionship support and emotional support are almost at the same level no matter what their spouse's profession is. Considering instrumental support, women whose husbands are not academician receive more support in household chores. With regard to esteem support, the women whose husbands are academicians indicated that they all receive that support whereas some women whose husbands are from other professions emphasized that they do not receive esteem support satisfyingly. Concerning informational support, women whose husbands are academicians have more advantages and they receive wider range of support compared to others.

Keywords

Social Support, Spouse Support, Women Academicians, Work-Family Conflict, Qualitative Research.

How to Cite this Article?

Nartgun, S. S., Tunc, E., & Ergün, E. (2020). Being a Woman Academician and Spouse Support. i-manager's Journal on Educational Psychology, 13(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.13.4.17080

References

[1]. Akbulut, N. (2011). Ayna benlik: kadın akademisyenler gelenekçidir. Eğitim Bilim Toplum Dergisi, 9(34), 50-66.
[2]. Altınoluk, D. (2017). Cinsiyetlendirilmiş kurum olarak akademi: Erkek akademisyenlerin “öteki” üzerinden erkeklik inşaları. Erkeklikler: Kimlik ve Kültür Dergisi, 8, 37-58.
[3]. Aryee, S. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of workfamily conflict among married professional women: Evidence from Singapore. Human Relations, 45(8), 813- 837. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001872679204500804
[4]. Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A., & Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe. 1998.1667
[5]. Aycan, Z. (2004). Key success factors for women in management in Turkey. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 453- 477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00180.x
[6]. Baldwin, J. H., Ellis, G. D., & Baldwin, B. M. (1999). Marital satisfaction: An examination of its relationship to spouse support and congruence of commitment among runners. Leisure Sciences, 21(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/014904099273183
[7]. Barnet-Verzat, C., Pailhé, A., & Solaz, A. (2011). Spending time together: The impact of children on couples' leisure synchronization. Review of Economics of the Household, 9(4), 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s111 50-010-9112-3
[8]. Baruch, G. K., Biener, L., & Barnett, R. C. (1987). Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist, 42(2), 130.-136. https://doi.org/10. 1037//0003-066x.42.2.130
[9]. Beach, S. R., Martin, J. K., Blum, T. C., & Roman, P. M. (1993). Effects of marital and co-worker relationships on negative affect: Testing the central role of marriage. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(4), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926189308251002
[10]. Behson, S. J. (2005). The relative contribution of formal and informal organizational work–family support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jvb.2004.02.004
[11]. Berkove, G. F. (1979). Perceptions of husband support by returning women students. Family Coordinator, 28 (4), 451-457, https://doi.org/10.2307/583504
[12]. Bernas, K. H., & Major, D. A. (2000). Contributors to stress resistance: Testing a model of women's work-family conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(2), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2000.tb00198
[13]. Brunstein, J. C., Dangelmayer, G., & Schultheiss, O. C. (1996). Personal goals and social support in close relationships: Effects on relationship mood and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(5), 1006-1019.
[14]. Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. R. (1999). Work–family conflict, spouse support, and nursing staff well-being during organizational restructuring. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 327-336.
[15]. Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skills. Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills, 551-594.
[16]. Burleson, B. R., Kunkel, A. W., & Birch, J. D. (1994). Thoughts about talk in romantic relationships: Similarity m a ke s f o r a t t r a c t i o n ( a n d h a p p i n e s s, t o o ) . Communication Quarterly, 42(3), 259-273. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/ 01463379409369 933
[17]. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
[18]. Cutrona, C. E.(1996). Social Support in Couples: Marriage as a Resource in Times of Stress (Vol. 13). Sage Publications.
[19]. Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A. (1992). Controllability of stressful events and satisfaction with spouse support behaviors. Communication Research, 19(2), 154-174. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009365092019002002
[20]. Çağ, P. (2011). Evli bireylerde eş desteği ve evlilik doyumu. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
[21]. Bozkurt, Ö. C. (2004). Investigation of job-family conflict and life-satisfaction relationship in women academicians. International Women Conference (pp.85-97).
[22]. Çelik, M., & Tümkaya, S. (2012). Öğretim elemanlarının evlilik uyumu ve yaşam doyumlarının İş değişkenleri ile İlişkisi. Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 13(1), 223-238.
[23]. Dehle, C., Larsen, D., & Landers, J. E. (2001). Social support in marriage. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(4), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180126500
[24]. Dikmen, N., & Maden, D. (2012). Kadın akademisyenlerin görünmeyen emeği üzerine bir araştırma: Ordu Üniversitesi örneği. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2),235-250.
[25]. Doğan, T. (2016). Psikolojik belirtilerin yordayıcısı olarak sosyal destek ve iyilik hali. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(30), 30-44.
[26]. Elvin-Nowak, Y. (1999). The meaning of guilt: A phenomenological description of employed mothers' experiences of guilt. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00100
[27]. Erdwins, C. J., Buffardi, L. C., Casper, W. J., & O'Brien, A. S. (2001). The relationship of women's role strain to social support, role satisfaction, and self‐efficacy. Family Relations, 50(3), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741- 3729.2001.00230.x
[28]. Ergöl, Ş., Koç, G., Eroğlu, K., & Taşkin, L. (2012). Türkiye'de kadın araştırma görevlilerinin ev ve İş yaşamlarında karşılaştıkları güçlükler. Journal of Higher Education & Science/Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2012.032
[29]. Fagan, J., & Press, J. (2008). Father influences on employed mothers' work–family balance. Journal of Family Issues, 29(9), 1136-1160. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0 192513X07311954
[30]. Finn, M., & Henwood, K. (2009). Exploring masculinities within men's identificatory imaginings of first‐time fatherhood. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 547-562. https://doi.org/10.1348/01446660 8X386099
[31]. Gager, C. T., & Sanchez, L. (2003). Two as one? Couples' perceptions of time spent together, marital quality, and the risk of divorce. Journal of Family Issues, 24(1), 21-50. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513X0 2238519
[32]. Genadek, K. R., Flood, S. M., & Roman, J. G. (2016). Trends in spouses' shared time in the United States, 1965–2012. Demography, 53(6), 1801-1820. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13524-016-0512-8
[33]. Gunter, N. C., & Gunter, B. G. (1990). Domestic division of labor among working couples: Does androgyny make a difference? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(3), 355- 370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00025.x
[34]. Gümüş, H. (2015). Evli bireylerin yaşanan sosyal destek düzeyi ve yaşam doyumları ile problem çözme becerileri arasındaki İlişki (Doctoral dissertation), Yüksek Lisans tezi, Yalova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yalova.
[35]. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Deeper into attachment theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_15
[36]. Hilbrecht, M. (2016). Self-employment and experiences of support in a work–family context. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1117878
[37]. İrey, Ç. (2011). Türkiye üniversitelerinde kadın emek gücü, Selçuk Üniversitesi kadın akademisyenler üzerine bir araştırma (Doctoral dissertation), Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
[38]. Jacobson, D. E. (1986). Types and timing of social support. Journal of health and Social Behavior, 7(3), 250- 264. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136745
[39]. Johnson, H. A., Zabriskie, R. B., & Hill, B. (2006). The contribution of couple leisure involvement, leisure time, and leisure satisfaction to marital satisfaction. Marriage & Family Review, 40(1), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v 40n01_05
[40]. Kahraman, L., Kahraman, A. B., Ozansoy, N., Akıllı, H., Kekillioğlu, A. & Özcan, A. (2014). Nevşehir hacı bektaş veli üniversitesi toplumsal cinsiyet algısı araştırması. International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic,9(2),811-831.
[41]. Karasek, R. A., Triantis, K. P., & Chaudhry, S. S. (1982). Coworker and supervisor support as moderators of associations between task characteristics and mental strain. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3(2), 181-200. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030030205
[42]. Katz, J., Beach, S. R., & Anderson, P. (1996). Selfenhancement versus self-verification: Does spousal support always help? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(4), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228038
[43]. King, L. A., Mattimore, L. K., King, D. W., & Adams, G. A. (1995). Family support inventory for workers: A new measure of perceived social support from family members. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 235- 258. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160306
[44]. Kocacık, F., & Gökkaya, V. B. (2005). Türkiye'de çalışan kadınlar ve sorunları. CÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 195-219.
[45]. Mackey Jones, W., & McKenna, J. (2002). Women and work-home conflict: A dual paradigm approach. Health Education, 102(5), 249-259. https://doi.org/10. 1108/09654280210444128
[46]. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). rd Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3 ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057 2252.2015.975966
[47]. Milkie, M. A., & Peltola, P. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the workfamily balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61,476–490. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/353763
[48]. Mustafayeva, L., & Bayraktaroğlu, S. (2014). İş-aile çatışmaları ve hayat memnuniyeti arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve İngiltere'deki akademisyenlerin karşılaştırılması. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 2(1), 127-145.
[49]. Navaie-Waliser, M., Martin, S. L., Tessaro, I., Campbell, M. K., & Cross, A. W. (2000). Social support and psychological functioning among high‐risk mothers: the impact of the baby love maternal outreach worker program. Public Health Nursing, 17(4), 280-291. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2000.00280.x
[50]. O'hara, M. W. (1986). Social support, life events, and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Pychiatry, 43(6), 569-573. https://doi. org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800060063008
[51]. O'Laughlin, E. M., & Bischoff, L. G. (2005). Balancing parenthood and academia: Work/family stress as influenced by gender and tenure status. Journal of Family Issues, 26(1), 79-106. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251 3X04265942
[52]. Özkanli, Ö. (2010). Türkiye ve avustralya'da yükseköğretim kurumlarında üst düzey kadın yöneticilerin durumu. Ankara Ünİversİtesİ Bİlİmsel Araştirma Projesİ Kesİn Raporu, 1-25.
[53]. Özkanlı, Ö., & Korkmaz, A. (2000). Kadın akademisyenler. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
[54]. Öztan, E., & Doğan, S. N. (2015). Akademinin cinsiyeti: Yıldız teknik üniversitesi örneği üzerinden üniversite ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Calisma ve Toplum, 46(3),191-222.
[55]. Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
[56]. Pina, D. L., & Bengtson, V. L. (1993). The division of household labor and wives' happiness: Ideology, employment, and perceptions of support. Journal of M a r r i a g e a n d t h e F a m i l y , 5 5 ( 4 ) , 9 0 1 - 9 1 2 . https://doi.org/10.2307/352771
[57]. Pukay-Martin, N. D. (2007). Daily measures of spousal support in women with breast cancer (Master Thesis). College of Arts and Sciences. https://doi.org/10.17615/ xd4w-tw25
[58]. Savigny, H. (2014). Women, know your limits: Cultural sexism in academia. Gender and Education, 26(7), 794- 809. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2014.970977
[59]. Scheidler, J. A. (2008). Effects of perceived stress and perceived social support on marital satisfaction in doctoral students (Doctoral dissertation), Walden University.
[60]. Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540- 4560.1984.tb01105.x
[61]. Smith, G. T., Snyder, D. K., Trull, T. J., & Monsma, B. R. (1988). Predicting relationship satisfaction from couples' use of leisure time. American Journal of Family Therapy, 16(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926188808250702
[62]. Sönmez B. (2010). Üniversite'de kadın-kadın akademisyenlerin sorunları. Kamuda Sosyal Politika Dergisi, 4(12), 20-24.
[63]. Swanson, D. H., & Johnston, D. D. (2003). Mothering in the ivy tower: Interviews with academic mothers. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement, 5(2).
[64]. Şentürk, İ. (2000). Üniversitede kadın olmak: Akademik örgütte toplumsal cinsiyet sorunu: nitel bir çalışma. Kadın/Woman, 13 (2), 13-46.
[65]. Tavris, C. (1972). Woman and man. Psychology Today, 5(10), 57-85.
[66]. Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 416- 423. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.54.4.416
[67]. Thompson, L., & Walker, A. J. (1989). Gender in families: Women and men in marriage, work, and parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(4), 845-871. https://doi.org/10.2307/353201
[68]. Tiedje, L. B. (2004). Processes of change in work/home incompatibilities: Employed mothers 1986–1999. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 787-800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 0022-4537.2004.00386.x
[69]. Türkoğlu, D., & Akduman, G. N. (2015). Okul öncesi dönem çocuğu olan babaların babalık rolü algıları ile eş destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 8(38), 761-772.
[70]. Verhofstadt, L. L., Buysse, A., Ickes, W., Davis, M., & Devoldre, I. (2008). Support provision in marriage: The role of emotional similarity and empathic accuracy. Emotion, 8(6), 792-802. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013976.
[71]. Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work‐to‐family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398-412. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00028.x
[72]. Walen, H. R., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Social support and strain from partner, family, and friends: Costs and benefits for men and women in adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 5-30. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F0265407500171001
[73]. Yalçın, H., & Demirekin, M. (2013). Lisans eğitimi alan öğrencilerin, kadın akademisyenlerin çalışma yaşamındaki durumlarına yönelik algıları. Journal of Higher Education & Science/Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(2),166-172. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2013.072
[74]. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri(9. Genişletilmiş Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
[75]. Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, güvenirliği ve geçerliği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(13), 81-87.
[76]. Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(22),19-26. https:// turkpdrdergisi.com/index.php/pdr/article/view/376
[77]. Yılmaz, E. (2005). Akademik hayatta kadınların statüsü, istihdamı ve sorunları (ODTÜ-SDÜ karşılaştırması). Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta
If you have access to this article please login to view the article or kindly login to purchase the article

Purchase Instant Access

Single Article

North Americas,UK,
Middle East,Europe
India Rest of world
USD EUR INR USD-ROW
Pdf 35 35 200 20
Online 35 35 200 15
Pdf & Online 35 35 400 25

Options for accessing this content:
  • If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
    Library Recommendation Form
  • If you already have i-manager's user account: Login above and proceed to purchase the article.
  • New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.