References
[1]. Ahmad, I. (2016). Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infection among pregnant women in Peshawar, Pakistan. Hepatitis Monthly, 16(6). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5011400/
[2]. Akhtar, A. M., Khan, M., Ijaz, T., Maqbool, A., Iqbal, Z., Rehman, A., & Majeed, S. (2014). Hepatitis C virus infection in pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan: An analytical cross sectional study. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 16(1), 160-164.
[3]. Armstrong, G. L., Wasley, A., Simard, E. P., McQuillan, G. M., Kuhnert, W. L., & Alter, M. J. (2006). The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(10), 705-714. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160- 00004
[4]. Berkley, E. M., Leslie, K. K., Arora, S., Qualls, C., & Dunkelberg, J. C. (2008). Chronic hepatitis C in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 112 (2), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318180a4f3
[5]. Bosan, A., Qureshi, H., Bile, K. M., Ahmad, I., & Hafiz, R. (2010). A review of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 60(12), 1045-1058.
[6]. Bradley, J. S., Graham, S., Picchio, G. R., Vugia, D. J., & Kharrazi, M. (2011). Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in newborn infants in southern California in 2003. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 30(7), 618-620. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318214dc4d
[7]. Connell, L. E., Salihu, H. M., Salemi, J. L., August, E. M., Weldeselasse, H., & Mbah, A. K. (2011). Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C carrier status and perinatal outcomes. Liver International, 31 (8), 1163-1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02556.x
[8]. Ghosh, S., & Chaudhuri, S. (2013). Intra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a comprehensive review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(4), 327. https//doi.org/ 10.4103/0019-5154.113971
[9]. Gower, E., Estes, C., Blach, S., Razavi-Shearer, K., & Razavi, H. (2014). Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Hepatology, 61(1), S45-S57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhep.2014.07.027
[10]. Haider, G., Zehra, N., & Munir, A. A. (2009). Hepatitis C: frequency, risk factors and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Surgery Pakistan (International), 14(1), 33-37.
[11]. Hakeem, A. (2006). M Khan S, Abdullah M, Rehman A, Hashmi MI: Prevalence of HbsAg & Anti HCV in pregnant ladies attending antenatal clinic at Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Rahim Yar Khan: Esculapio.
[12]. Irshad, M. K., Chaudhry, A. G., & Ahmed, A., & Dinar, H.(2014). Hepatitis Prevalence among Pregnant Women of Wah Cant. A Case Study of Al-Moeed Hospital. Science International, 26(1), 459-461.
[13]. Ishaq, T., Khattak, M. I., Amin, S., & ul Haq, N. (2011). Frequency and risk factors for Hepatitis C among pregnant women. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(2), 166-169.
[14]. Jaffery, T., Tariq, N., Ayub, R., & Yawar, A. (2005). Frequency of hepatitis C in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons- Pakistan (JCPSP), 15 (11), 716-719. https://doi.org/11.2005/JCPSP.716719
[15]. Khan, U. R., Janjua, N. Z., Akhtar, S., & Hatcher, J. (2008). Case–control study of risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(6), 754-761. https://doi.org/10.11 11/j.1365-3156.2008.02075.x
[16]. Khattak, S., Marwat, M. A., Khattak, I., Khan, T. M., & Naheed, T. (2009). Comparison of frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in pregnant women in urban and rural area of district Swat. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC, 21(2), 12-15. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20524459
[17]. Khokhar, N., Raja, K., & Javaid, S. (2004). Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its risk factors in pregnant women. Journal-Pakistan Medical Association, 54(3), 135-135.
[18]. Kumari, K., Seetlani, N. K., & Akhter, R. (2015). The emergent concern of seropositive status of hepatitis-b virus and hepatitis-c virus in the pregnant females attending a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 27(1), 155-157.
[19]. Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., ... & AlMazroa, M. A. (2012). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2095-2128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(12)61728-0
[20]. Mast, E. E., Hwang, L. Y., Seto, D. S., Nolte, F. S., Nainan, O. V., Wurtzel, H., & Alter, M. J. (2005). Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192(11), 1880-1889. https://doi.org/10.1086/497701
[21]. Mitchell, A. E., Colvin, H. M., & Palmer Beasley, R. (2010). Institute of Medicine recommendations for the prevention and control of hepatitis B and C. Hepatology, 51(3), 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23561
[22]. National Institute of population and studies. (2012- 2013). Demographic and Health Survey. Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr290/fr290.pdf
[23]. Pergam, S. A., Wang, C. C., Gardella, C. M., Sandison, T. G., Phipps, W. T., & Hawes, S. E. (2009). Pregnancy Complications Associated with Hepatitis C: Data From 2003-2005 Washington State Birth Cohort. Obstetric Anesthesia Digest, 29(2), 75-76. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/01.aoa.0000350615.29733.5f
[24]. Reddick, K. L. B., Jhaveri, R., Gandhi, M., James, A. H., & Swamy, G. K.(2011). Pregnancy outcomes associated with viral hepatitis. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 18(7), e394- e398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01436.x
[25]. Sabir, R., Osmani, O. N., & Mahboob, T. (2013). Frequency of HbSAg and anti-HCV in antenatal population. Journal of University Medical and Dental College, 4(2), 37-41.
[26]. Shams, H. R., Hussain, S., & Ikram, S. (2010). Sero Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Pregnant women. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, 6(1), 40-43.
[27]. Sheikh, S. M. (2009). Hepatitis B and C: value of universal antenatal screening. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 19(3), 179-182. https://doi.org/03.2009/JCPSP.179182
[28]. Sorrell, M. F., Belongia, E. A., Costa, J., Gareen, I. F., Grem, J. L., Inadomi, J. M., ... & Strader, D. B. (2009). National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: Management of hepatitis B. Hepatology, 49(S5), S4-S12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ hep.22946
[29]. Taseer, I. U., Ishaq, F., Hussain, L., Safdar, S., Mirbahar, A. M., & Faiz, S. A. (2010). Frequency of anti-HCV, HBsAg and related risk factors in pregnant women at Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 22(1), 13-16.
[30]. Waheed, S. S., Siddique, T., & Farzand, S. (2013). Proportion of patients presented with Hepatitis C in term Antenatal in Gyneae and Obs Department at NSSSH, Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 7(2), 354- 356.
[31]. White, D. L., Ratziu, V., & El-Serag, H. B. (2008). Hepatitis C infection and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, 49(5), 831-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.006
[32]. Wijarnpreecha, K., Thongprayoon, C., Sanguankeo, A., Upala, S., Ungprasert, P., & Cheungpasitporn, W. (2017). Hepatitis C infection and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 41(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2016.07.004
[33]. Yousfani, S., Mumtaz, F., Memon, A., Memon, M. A., & Sikandar, R. (2006). Antenatal screening for hepatitis B and C virus carrier state at a university hospital. Journal of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, 5(1), 24- 27.