Construction is considered as the most important sector for Afghanistan, which affects the growth of national economy. Construction industry is the third sector after agriculture and mining, which has direct effect on national economic growth but still face severe challenges. These challenges result in the increase of construction time, overhead cost or prevent the takeoff of the project. These challenges portray a negative message to the national and international companies who invest in construction industry in Afghanistan. Therefore, there is a need to identify the significant challenges that affect the construction industry in Afghanistan. An in-depth literature revealed fifty-two challenges and classified it into following ten major categories, namely financial, local, management and communication, technical, security, delays, technology, government policies & politics, resources, and corruption. Questionnaire survey was prepared and distributed to national and international construction and academic organizations operating in Afghanistan. Responses received from Engineers, contractors, academic faculty, and managers were analyzed by Relative Importance Index (RII) method. The analysis showed the top challenges are related to delays, security, corruption, technology, and technical issues, which are more significantly affecting the construction industry in Afghanistan.