References
[1]. Arslantas, T. K. (2012). Students’ experiences and perceptions of anxiety, motivation, and self-Confidence in speaking English during task-based language learning activities in second life: The case of METU. (Unpublished Master's Thesis, Ankara, Turkey).
[2]. Axelsson, A. S., Abelin, A., & Schroeder, R. (2003). Anyone speak Spanish?: Language encounters in multi-user virtual environments and the influence of technology. New Media Society, 5(4), 475-498.
[3]. Aydın, S. (2008). An investigationon the language anxiety and fear of negative evaluation among Turkish EFL learners. Asian EFL Journal, 30, 421-444.
[4]. Balçıkanlı, C. (2012). Language learning in Second Life: American and Turkish students’ experiences. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 13(2), 131-146.
[5]. Barab, S., Thomas, M. Dodge, T., Carteaux, R. & Tuzun, H. (2005). Making learning fun: Quest Atlantis, a game without guns. Educational Technology Research & Development, 53(1), 86-107.
[6]. Bektaş-Çetinkaya, Y. (2005). Turkish collage students' willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, USA: The Ohio State University).
[7]. Bektaş-Çetinkaya, Y. (2007). Turkish students' willingness to communicate in English. Dokuz Eylül Üniversiy, Buca Education Faculty Journal, 21, 115-123.
[8]. Bellotti, F., Berta, R., de Gloria, A., & Primavera, L. (2010). Supporting authors in the development of taskbased learning in serious virtual worlds. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(1), 86-107.
[9]. Bender, T. (2005). Role playing in online education: A teaching tool to enhance student engagement and sustained learning. Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 1(4), 1-7.
[10]. Blake, R.(2000). Computer-media t e d communication: A window on L2 Spanish interlanguage. Language Learning & Technology, 4(1), 20-36.
[11]. Blasing, M. T. (2010). Second language in Second Life: Exploring interaction, identity and pedagogical practice in a virtual world. Slavic East European Journal, 54(1), 96- 117.
[12]. Boyce, J. S., Alber-Morgan, S. R., & Riley, J. G. (2007). Fearless public speaking: Oral presentation activities for the elementary classroom. Childhood Education, 83(3), 142-150.
[14]. Cheong, D. (2010). The effects of practice teaching sessions in Second Life on the change in pre-service teachers' teaching efficacy. Computes and Education, 55(2), 868-880.
[15]. Chittaro, L., & Ranon, R. (2007). Web3D technologies in learning, education, and training: Motivations, issues, and opportunities. Computers and Education, 49(1), 3-18.
[16]. Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65(3), 145-153.
[17]. Cooke-Plagwitz, J. (2008). New directions in CALL: An objective introduction to Second Life. CALICO Journal, 25(3), 547-557.
[18]. Couto, S. M. (2010). Second Life - anxiety-free language learning? 3rd ICT for Language Learning Conference Proceedings 2010.
[19]. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
[20]. Dalgarno, B., & Lee, M. J. W. (2010). What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(1), 10-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x
[22]. de Lucia, A., Francese, R., Passero, I., & Tortora, G. (2009). Development and evaluation of a system enhancing Second Life to support synchronous role-based collaborative learning. Software: Practice and Experience, 39(12), 1015-1054.
[23]. Deutschmann, M., Panichi, L., & Molka-Danielsen, J. (2009). Designing oral participation in Second Life: A comparative study of two language proficiency courses. ReCALL, 21(2), 206-226.
[24]. Dickey, M. (2005). Three-dimensional virtual worlds and distance learning: Two case studies of Active Worlds as a medium for distance education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(3), 439-451.
[25]. Discipio, T. (2008). Adapting social networking to st address 21st -century skills. MultiMedia & Internet @ Schools, 15(5), 10-11.
[26]. Duffy, T. M., & Jonassen, D. (1992). Constructivism: New implications for instructional technology. In T. M. Duffy & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Constructivism and the Technology of Instruction: A Conversation (pp. 1-16). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[27]. Egbert, J. (2003). A study of flow theory in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 87(4), 499-518.
[28]. Felix, U. (2002). The Web as a vehicle for constructivist approaches in Language Teaching. ReCALL, 14(1), 2-15.
[29]. Freiermuth, M., & Jarrell, D. (2006). Willingness to communicate: Can online chat help? International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(2), 189-212.
[30]. Garrison, R. (2009). Implications of online learning for the conceptual development and practice of distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 23(2), 93-104.
[31]. Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated Recall Methodology in Second Language Research. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[32]. Goh, D., & Kale, U. (2016). The urban–rural gap: project-based learning with Web 2.0 among West Virginian teachers. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 25(3), 355-376.
[33]. Greenhow, C., & Askari, E. (2017). Learning and teaching with social network sites: A decade of research in K-12 related education. Education and Information Technology, 22(2), 623-645.
[34]. Hashimoto, Y. (2002). Motivation and willingness to communicate as predictors of reported L2 use: The Japanese ESL context. Second Language Studies, 20(2), 29-70.
[35]. Hislope, K. (2009). Language learning in a virtual world. The International Journal of Learning, 15(11), 51-58.
[36]. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132.
[37]. Huang, H., Rauch, U., & Liaw, S. (2010). Investigating learners' attitudes toward virtual reality learning environments: Based on a constructivist approach. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1171-1182.
[38]. İstifçi, I., Lomidazde, T., & Demiray, U. (2011). An effective role of e-learning technology for English language teaching by meta communication actors. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 12(4), 201- 211.
[39]. Jackson, J. (2002). Reticence in second language case discussions: Anxiety and aspirations. System, 30(1), 65-84.
[40]. Jamaludin, A., Chee, Y. S., & Ho, C. M. L. (2009). Fostering argumentative knowledge construction through enactive role play in Second Life. Computers & Education, 53(2), 317-329.
[41]. Jarmon, L., Traphagan, T., Mayrath, M., & Trivedi, A. (2009). Virtual world teaching, experiential learning, and assessment: An interdisciplinary communication course in Second Life. Computers & Education, 53(1), 169-182.
[43]. Jee, M. J. (2010). ESL students' interaction in Second Life: Task-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin: Texas).
[44]. Johnson, N. (2006). The Educational Potential of Second Life. Ohio: Digital Union.
[45]. Kruk, M. (2014). The use of Internet resources and browser-based virtual worlds in teaching grammar. The Journal of Teaching with Technology, 14(2), 52-67.
[46]. Kuiper, E., & Volman, M. (2008). The Web as a source of information for students in K–12 education. In J. Coiro, M. Knobel, C. Lankshear & D. Leu (Eds.), Handbook of Research on New Literacies (pp. 241-266). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[47]. Lan, Y. J., Kan, Y. H., Hsiao, I. Y., Yang, S. J., & Chang, K. E. (2013). Designing interaction tasks in Second Life for Chinese as a foreign language learners: A preliminary exploration. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(2), 184-202.
[48]. Lee, L. (2002). Synchronous online exchanges: A study of modification devices on non-native discourse. System, 30(3), 275-288.
[49]. Lee, S. Y., Ahn, S. C., Kim, H. G., & Lim, M. (2006). Real-time 3D video avatar in mixed reality: An implementation for immersive telecommunication. Simulation & Gaming, 37(4), 491-506.
[50]. Léger, D. D. S., & Storch, N. (2009). Learners' perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System, 37(2), 269- 285.
[51]. Liou, H. C. (2012). The roles of Second Life in a college computer-assisted language learning (CALL) course in Taiwan, ROC. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 25(4), 365-382.
[52]. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41(1), 85- 115.
[53]. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1994). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), 283-305.
[54]. MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. In D. J. Young (Ed.), Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning: A Practical Guide to Creating a Low-anxiety Classroom Atmosphere (pp. 24-45). Boston: McGraw-Hill College.
[55]. MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15(1), 3-26.
[56]. MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clement, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2003). Talking in order to learn: willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589-607.
[57]. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizingwillingness to communicate in a L2: A situated model of confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545-562.
[58]. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2012). Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
[59]. McCroskey, J. C (1992). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40(1), 16-25.
[60]. McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
[61]. Notari, M. P., & Honegger, B. D. (2010). Learning in an Active, Collaborative Space. In M. Ebner, & M. Schiefner (Eds.), Looking Toward the Future of Technology- Enhanced Education: Ubiquitous Learning and the Digital Native (pp. 275-294). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
[62]. Nunan, D. (1999). Second Language Teaching & Learning. Florence, KY: Heinle & Heinle.
[63]. Öz, H. (2014). Personality traits and willingness to communicate among foreign language learners in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality an International Journal, 42(9), 1473-1482.
[64]. Öz, H., Demirezen, M., & Pourfeiz, J. (2015). Willingness to communicate of EFL learners in Turkish context. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 269- 275.
[65]. Panichi, L., Deutschmann, M., & Molka-Danielsen, J. (2010). Virtual worlds for language learning and intercultural exchange – Is it for real? In S. Guth and F. Helm (Eds), Telecollaboration 2.0: Languages, Literacies and Intercultural Learning in the 21st Century (pp. 165-195). Bern: Peter Lang,
[66]. Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[67]. Peng, J. E. (2007). Willingness to communicate in an L2 and integrative motivation among college students in an intensive English language program in China. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 2(1), 33-59.
[68]. Peterson, M. (2006). Learner interaction management in an avatar and chat-based virtual world. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 19(1), 79-103.
[69]. Pfeil, U., Ang, C. S., & Zaphiris, P. (2009). Issues and challenges of teaching and learning in 3D virtual worlds: Real life case studies. Educational Media International, 46(3), 223-238.
[70]. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. NCB University Press, 9(5), 1-6.
[71]. Richards, J. C. (2015). The changing face of language learning: Learning beyond the classroom. RELC Journal, 46(1), 5-22.
[72]. Richardson, W. (2006). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin.
[73]. Rosen, D., & Nelson, C. (2008). Web 2.0: A new generation of learners and education. Computers in the Schools, 25(3-4), 211-225.
[74]. Shih, Y. C., & Yang, M. T. (2008). A collaborative virtual environment for situated language learning using vec3d. Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 56-68.
[75]. Smith, R. C. (2003). Teacher education for teacherlearner autonomy. In Trappes-Lomax, H. (Ed.). Proceedings of 'Autonomy in Language Teacher Education' (The 9 IALS Symposium for Language Teacher Educators).
[76]. Solomon, G., & Schrum, L. (2007). Web 2.0: New Tools, New Schools. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.
[77]. Stoerger, S. M. (2010). Pedagogical Practices in a Virtual World: An Ethnographic and Discourse Analysis Approach (Master's Thesis, Indiana University, US-Indiana).
[78]. Sweeney, P., Palomeque, C., González, D., Speck, C., Canfield, D. W., Guerrero, S., & MacKichan, P. (2011). Task Design for Language Learning in an Embodied Environment. In G. Vincenti, & J. Braman (Eds.), Teaching through Multi-user Virtual Environments: Applying Dynamic Elements to the Modern Classroom (pp. 259-282). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
[79]. Sykes, J. M., Oskoz, A., & Thorne, S. L. (2008). Web 2.0, Synthetic Immersive Environments, and Mobile Resources for Language Education. CALICO Journal, 25(3), 528-46.
[80]. van den Branden, K. (2006). Task-based Language Teaching: From Theory to Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[81]. Wagner, C., & Ip, R. K. (2009). Action learning with Second Life – A pilot study. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 249-258.
[82]. Wang, C. X., Song, H., Xia, F., & Yan, Q. (2009). Integrating Second Life into an EFL program: Students' perspectives. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 2(1), 1-16.
[83]. Warburton, S. (2009). Second Life in higher education: Assessing the potential for and the barriers to deploying virtual worlds in learning and teaching. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(3), 414-426.
[84]. Wehner, A. K., Gump, A. W., & Downey, S. (2011). The effects of Second Life on the motivation of undergraduate students learning a foreign language. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(3), 277-289.
[85]. Wen, W. P., & Clement, R. (2003). A Chinese conceptualisation of willingness to communicate in ESL. Language. Culture and Curriculum, 16(1), 18-38.
[86]. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[87]. Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54-66.
[89]. Zuengler, J., & Miller, E. R. (2006). Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives: Two Parallel SLA Worlds? TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 35-58.
