References
[1]. Abramovich, S. (2016). Understanding digital badges in
higher education through assessment. On The Horizon,
24(1), pp. 126-131. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/
10.1108/OTH-08-2015-0044
[2]. Abramovich, S., Schunn, C., & Higashi, R. M. (2013).
Are badges useful in education?: It depends on the type of
badge and expertise of learner. Educational Technology
Research and Development doi: 10.1007/s11423-013-
9289-2
[3]. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human
agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
[4]. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive
development and functioning. Educational Psychologist,
28(2), 117-148.
[5]. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of
control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
[6]. Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of
perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management,
38(1), 9-44. doi: 10.1177/0149206311410606
[7]. Blair, L. (2012, October). The use of videogame
achievements to enhance player performance, selfefficacy,
and motivation. 2012 Meaningful Play
Conference Proceedings, East Lansing, MI. Retrieved from
h t t p : / / m e a n i n g f u l p l a y . m s u . e d u /
proceedings2012/mp2012_submission_131.pdf
[8]. Das, S. & Lavoie, A. (2014, May 8). The effects of
feedback on human behavior in social media: An inverse
reinforcement learning model. AAMAS 2014 Proceedings
th of the 13 International Conference on Autonomous
Agents and Multi-agent Systems, Paris, France. Retrieved
from http://dl.acm.org/ citation.cfm?id=2615837
[9]. Desrochers, J. (Eds.). (Nov 2010). Self-efficacy: Helping
children believe they can succeed. National Association of
School Psychologists Communique, 39(3). Retrieved from
http://www.nasponline.org/ publications/periodicals/
communique/issues/volume-39-issue-3
[10]. Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of Learning for
rd Instruction (3 Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
[11]. Ellis, L. E., Nunn, S. G., & Avella, J. T. (2016). Digital
badges and micro-credentials: Historical overview,
motivational aspects, issues, and challenges. In
Foundations of Digital Badges and Micro-credentials, (pp.
3-22). New York: Springer.
[12]. Ertmer, P. A. (1999). Addressing first- and second-order
barriers to change: Strategies for technology integration. Educational Technology, Research and Development,
47(4), 47-61.
[13]. Fanfarelli, J. R. & McDaniel, R. (2012). Individual
differences in digital badging: Do learner characteristics
matter? Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 43(4),
pp. 403-428. doi: 10.1177/0047239515588165
[14]. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison
processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.
[15]. Gibson, D., Ostashewski, N., Flintoff, K., Grant, S., &
Knight, E. (2015). Digital badges in education. Education
and Information Technologies, 20(2), 403-410. doi:10.100
7/s10639-013-9291-7
[16]. Goligoski, E. (2012). Motivating the learner: Mozilla's
open badges program. Access to Knowledge: A Course
Journal, 4(1). Retrieved from http://ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/
index.php/ a2k/article/view/381/207
[17]. Hamari, J. (2015). Do badges increase user activity? A
field experiment on the effects of gamification. Computers
in Human Behavior. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.chb. 2015.03.036
[18]. Hamari, J. & Eranti, V. (2011). Framework for designing
and evaluating game achievements. In Proceedings of
Digra 2011 Conference: Think Design Play, Hilversum,
Netherlands, September 14–17.
[19]. Hickey, D. T., Willis, J. E., & Quick, J. D. (2015, June).
Where badges work better. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative ELI
Retrieved from https://library.educause.edu/resources/
2015/6/where-badges-work-better
[20]. Hickey, D. T. & Soylu, F. (2012). Wikifolios, reflections,
and exams for online engagement, understanding, and
achievement. Journal of Teaching and Learning with
Technology, 1(1), 64–71.
[21]. Hodges, C. B. (2008). Self-efficacy in the context of
online learning environments: A review of the literature and
directions for research. Performance Improvement
Quarterly, 20(3-4), 7 – 25. doi: 10.1002/piq.20001
[22]. Hodges, C. B. (2015). Professional development tools
and technologies. In J.M. Spector (Ed.), The SAGE
Encyclopedia of Educational Technology, (pp. 591-594).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483346397.n246
[23]. Hodges, C., Gale, J., & Meng, A. (2016). Teacher selfefficacy
during the implementation of a problem-based
science curriculum. Contemporary Issues in Technology &
Teacher Education, 16(4), 434-451.
[24]. Hodges, C. B., & Murphy, P. F. (2009). Sources of selfefficacy
beliefs of students in a technology-intensive
asynchronous college algebra course. The Internet and
Higher Education, 12(2), 93-97. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.
2009.06.005
[25]. Hortz, B., Petosa, R. L., Grim, M. L., & Stevens, E. (2015).
Building self-efficacy for exercise among rural high school
students: It takes ongoing practice. American Journal of
Health Education, 46(6), 351-356. doi:10.1080/1932
5037.201 5.1077489
[26]. Jacobson, T. & O'Brien, K. (2015). Developing a digital
badging system for metaliteracy. Librarians' Information
Literacy Annual Conference (LILAC), Newcastle.
[27]. Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Estrada, V., & Freeman,
A. (2015). NMC Horizon Report: 2015 K-12 Edition. Austin,
Texas: The New Media Consortium. Retrieved from
http://www.nmc.org/publication/nmc-horizon-report-2015-
k-12-edition/
[28]. Karaoglu, Ö. (2016). Online badges in the classroom.
Tech & Learning. Retrieved from: http://www.techlearning.
com/blogentry/10409.
[29]. Kwon, K. H., Halavais, A., Havener, S. (2015). Tweeting
badges: User motivations for displaying achievement in
publicly networked environments. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(2). doi: 10.1089/
cyber.2014.0438
[30]. Lockley, A., Derryberry, A., & West, D. (2016). Drivers,
affordances, and challenges of digital badges. (pp. 55-
70). In Foundations of Digital Badges and Micro-
Credentials, (pp. 55-70). New York: Springer.
[31]. Love, S. M., Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M., Maurange,
M., Knott, T., Prinz, R., et al. (2016). Social media and
gamification: Engaging vulnerable parents in an online
evidence-based parenting program. Child Abuse &
N e g l e c t . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g /
10.1016/j.chiabu. 2015.10.031
[32]. Mah, D-K., Bellin-Mularski, N., & Ifenthaler, D. (2016). Moving forward with digital badges in Education, In
Foundations of Digital Badges and Micro-credentials,
511-517). New York: Springer.
[33]. Randall, D. L., Harrison, J. B., & West, R. E. (2013).
Giving credit where credit is due: Designing open badges
for a technology integration course. TechTrends, 57(6), 88-
95. doi:10.1007/s11528-013-0706-5
[34]. Reid, A. J., Paster, D., & Abramovich, S. (2015). Digital
badges in undergraduate composition courses: Effects on
intrinsic motivation. Journal of Computers in Education,
2(4), 377-398.
[35]. Schunk, D. H. (1990). Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist,
25(1), 71–86.
[36]. Waters, J. K. (2013). Digital badges: Are badges the
best way or students to prove what they've learned in -and
outside-class? T.H.E. Journal Magazine. Retrieved from
https://thejournal.com/research/2013/05/magazine_may.
aspx
[37]. Zee, M., & Koomen, H.M. (2016). Teacher self-efficacy
and its effects on classroom processes, student academic
adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years
of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-
1015. doi: 10.3102/0034654315626801